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Hinduism through 500 Pictures in Tamil and English – படங்கள் மூலம் இந்து மதம் கற்போம்-2 (Post.15,050)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,050

Date uploaded in London –  3 October 2025

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

 Hinduism through 500 Pictures in Tamil and English – படங்கள் மூலம் இந்து மதம் கற்போம்-2 (Post.15,050)

Before moving to Skanda/Muruga, I wanted to add few more points about Lord Ganesh

Ganesh with his mount Rat

Sometimes Ganesa is said to have two wives, even though he is a bachelor/Brahmachari

The two wives are not women but symbols of Siddhi/Success and Buddhi /Wisdom.

Like Goddess Shakti and Lord Shiva, Ganesh also has three eyes. Third Eye means Wisdom.

Vinayaka means one who has none above him. That means he is the Head.

Every Hindu God has weapons. This is to control evil forces or kill evil tendencies in us.

There are a few interesting stories.

Why does he have elephant face?

Once he was asked to guard the entrance of the building where his mother was taking a bath. When shiva came, Ganesa stopped him following Mother’s instruction. Enraged Siva cut off his head in anger. When Parvati felt sad, he found the nearest animal elephant and cut its head and fixed it on Ganesa. There is something more to this incident. His elephant trunk reminds Hindus their great symbol Aum. Another name for Om or Aum is Pranava. Great Saints called Ganesa- Pranava swarupa.

3.Why does he have Four Hands?

God is above all of us. We have only two hands. But with his four Helping Hands, he is quick to render help. There is an interesting story in Tamil books. When three people wanted to see Lord shiva in his abode, house in Kailash in the Himalayas, an old lady, great poet Avvaiyar can’t walk 3000 miles from Tamil Nadu. Ganesa with his trunk lifted her and she reached Kailash before her friends reached. So gods’ many hands help us quickly.

Ganapati in Dancing pose- Narthana Ganapati

Another interesting story about Ganesa is mango fruit story. Hindus have an Inter Galactic Traveller named Narada. He goes from one galaxy to another at the speed of thought, faster than light. He came to Kailash with one mango fruit and gave it to Lord shiva. When he was about to cut it into two and give them to Ganesa and Murugan, Narada said,

“Stop, stop, please. It should not be cut, because it’s a divine fruit.

Then Siva told his boys that whoever goes round the world and comes back first will get it. Murugan flew in his Vahana, vehicle peacock. But clever Ganesa went round their father and mother and fell at their feet saying, ‘You Are the World’. Both felt happy and gave him the whole mango. Murugan came later and felt that he was cheated. He went to Palani hills and stood there. Then the whole world went and pacified him with Panchamrutam, a special fruit salad. Here is a message to all of us- Father and Mother are greater than the world!

One more story ….. once Lord Shiva went in a hurry without saluting Ganesa. His chariot wheel had broken down, and he got stuck. Later he realised he didn’t say ‘Bye’ to his son. He went back and praised him, and he was successful in his task. This was told by a great saint called Arunagirinathar in his book Tiruppugaz. Here is a message to all of us. We must always worship God before starting anything.

****

Now let us look at Lord Skanda/ Murugan

Dandaayutha Paani appaerance in Palani, Taml Nadu (Danda= stick; Paani=Hand)

Skanda or Kumara is represented  with  Six Faces – shadaanana in Sanskrit Aarumugam in Tamil—and as riding on a peacock. Because he was brought up by six mothers, the Krittikas- Pleiades stars-  he is known as Shanmaatura and Kaartikeya. His story is narrated in Skandapurana – available in Tamil and Sanskrit. He killed demon Taaraka and rent asunder Krauncha mountain.

He is associated with snake and Sashti- sixth day- is sacred to him. He married Indra’s daughter Devasena and Tamil forest maid Valli. About 1800 years ago Sudraka in his Sanskrit drama Mrichchakatikaa shows a thief worshipping Skanda before robbing a house holder.

In tTamil Nadu six shrines are his main shrines in addition to scores of places, where he resides at the top of hills. In Tamil literature he is the god of Kurinchi region, hilly landscape. In Karnataka Kukke Subrahmanya is a famous Skanda shrine.

Skanda is called Murugan in Tamil ; his other popular names are Subrahmanya, Kartikeya, Shanmukha, Saravanabhava,Guha etc.

He is called Tamil God because he taught Tamil to the great sage Agastya who was sent by Lord Shiva from north. Arunagirinathar who composed 1300++verses called Tiruppugaz repeatedly praised him as Tamil god 500 years ago.

Lord Skanda / Murugan killed asuras/ demons Suurapadman in the south and Taarakaasura in the north.

Sangam age poets praised him sky-high in two books Tirumurugatruppadai and Paripatal.

In Sanskrit, Kalidasa composed Kumaarasambhava about the birth of Kumaara alias Kartikeya. That work influenced the Gupta kings to name their children Skanda Gupta and Kumaara Gupta even though they were Parama Bhagavatas, i.e. Worshippers of Lord Vishnu.

Son of Shiva and Uma, younger brother of lord Ganesh, he is called Senaapati, that is the commander of the army of the Devas. So he is the god of war and the planet mars. He was produced from the six fire sparks from lord Shiva and brought up by six Kartika women and they are represented as stars in the heaven called Pleiades.

Lord Shiva cast his seed into fire, and it was received by Ganges; so he is known Agni bhu/fire born and Gaangeya.

He is represented riding on a peacock with a spear in his hand. He is shown with six heads to represent symbolically six Krittika/Kartikai women.

Because of his popularity , Adi Shankara established Kaumaaram- worship of Kumara/ Kartikeya – as one of the six systems. He has composed several hyms glorifying Subrahmanya.

Somaskanda idols are found in many south Indian temples. It means Skanda with uma  (sa+ uma+ skanda= Somaaskanda)

Uma with Skanda

 Six Faced (Aaru-Six, Mukan-Face)

Lord Skanda is called Murugan in Tamil.Murugan means handsome one, beautiful.

He has six heads and 12 hands in Shanmuga form. Shanmukha means six faces. You may wonder why? If you are at school final level, please got to Level Two of Skanda Murugan.

In normal form, he is also shown as a child like Ganesa. He is Kumara (youth)  or Baala kumara.

Subrahmanya means he possesses all the qualities of Brahman (god).

The name Kartikeya came to him because he was raised by six Krittika women personified as stars in the sky.

He was born in a grass land and so he is known as Saravana bhava.

Saravana is the name of the forest/grass land

We know that Ganesa is the head of Bhuta Ghana’s and in the same way Murugan is the Commander of the Divine Army.

His festivals are Skanda Sashti, Vaikaasi Visaakam and Thai Poosam. In the modern day, New Year/ January First is also celebrated by visiting Murugan Temples by foot.

Skanda worship is very popular in Tamil speaking world such as South India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius, Seychelles , South Africa etc Tamils celebrate all his festivals with Kavadi. They carry it to the Temple . A normal Kaavadi will have a long pole tied with two baskets on either side. Devotee s carry food and offerings to god in the attached pots or baskets. Later they constructed different shapes.

Another important thing is that his temples are mostly on top of hills or at the foot of the hills. There are six famous temples for him in Tamil Nadu.

Subrahmanya Bharti was a great devotee of Lord Skanda and he also composed  several poems praising him.

There are very interesting stories about him. I will tell you a few stories here.

Story 1 (already given in Ganesa)

Mango Fruit Story

Story Two

He wanted to marry a girl called Valli, who fell in love with him. But she hesitated a lot. Murugan prayed to his brother Ganesh, the elephant headed god. He cam in the form of a real elephant and chased Valli and she naturally fell in the hands of Lord Murugan..

Another story is there was a demon called Sura Pathman and Muruga killed him. This is enacted every year during Skanda shasti festival in November. Tens of thousands of people go to see Sura Samhara at Tiruchendur in Tamil Nadu.

Number six is his favourite number. He was brough up by six women and his favourite geometrical diagram is Shad Kona- Star shaped. He is supposed to reside in this magical star diagram.

He is easily identified by the Spear weapon (Vel in Tamil) in his hand.

Vaikasi Visakam and Skanda Shasti are his big festivals. Thai Poosam is celebrated in Batu Caves in Malaysia

His special Prasad is Pancha Amrutam- made up of five fruits and jaggery or honey.

His famous temples are in …..

Batu Caves in Malaysia

Nallur and Kathigamam in Sri Lanka

Palani, Tiruttani, Swami malai, Palamuthircholai, Tirupparankundram and Tiruchendur in Tamil Nadu, India.

Om Saravana Bhava is his mantra

Sangam Tamil literarture has a full book on Him called Tirumurugaatruppadai (shortened as Murugu திருமுருகாற்றுப்படை (முருகு)). He is the god of mountainous area called குறிஞ்சி Kurinji . in addition to Murugu, we have several long poems devoted to him in Paripatal where 8 long poems are attributed to him.

 In Tolkappiam , oldest tamil book, he is placed next to Vishnu and he was given the name சேயோன்  Seyon , meaning the Redman.

Subrahmanya with his weapon Vel/Spear

மாயோன் மேய காடுறை உலகமும்

சேயோன்  மேய மைவரை  உலகமும்

Among the Ten Idylls of Sangam period, the long poem on Skanda Murugan, திருமுருகாற்றுப்படை (முருகு), ‘Tirumurugaatruppadai’ is given the first place. All these signify the importance given to Skanda/Murugan. Sangam poets called him வேள் , செவ்வேள் நெடுவேள், வேலன் in addition to Murugan.since he belonged to mountainous landscape called குறிஞ்சி KURINJI,   he is called Kurinjik kizavan குறிஞ்சிக் கிழவன்.

Murugan means the Handsome one. He is always presented as a Young god. Nakkirar who composed the long poem on him portrayed him as young and beautiful :

என்றும் இளையாய் ,அழகியாய் ஏறூர்ந்தான் ஏறே

He is described as a Heroic god. He has Spear in his hand.. it is called Vel வேல்.

He is shown riding a peacock or an elephant named Pinimukam பிணிமுகம்

We see lot of similarities between Kumarasambhava of Kalidasa and Sangam books. But two important differences are marrying Tamil Valli and killing Tamil demon Suurapadman.

When Tamil girls become love sick, their mothers thought they are possessed by Murugan and sought the help of special village priest to drive away the sickness. He used to come in special dress and stage a dance with spear and offer meat and rice balls smeared with goat’s blood.

Tiru murugatruppadai explains that he is also worshipped in other places as well

முருகன் இருப்பிடங்கள் 

சிறு தினை மலரொடு விரைஇ, மறி அறுத்து,

வாரணக் கொடியொடு வயிற் பட நிறீஇ,

ஊர்ஊர் கொண்ட சீர் கெழு விழவினும், 220

ஆர்வலர் ஏத்த மே வரு நிலையினும், 

வேலன் தைஇய வெறி அயர் களனும், 

காடும் காவும், கவின் பெறு துருத்தியும்,

யாறும் குளனும், வேறு பல் வைப்பும், 

சதுக்கமும் சந்தியும், புதுப் பூங் கடம்பும்,   

மன்றமும் பொதியிலும், கந்துடை நிலையினும்  

–From Tirumurgaatruppadai

–subham—

Tags- Lord Skanda, Murugan, Subrahmanya, Kartikeya, Peacock, Vel/Spear, Hinduism through 500 Pictures in Tamil and English – படங்கள் மூலம் இந்து மதம் கற்போம்-2

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Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia- Part 15; One Thousand Interesting Facts! – Part 15

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,049

Date uploaded in London –  3 October 2025

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx   

95.

Let us continue with Akananuru Wonders

Battle fields mentioned in the Tamil book Akanaanuuru:

Paranthalai is the word for battle field in Tamil. It also means crematorium, dilapidated place.

பறந்தலை – ஆமூர்ப் பறந்தலை, கழுமலம், குறுக்கை, கூடல், தலையாலங்கானம் , பருவூர், பாழி, பெருந்துறை, மணவாயிலுறுத் தூர் , முசிறி, வல்லம், வாகை, வெண்ணிப் பறந்தலை.

Aamur Paranthalai, Kazumalam, Kurukkai Koodal, Thalaiyaalankaanam , Paruvoor, Paazi, Perunthurai, Manavaayiuraththuur, Musiri , Valla, Vaakai, Venni  etc

Of these, Thalaiyaalankaanam battle is celebrated much.

As I mentioned earlier Tamil kings fought among themselves and killed each other. Bards sang about the victorious kings or chieftains or the commanders and got prizes. No where in the world we such a long fighting. They fought for 1500 years continuously among themselves. We will see more in Pura naanuuru.

****

96.

Mountains mentioned in this book:

அதகன் மலை , ஆவி, ஆன்குன்று,  இமய மலை, ஏழி ல், கவிர, கன்மா, குதிரை,  குறும்பொறை , கொல்லி, கோடை , சிராப்பள்ளி, சிறுமலை, திருப்பரங்குன்றம், நள்ளி, பறம்பு, பாழி, பொதியின், பொதினீ, முதுகுன்றம், முள்ளூர், மோரியர் குறைத்த மலை, வேங்கட மலை,வேங்கை சேர்ந்த வெற்பகம்.

Malai மலை is the word used for mountain in Tamil.

Athakan malai, aavi, aan kundru, Imaya malai (Himalaya), Aezil, kavira, Kanmaa, Kuthirai, Kurumporai, Kolli, Kodai, Siraappalli, Sirumalai, Thirupparamkundram, Nalli, Parambu, Paazi, Pothiyin, Pothini, Muthukundram, Mulluur, Venkatam, Venkai serntha verpakam, Moriyar kuraitha malai .

Of these, Venkatam is famous because of the Venkata achala pathi Vishnu temple, which is the world’s richest temple. Neither Vatican nor Mecca attract such a large crowd in the world. The oldest book Tolkappiam said Tamil language was spoken only up to that point.

வடவேங்கடம் தென்குமரி

ஆயிடைத்

தமிழ்கூறு நல்லுலகத்து

(தொல்காப்பியம், சிறப்புப்பாயிரம்:1-3)

Another interesting historical reference is to the Mauryan Invasion of Tamil Nadu. The words used by the poet Maamuulanaar is the mountain that was levelled by Mauryans. It shows that the Mauryan army laid road route across that hill. We have references from Jain books that Chandra Gupta Maurya spent his last days in Karnataka as a Jain devotee. This reference, coupled with Asoka’s reference to Tami kingdoms, give a clear history for the Tamil Kings from Third Century BCE.

Kolli Malai was also famous in those days for the presence of Kollip Paavai, a goddess who had mysterious powers.

The name Agastya is not at all mentioned in Sangam Tamil Literature. But the word Pothiyin Malai shows that it became famous because of Agastya’s residence there.  In other verses the hill is compared with Himalayas in reverence. It is part of the  1000 mile long Western Ghats called Sahyaadri in Sanskrit.

Tamil words Malai, Kundram and Sanskrit words Achala, Adri , all meant mountain.

Tirupparam Kundram is famous until this day because of Lord Skanda (Murugan in Tamil) temple.

Imayam, i.e. Himalaya is mentioned in several places. They used the Sanskrit word Hima (snow) in many places in addition to Vada Varai (Northern chain of mountains).

Sirumalai is famous for its sweetest, smallest banana fruits till this day.

Parambu Malai became most famous hill in Sangam Tamil Literature, because of the philanthropist chieftain Paari. Three Tamil kings ganged themselves and killed him. Brahmin poet Kapilar, the greatest of the 450+++ Sangam poets gave us lot of interesting information about this Parampu hills. When the jealous Tamil kings laid a siege, Kapilar trained the birds to bring grains for the people. Moreover Kapilar says that Paari gave all the three hundred towns to the poor. This statistic is very important. If a a small Parambu area has 300 towns 2000 years ago, one could imagine how many towns Tamils had in the vast area of Chera, Choza, Pandya kingdoms!

Muthu kundram hill is known as Vriddhachalam and Chirappali is called Trichy nowadays.

***

97.

Tamil Forests

in Tamil is Kaanam or Kaadu. கானம், காடு is forest

அழும்பிற்காடு ஆ அய்கானம், ஆலங்கானம், உம்பற்பெறுங்காடு, உறந்தைப்புறங்காடு ஓரிக்கானம், குடவாயில் மிளை  சாய்க்கானம்,, முள்ளூர்க்கானம், வல்லத்துப்புற மிளை

We have the Names of the following forests in Akananuru :

Azampirkaadu, Aalangkaanam, Aay kaanam,  umbar, Uranthai, Ori, Kudavaayinmilai, Saay, Mulluur, Ellaththuppura milai

Of these Aalangkaanam is famous because it was a battlefield.

***

98.Holy Towns

Tamils have been great Hindus, and they worshipped all the Six Gods mentioned by Adi Shankara and in addition they worshipped local heroes as Village Gods.

Following shrines are mentioned in the book:

அரங்கம், அலைவாய், அழுந்தூர், ஆலமுற்றம், கூடல், செல்லூர் , தனுஷ்கோடி, பரங்குன்று, பாவத்திரி, வேங்கடம், வேளூர்

Arangam, Alaivaay, Alunthuur, AAlamutram, Koodal, Sellur, Dhanushkodi, Parangkundru, Bavaththiri, Venkatam, Velur

Arangam is Sri Rangam  with very big Vishnu Temple and Venkatam also. Alaivaay/Tiru Chendur and Parankundru/Tirupparamkundram are famous Skanda/Murugan temples.

Dhanushkoti via Rameswaram is famous because one of the 12 Jyotirlinga Shrines.

***

99

Hindu Festivals

உள்ளி விழவு, உறந்தை, கழார்ப்புதுப்புனல் , கார்த்திகை , கூடல், பங்குனி, பரங்குன்ற, பூந்தொடை யாழ் , வேல் விழவு

Tamils celebrated following festivals according to Akananuru:

Vizavu விழவு, is the word for festival in Tamil. Now it is called Vizaa.

Ulli Vizavu, Urantha Vizavu, kazaar Puthuppunal Vizavu, Kaarthikai, Pankuni , Parangkundra, Poonthodai, Yaaz/Lyre, Vel Vizavu.

Most of these are religious events.

Of these Kartikai and Panguni are Sanskrit words used for Tamil months. In fact all Tamil months in the present day calendar are Sanskrit names. Most of these festivals are celebrated until this day.

The 12 month system shows that Tamils knew zodiac for at least 2000 years. Purananuru mentions zodiac signs. It shows that we followed our own Hindu system and not the Greek one.

***

100.

Holy Rivers of Hindus

நீர்த்துறைகள்

ஆன்பொருநைத்துறை, உறையூர் காவிரித்துறை,  தொழுனை , தனுஷ்கோடி, கூடல், கொற்கை, தொண்டி  முன்றுரை ; 

Tamils being Pukka Hindus treated all the water sources as holy and took ritual baths in the rivers and seas. The safest point for anyone to take a holy dip is called Thurai in Tamil and Ghat in Sanskrit.

Rig Veda, the oldest book in the world has the highest number of hymns in praise of water. The greatest wonder is that Brahmins around the world recite those Water Mantras three times a day. In all Hindu ceremonies water filled pot is a must. It is called Poorna Kumbha; even in death ceremonies they break water pots to show that the soul has merged with water and earth.

Tamil Akananuru mentioned at least 16 Ghats/Thurais. Following are important:

Aanporunai / Tambrbarani river Thurai, Uraiyur Kaviri Thurai, Thozunai (River Yamuna) Dhanuskodi, Thondi, Koodal and Korkai. The last three are not used anymore because of natural changes.

We will see more wonders in the next part

To be continued………………………

Tags- Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia- Part 15; One Thousand Interesting Facts! – Part 15 , Tamil festivals, Tamil shrines, Tamil holy rivers, Akanauru wonders,

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MARXISTS AND DRAVIDIANS INSULTED LORD AYYAPPA WITH HITLER SALUTE

SabA global Ayyappa conference took place on September 20th at Pamba, near Sabarimala. Did you hear about it? Most people didn’t. The event was organized by the Communist-led Kerala state government, a move that raised eyebrows across the political and spiritual spectrum. After all, this is the same government that, in 2019, facilitated the entry of two leftist women into the sanctum of Sabarimala, violating centuries-old traditions and sparking nationwide outrage. The Chief Minister’s decision to project that act as a progressive victory only deepened the wounds of millions of devotees. So why this sudden change of heart?

According to the state government, the objective of the conference was to spread the message of “Tatvamasi” (“That you are”) across the globe and position Sabarimala as a divine, traditional, and sustainable global pilgrimage destination. Noble words, no doubt. Strip away the rhetoric, and what remains is their claim: to “market Ayyappa around the world.”

Ayyappan is already revered globally. Our culture has never relied on branding, promotion, or conversion to spread its spiritual essence. Devotion flows organically, through experience, not campaigns. In any case, why this sudden love for Swami Ayyappan and Sabarimala?

The event was expected to feature academic discussions on the development of the temple area, aligned with the ₹1,300 crore Sabarimala Master Plan, focusing on spiritual tourism and crowd control. Now that makes some sense, doesn’t it? Terms like “Sabarimala Master Plan” and “spiritual tourism” give you a glimpse of what their real “master plan” behind the summit might have been. If that’s not clear enough, let me remind you: Sabarimala’s annual revenue is around ₹440 crore. Kerala’s temples collectively generate over ₹1,000 crores a year. They’re a cash cow for the state government, and everyone knows it.

I must say, the ways of Ayyappa are strange. Can you imagine a Communist Chief Minister quoting from the Bhagavad Gita? Well, Pinarayi Vijayan did, stumbling through a shloka from Chapter 12 with great difficulty. And if that wasn’t awkward enough, he went on to misquote a popular Ayyappa chant, embarrassing himself beyond redemption in front of the very devotees he was trying to impress. The icing on the cake was provided by Devaswom President who chanted Swamiye Saranama with clenched fists.

So once again, why this sudden affection for Hindu temples? With Kerala and Tamil Nadu heading into elections in eight months, the Kerala government seems desperate to win back its alienated Hindu voter base. This was, at best, a damage-control exercise, and it has fallen flat on their face.

The government had invited over 3,000 guests from around the world. The event was originally supposed to be inaugurated by M.K. Stalin, the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and head of a party that openly advocates for the “eradication of Sanatana Dharma.” But for reasons unknown, he backed out at the last moment. In his place, DMK minister Palanivel Thiagarajan, known for his hostility toward Hindu gurus like Sadhguru, was nominated instead.

To cut a long story short: the event turned into a major embarrassment. Barely 600 people attended. Images of empty chairs during the Chief Minister’s speech have gone viral on social media. And the cost? ₹7 crores. (See the below image)

Let’s hope the devotees of Ayyappa won’t be fooled by such theatrics anymore.

*****

HINDU ORGANISATIONS ORGANISED A RIVAL CONFERENCE WHERE BJP LEADER ANNAMALAI SPOKE. HUGE CROWD ATTENDED

Adding to the humiliation, a spontaneous event organized by a Hindu organization the very next day in Pandalam, home of Swami Ayyappan, drew thousands of devotees from across the globe (see the below image). The total expense for that event? Less than ₹10 lakhs.

—SUBHAM—

TAGS- AYYAPPA CONFERENCE.

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Tamil Khandali கந்தழி Mystery Deepens! -Part 11 (Post No.15018)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,018

Date uploaded in London –  23 September 2025

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia Part 11 One Thousand Interesting Facts!  -Part 11

76.

தொல்காப்பிய கந்தழி மர்மம்

Khandali Kodinilai Valli is in a Sutra of Tolkappiam, which Tamils consider as the oldest book in Tamil. This grammatical wok used three words in the Invocation to God (Kadavul Vaazththu in Tamil) rule. The meaning is debated until this day. Two commentators Nachinarkiniyar and Ilampuranar gave us two different interpretations. Similar sounded words exist in Sanskrit, but their meaning has nothing to do with God.

I wrote two articles in 2014 and 2020 giving the gist of ancient interpretations. Lord Krshina’s destruction of CHO of demon Banan is sung under this title according to later works.

But interestingly this word is found in an inscription of business community. The meaning given there deepens its mystery.

500 Merchants Group ஐந்நூற்றுவர்

Businessmen in ancient India formed guilds (cartels) and monopolised  business in particular products , for example Spices, Grains, Cloths or monopolised trade in a particular area or region.

Inscriptions of Ainnurruvar / group of 500 are found in different parts of South India. They are available from ninth century CE. One of the inscriptions at Kamudi in Tamil Nadu records the following eulogy:

Svasti sri samasta- bhuvanaasrya – pancasata (500)- viirasaasana – lakshana- Lakshita Lakshmi

Vaksasthala – Alankrita Sri Vaasudeva- Khandlali- Mulabhadra– Udhbhava- Sri Viiraparameswarikku

Makkal- aagiya pathinettu (18) -pattinamum muppaththirendu(32) velaappuramum- aruvaththu naangu(64) kadikaitaavalamum chettiyum chettiputtirarum  kavaraiyum gaamunda – svaamiyum siriya tolil vaariyamum

Ariyam payinra aavanakkaararum vendanum veerarum kottaiyum ullitta viirar ……………………….

Another inscription with slight variation is seen in

Samudrapatti .

This can be interpreted as the above guild possess 500 charters called  viirasaasanas as their chest being  adorned by goddess Lakshmi  as having descended from gods vaasudeva, khandali , and muulabhadra as the sons of Parameswari, these merchants used to transact in 18 pattinas, thirty two coastal towns/velaapurams and sixty four places where goods were loaded and unloaded or stored/ kadigai taavalam.

(This inscription and its English translation is taken from an article written by N. Geetha in Ancient Sciences and Archaology, Volume Two, Bharatiya Kalaprakashan , Delhi 2007).

As soon as I saw the word KHANDALI in the inscription I copied it from the book. For the first time I came across a God called KHANDALI and Muulabhadra.

Mūlabhadra (मूलभद्र):—[mūla-bhadra] (draḥ) 1. m. Kaṃsa. Is the uncle of Lord Krishna according to Wisdomlib.org

I doubt the inscription meant Kamsa here. So both Khandali and Muulabhadra, Gods of business community add more puzzles. The community worshipped both Lakshmi and Parameswari according to the above inscription. That means they respected both Shiva and Vishnu sects.

If we go through more inscriptions and books of business communities we may solve the puzzle of KHANDALI.

***

Kodinilai, Kanthazhi, and Valli are terms mentioned in the Tolkappiyam, an ancient Tamil grammatical work, specifically in Sutra 88 of the Porul section. While the exact meaning is debated, some scholars interpret these as names for the Sun, Fire, and Moon, respectively, suggesting the prevalence of fire and sun worship in ancient Tamil Nadu.

Purath thinai Iyal, Sutra 88.

“கொடிநிலை, கந்தழி, வள்ளி என்ற
வடுநீங்கு சிறப்பின் மன்னிய மூன்றும்
கடவுள் வாழ்த்தொடு கண்ணிய வருமே”
(தொல். பொருளதிகார புறத் திணை இயல் சூத்திரம்)

:கதிர், தீ, மதி இம்மூன்றை வாழ்த்துவதும் கடவுள் வாழ்த்துப் போலவே எண்ணப்பட்டு வரும் என்பது இதன் பொருள்.
கொடிநிலை = சூரியன்
கந்தழி = நெருப்பு (அக்னி பகவான்)
வள்ளி = சந்திரன்

Interpretation:

According to the oldest commentator, Ilampuranar, Kodinilai refers to the Sun, Kanthazhi to Fire (Agni), and Valli to the Moon.

Kanthu is in the Vedas associated with God. Even today we have Kodi Kambam / Dwaja Shambam in South Indian Temples. They hoist God’s flag on it during festivals.

Commentator Ilampuranar, suggests these terms indicate ancient worship of the Sun, Fire, and Moon.

However, the words Kodinilai and Kanthazhi are noted to be absent from other Sangam Tamil literature, adding to the mystery surrounding their usage.

In essence, these terms provide insights into ancient Tamil religious practices, potentially linking them to celestial bodies and elemental worship, even though their specific meanings are subject to scholarly interpretation

***

திசையாயிரத்து ஐஞ்நூற்றுவர் வணிகக்குழுவின் (Thisaiyaarathu Ainootruvar Merchant’s Guild) கல்வெட்டு.

These people had their head quarters in Aihole in Chalukya territory. Several inscriptios are available from South India and South East Asia in Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada.

***

கந்தழி in Sanskrit Dictionary

खण्डाली      –       khaNDAlI        –              f.            –              pond

–subham—

Tags- Khandali, Mystery, Tolkappiam, Merchant guilds, Kamudi Inscrition, 500 merchants Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia Part 11 One Thousand Interesting Facts!  -Part 11

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Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia- Part 9; One Thousand Interesting Facts! (Post No.15,005)

 Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,005

Date uploaded in London –  20 September 2025

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx   

Caste ridden Tamil Society

PART NINE

69.

Sangam Age Tamil society was a caste ridden society; there were upper and lower castes. They lived in different ‘cheris’ i.e. different areas of the town. The lower castes were attacked with derisive, degrading, disgraceful and impolite terms.

All these were seen in today’s Tamil society and in hundreds of old proverbs. But we have poets from different castes in Sangam literature. The surprising thing is we don’t see these many castes in 2000 year old Sanskrit literature. We did not see such things either in seven works of Kalidasa or 13 works of Bhasa.

Educated people were always respected through out India at all times. We see butcher Dharmavyadha teaching Rishi Kausika in Mahabharata. We see King Janaka teaching Brahmins in Upanishads. We see Arundhati, the low cate woman and wife of Rishi Vasistha is saluted by everyone until this day. Tamil kings also respected all poets from all castes.

Purananuru, which gives a true picture of a society that lived 2000 years ago has got many interesting things. The same caste followed the same vocation or profession. They included their vocation in their names. But we don’t see any low caste words in the poets’ names such as Pulaiyan or Paraiayan or Kadamban or Thudian.

Now let us look at some verses where caste is predominant:

Izisinan- Puram 287, 289, 82 இழிசினன் Low caste fellow

Izipirappinon – Puram 363 இழிபிறப்பினோன் Man of Low Birth

(Z is used for special L sound in Tamil)

The prefix IZI means low, base, degraded, down

Some scholars argued that we see love marriages more in Sangam Literature that shows that there were no strict caste rules or caste bias. This is a dangerous argument. If we apply the same rule with Paraththai= Para Stri= Prostitute occurring in the poems, then Tamil society will get a very bad name. If we apply the same rule to infighting among the Tamil society, the longest in the History of the World, then Sangam Tamil society will be dubbed as war mongers. We must always differentiate between poetic conventions and actual conditions of the period.

Above all, the true picture is seen in Today’s Tamil community. Except Brahmins, all the castes are begging to the government to include them in the lowest divisions of society. Though the have millions and billions of rupees, they receive all economic benefits like the fraudulent refugee community in the Western Countries.

Following is from Puram verses.

இழிசினன் – 287 -2 ; 82 -3; 289 -10

துடி எறியும் புலைய!

எறிகோல் கொள்ளும் இழிசின!-287-2.

***

சாறுதலைக் கொண்டெனப், பெண்ணீற்று

உற்றெனப் பட்ட மாரி ஞான்ற ஞாயிற்றுக்

கட்டில் நிணக்கும் இழிசினன் கையது-82

இவற்குஈக என்னும் அதுவும்அன் றிசினே;

***

கேட்டியோ வாழி பாண! பாசறைப்

பூக்கோள் இன்றென்று அறையும்

மடிவாய்த் தண்ணுமை இழிசினன் குரலே.-289

Pulaiyan, Pulaiththi புலையன் புலைத்தி They eat dead animals or Dogs. They are used in crematoriums and burial grounds. It is in Bhagavad Gita (5-18) as well

****

Four important low caste sects

Thudiyan, Paraiyan, Paanan, Kadamban in Puram Verse 335

Even Oxford Dictionary has the word Pariah:–

sometimes offensive, an outcast.

“they were treated as social pariahs”

Outcast, persona non grata, leper, reject, untouchable, undesirable, unperson

**

a member of a group of castes concentrated in the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu and in Sri Lanka, included among the Scheduled Castes or Dalits.

**

Of the four low castes, three are linked with music. But Kadamban is an odd word. No one can give precise meaning; still struggling with the word.

நான்கு முக்கிய ஜாதிகள்

துடியன், பாணன், பறையன், கடம்பன், என்று

இந் நான்கு அல்லது குடியும் இல்லை;– புறம் 335.

***

Pulaiya :

Puram புறம் –259-5; 311-2; 287-1; 360-19;

Kali கலி.72-14;117-7;55-18; 95-10;68-19;85-22

Akam அகம்.34-11;

Narrinai 90-3; 77-1; 347-5;

Kuru.குறு.330-1;

***

Four Main Castes

Like we see the four castes, based on vocation or profession in the latest part of Rig Veda (Purushasuktam in Tenth Mandala), we see same four divisions in Purananuru where Upper and Lower divisions in the society are mentioned.

Puram 183

உற்றுழி உதவியும் உறுபொருள் கொடுத்தும்

பிற்றைநிலை முனியாது கற்றல் நன்றே;

பிறப்போ ரன்ன உடன்வயிற்று உள்ளும்

சிறப்பின் பாலால் தாயும்மனம் திரியும்

ஒருகுடிப் பிறந்த பல்லோ ருள்ளும்

மூத்தோன் வருக என்னாது அவருள்

அறிவுடை யோன்ஆறு அரசும் செல்லும்

வேற்றுமை தெரிந்த நாற்பால் உள்ளும்

கீழ்ப்பால் ஒருவன் கற்பின்

 மேற்பால் ஒருவனும் அவன்கண் படுமே.

This poem gives us three points:

1.Even a mother is more favourable to a learned son.

2.Even a king will favour educated one than an illiterate (in the society or royalty).

3.Even in the society, where there are four fold divisions, a learned person from the lowest community person will be approached by upper caste man (Four Divisions or Sects- Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaisya and Shudra).

Tiru Valluvar confirmed it:

“Though high born, an unlettered man is deemed lower than a learned man of lower birth. “—Tirukkural 409.

மேற்பிறந்தா ராயினும் கல்லாதார் கீழ்ப்பிறந்தும்

கற்றார் அனைத்திலர் பாடு.–409

***

Manu Smriti also emphasizes this point:

“A man who has faith may receive good learning even from a man who is lower, the ultimate law even from a man of the lowest castes, and a jewel of a woman even from a bad family”–2-239

***

“Ambrosia may be extracted even from poison,

And good advice even from a child,

Good behaviour even from enemy

And gold even from something impure “– Manu 2- 240

***

“Women, jewels, learning, law, purification, good advice and various crafts may be acquired from anybody” – Manu 2-241

***

In the last stage of Vedic period we come across four castes. They were based on vocations. Bhagavad Gita verse confirms it.

चातुर्वर्ण्यं मया सृष्टं गुणकर्मविभागश: |

तस्य कर्तारमपि मां विद्ध्यकर्तारमव्ययम् || 4-13||.—Bhagavad Gita

chātur-varṇyaṁ mayā sṛiṣhṭaṁ guṇa-karma-vibhāgaśhaḥ

tasya kartāram api māṁ viddhyakartāram avyayam.—Bhagavad Gita

The four categories of occupations were created by Me according to people’s qualities and activities. Although I am the Creator of this system, know Me to be the Non-doer and Eternal.—Bhagavad Gita.

Tiru Valluvar of Post Sangam period translated it verbatim:

பிறப்பொக்கும் எல்லா உயிர்க்கும் சிறப்பொவ்வா

செய்தொழில் வேற்றுமை யான்.- திருக்குறள் –972 Tirukkural

Tirukkural English Couplet 972:

All men that live are one in circumstances of birth;
Diversities of works give each his special worth.


Couplet Explanation:

All human beings agree as regards their birth but differ as regards their characteristics, because of the different qualities of their actions.

***

புலையன் ஸ்வபாக undefined பகவத் கீதை 5-18

विद्याविनयसम्पन्ने ब्राह्मणे गवि हस्तिनि |

शुनि चैव श्वपाके च पण्डिता: समदर्शिन: ||5-18||.—Bhagavad Gita

vidyā-vinaya-sampanne brāhmaṇe gavi hastini

śhuni chaiva śhva-pāke cha paṇḍitāḥ sama-darśhinaḥ.—Bhagavad Gita

BG 5.18: The truly learned, with the eyes of divine knowledge, see with equal vision a Brahmin, a cow, an elephant, a dog, and a dog-eater (PULAIYAN in Tamil). .—Bhagavad Gita

***

Low caste people worked in Crematoriums

புறம்.363

இருங்கடல் உடுத்தஇப் பெருங்கண் மாநிலம்

உடைஇலை நடுவணது இடைபிறர்க்கு இன்றித்

தாமே ஆண்ட ஏமம் காவலர்

இடுதிரை மணலினும் பலரே; சுடுபிணக்

காடுபதி யாகப் போகித் தத்தம்

நாடு பிறர்கொளச் சென்றுமாய்ந் தனரே;

அதனால் நீயும் கேண்மதி அத்தை; வீயாது

உடம்பொடு நின்ற உயிரும் இல்லை;

மடங்கல் உண்மை மாயமோ அன்றே;

கள்ளி ஏய்ந்த முள்ளியம் புறங்காட்டு 

வெள்ளில் போகிய வியலுள் ஆங்கண்

உப்பிலாஅ அவிப்புழுக்கல்

கைக்கொண்டு பிறக்கு நோக்காது

இழிபிறப்பினோன் ஈயப்பெற்று

நிலங்கல னாக விலங்குபலி மிசையும்

இன்னா வைகல் வாரா முன்னே,

செய்ந்நீ முன்னிய வினையே,

முந்நீர் வரைப்பகம் முழுதுடன் துறந்தே.

Puram–363

***

—subham—

Tags- Castes, Low castes, Pariah, Pulaiyan, Caste ridden, Tamil Society, Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia- Part 9;  One Thousand Interesting Facts,  Bhagavad Gita, Manu Smriti

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Who is a Good Wife? More from Mahabharata -Part 10 (Post No.14,995)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 14,995

Date uploaded in London –  17 September 2025

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

Heated argument between Sulabha, a Sanyasini and Janaka , King of Mithila is in Shanti parva chapter 320 of Mahabharata.

When Miss Sulabha came to the assembly of King Janaka, he  asked her Who are you? Where are you coming from? Where are you going from here?

First Janaka introduced himself saying,

“I am a disciple of that great sage Panchashikha, of whom there is no equal in knowledge  of the philosophies of Sankhya and Yoga and Moksha ;it is from that Guru of mine who happened to pass this way and spent with me for the four months of the rainy season (It is called Chatur Masya period) that I received the enlightenment of true knowledge, and all my doubts have been resolved”

“In my sight a lump of earth, a piece of iron, and a piece of gold, all are alike, of the same value; I am a king but without any attachment. With the sword of detachment sharpened further on the flint of the philosophy of moksha, I have cut the binding cords of glory and power of being king and those of worldly affection and love. I am a jivan mukta”.

Then Janaka asked her awkward questions and Sulabha attacked him with suitable reply. Here are some excerpts:

“In this world, the renouncers are sustained by the households. Renouncing family, the renouncers depend for their sustenance upon families, nevertheless.  It is from there they arise, and it is from them that they receive recognition and respect”.

Next, she played on two similar sounding words.

“If passions, kashaaya are not removed from one’s heart, then wearing the ochre robe kaashaaya , should be regarded as nothing more than a means of selfish ends. In my opinion it is another profession adopted by those shaven heads waving the flag of dharma but insincerely.

“To wear the ochre robe, to shave one’s head; to carry a trident and a begging bowl—these are mere outward signs of renunciation; in themselves they do not lead to moksha.

“No one is a monk merely because he has renounced  and he begs. He alone is a genuine monk who has naturally risen above petty self -interests and is not attached to pleasures”.

When jJnaka attacked her more implying that she is not a true Sanyasini Miss Sulabha continued and said,

“What I will say will be productive, meaningful, fair and just. I shall not speak out of anger, or from fear, or from some greed.

The form of a child has at the time of his or her birth  changes progressively- childhood to youth then to old age. Likewise, the different characteristics each individual has, which distinguish him or her from others, also keep changing; but those changes, as in the flame of a  lamp, are so subtle that they are mostly imperceptible.

“Just as a running horse is one moment here and in next moment not seen, this world, too, is moving very swiftly  from one state to another. Therefore, it is impossible to say,

From where does one come from or from where one does not?

To whom one does belong, or to one whom does not?

If you have a sense of unity with the other, seeing your own self in the other, then why do you keep asking me: who are you? Who do you belong to?

 I am not a Brahmani, neither a Vaishya, nor a Shudra; by birth I am like you a Kshatriya. I was born in a royal family. You may have heard King Pradhana; I was born in that great family. My name is Sulabha.

Because I did not find a man worthy of me, I did not marry, and took the path of renunciation. Living the disciplined life of a renouncer, a Muni, I live alone and travel around alone”.

She concluded by saying,

“If despite all that flourishing your royal umbrella and royal silver mace still you think that you are a liberated man, a jivan muktha,  then it may be your delusion.

Pursuit of dharma, ordering of life, and of Artha, material property and of Kama, sexual fulfilment  or fulfilment of desires generally are described as tri varga , the three ends of life, which express themselves  in seven forms. Where is the sign of liberation in the one perpetuality involved in those three?

“King! I don’t think you are liberated; you have only the wrong impression. I don’t think you have benefited much from the teachings of your Guru Panchasikha.

I am not saying anything with partiality, but sincerely for your good. Just as a Sanyasi dwell for a night in an empty house in a town, I will spend the night in the emptiness of your inner being, and shall happily leave tomorrow morning. You have given me much respect and hospitality”.

Having heard Miss Sulabha say this, King Janaka said nothing more- Anusashana Parva 320-193

***

Mahabharata has more interesting stories of Suvarchala and Shwetaketu, Madhavi, Draupadi etc where power of women is glorified.

All Hindus, particularly, women must read the following book:

The Women of the Mahabharata, The Question of Truth, Chaturvedi Badrinath, Orient Longman Publication, 2008 (Pages 276) Rs.395 .

—subham—

Tags-Who is a good wife, part 10, Sulabha, Janaka.

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Who is a Good Wife? Damayanti said….Part 8 (Post No.14,989)


Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 14,989

Date uploaded in London –  15 September 2025

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

The Mahabharata narrates the story of Nala Damyantti in Vanaparva Chapters 53-79. It is one of the longest stories in the epic. Brhadashva came to see the Pandavas in exile. Then Yudhishthira described his distressing condition. In answer to a question Brhadashva gave this story. Nala was the king of Nishada country and Damayanti was the princess of the kingdom of Vidharba. Both fell in love when they heard the virtues of both through a swan.

It is interesting in many aspects:

1

Bird Messenger: In the Rig Veda we have the oldest Dhuta Kavya in the story of Dog Messenger (Sarameyas)

Later in this epic we have Swan Messenger. 2000 year old Sangam Tamil Literature has many Birds, Insects as Messengers.

2

It described the Trade Routes of Sarthvahans. Business people travelled with big caravans. The dangers they met with are in graphic detail.

3

Horse Riding

Nala was famous for Cooking, Horse Riding and Gambling. The speed of the Horse drawn chariots show the best Road transport in the world. The speed of the horse chariots is also described.

4

Swayamvara

Hindu Kshatriya women had the wonderful freedom of choosing their husband. We see this in Bhisma attack on Kasi kingdom, then Sita Devi, then Draupadi, Damayanti Swayamvaras. Later we never hear about it until Kalidasa described Aja- Indumati Swayamvara.

Swayamvara shows that they followed one man – one woman principle.

The half -baked idiots who said that Hindus came from outside India could not show any example in any part of the world of Swayamvara. So, their Aryan Invasion theory is exploded by this and hundred more examples (use of water, wedding mantras etc).

5

If one is unclean, Kali will trouble him

6

ETs – Alien Civilization

The description of Aliens. They won’t wink; their feet won’t touch earth; their garlands wont wither etc.

7

This Nala Damayanti story inspired Kalidasa to write about Swaymavara, Cloud Messenger etc. This inspired Tamils to translate Nala Damayanti in Tamil verses.

8

Damyanti Quotations- Who is a Good Wife?

“In the face of even the most trying circumstances of life, women of good breeding protect themselves by the power of their own self, conquering thereby truth and the heavens, too: of this there is no doubt”.

Vanaparva – chapter 70-8

“When the Providence appears to be against and self effort bears no fruit, men living in truth do not grieve, nor lose heart”.

During Swayamvara – choosing your own husband—four gods from alien civilisation also joined the contest. They appeared exactly as Nala

Damayanti told the gods,

“On hearing about Nala from the white swan, I have from my heart chosen him as my husband. With the power of that truth, may the gods reveal to me Nala.

“In thought, in speech and in act (this is a phrase we see throughout Tamil and Sanskrit literature- Mano- Vaak- Kaayam), if I have never strayed from good conduct, by the power of that truth may the gods reveal to me Nala”.

****

Like Yudhisthira nala also lost his kingdom in a gambling game and they went to the forest. They suffered a lot, and Nala ran away in the middle of the night with half of Damayanti’s sari.

After wandering for three days, she went to another forest. The seers / rishis in the forest welcomed her. Astonished by her extraordinary beauty and grace, they asked her,

“Tell us who you are. Are you a goddess of this forest or the deity of the hills here or are you a deity of the river?”

Damayanti said,

“I am neither a goddess of this forest nor am I the deity of the hills, nor am I the deity of the river. I am a human being.”

Tamil Comparison

Sangam Tamil literature also talks about deities of hills, rivers, sea, lakes, even the musical instruments. This shows they had the same belief from Kanyakumari to Kashmir. A lover even mistakes his lady love to be a deity of the forest in Tamil verses. And all these deities were only women!!!

After narrating her story to the seers and enjoying their hospitality, she joined a caravan with their help which was attacked by forest elephants. Many traders died and a few of them thought Damayanti was an evil spirit causing this attack. Fearing that they would kill her she joined some Brahmins crossing the forest. She went to the capital of Chedi country and met the Raj mata/ Queen Mother; She helped her to go to Vidharba where she announced a Second Swayamwara, just to attract Nala. As expected, Nala came and joined her and  the story ended happily.

Before that ,

Having heard about second Swayamvara , Nala doubted her integrity. He questioned Damayanti about it.

Damayanti said

“Do not fling at me that accusation. I am not a wayward woman, the three gods of the universe Vayu/wind, Surya/sun and Chandra/ moon are the witness of my truth. I do not propose to take another husband and there is no second Swayamvara for Damayanti. The whole thing was set up as a ploy to bring you here”.

Her plan to bring him from Ayodhya to Vidharba and her test to see whether it was Nala or not etc are described in detail in Vanaparva of Mahabharata. How they covered such aa long distance in a short time also described in detail. Though it is a long story, there are many things which describe the condition of ancient Bharat.

All Hindu women must read the stories of Satyavan -Savitri, Nala-Damayanti and Draupadi to know the Woman Power and Woman’s Freedom. Neither in Greece, nor in Rome, nor in Egypt and Sumerian we have such true stories.

–Subham—

Tags= Who is a good wife, Part 8, Nala Damayanyi, Swayamvara, Horse Chariot, Ayodhya to Vidarbha

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Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia -Part 2 (Post No.14,949)

One Thousand Interesting Facts about Ancient Tamils!

Prepared by London Swaminathan

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 14,949

Date uploaded in London –  6 September 2025

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

Part two

15

Arudra


three stars in the middle are known as Mrgaseersha= maan thalai= deer head .

It is part of Orion constellation; its name is Betelgeuse in astronomy.

The star is associated with Lord Shiva.

Thiruvathirai is a big Shiva festival until this day.

Malayali Hindus celebrate Tiru Athirai and Tiru Onam on a grand scale, one for Shiva and one for Vishnu.

They occur exactly in six months interval .

Only these two stars have the honorific suffix Tiru in Tamil , equivalent to Sri in Sanskrit. Westerners changed it to SIR title.

Pari .8-6; 11-77; Kali.150-20

(Karaikkal ammaiyar used Arudra. She lived after Sangam Age)

ARUDRA –STAR GOD–in Astronomy

Lord Siva is associated with the star Betelgeuse in the Orion constellation and so Siva is called Mr Arudra Star; the Kalittokai poet also says he is ( golden red) like Shanbaga flower

அரும் பெறல் ஆதிரையான் அணி பெற மலர்ந்த  20

பெருந் தண் சண்பகம் போல, ஒருங்கு அவர்

பொய்யார் ஆகுதல் தெளிந்தனம்

மை ஈர் ஓதி மட மொழியோயே! –கலித்தொகை 150

It is a prominent red supergiant star in the constellation Orion. Ardra is also the name of the sixth nakshatra (lunar mansion) in Hindu astrology.

****

16

Onam

Madu. 591

 Tiru onam is refereed to in post Sangam books Tevaram and Divya prabandham. It is in connection with Vamana and Tri Vikrama Avatar of Vishnu. Asura King Maha Bali was sent to Paatala Loka (may be Indian ocean Island or South America)

Malayali Hindus celebrate it like Deepavali in Tamil Nadu. During Sangam age and post Sangam age, Tamils also celebrated it.

Sangam verse makes three points very clear:

Vishnu killed the demon.

It was celebrated in Tamil Nadu as well.

It is the birth star of Vishnu (see U.Ve.Sa. commentary)

Most interesting fact is that there is no record in Tamil literature to say that Maha Bali ruled Kerala . Ancient Tamil literature says Vishnu killed demons whose birth star is Onam.

கணங்கொள் அவுணர் கடந்த பொழிந்தார் மாயோன் மேய ஓணநன்னாள் – மதுரைக்காஞ்சி 591.

***

Post Sangam literature

ஓணந்தான் உலகாளுமென்பார்களே  , நீ பிறந்த திருவோணம் — பெரியாழ்வார், திவ்யப் பிரபந்தம்

***

16 a

Onam in Astronomy

he Onam festival is associated with the star Thiruvonam, which is the Hindu lunar mansion (nakshatra) that aligns with the constellation Aquila. In Western astronomy, this set of stars includes Altair (the brightest star in the Aquila constellation) and two other stars, Beta and Gamma Aquilae. These three stars are often depicted as the “three footprints” of the dwarf god Vamana in his Trivikrama form, which is central to the Onam legend

Onam was observed as Vamana Jayanti during the Pallava dynasty.

17

Anthanar = Brahmins

Sangam Tamil literature used words such as Anthanar, Paarppanan, Ayyar, Iru Pirappaalar (twice born) Aru tholilor = those who do six tasks. Those who keep three fires.

The word meant inward looking. Those who search for God or looking to God in heart/mind.

***

Puram 397 referred to the Six Duties of Brahmins. It is a direct translation of the Sanskrit word

अध्यापनमध्ययनं यजनं याजनं तथा ।
दानं प्रतिग्रहं चैव ब्राह्मणानामकल्पयत् ॥ 1-88॥ Manu

adhyāpanamadhyayanaṃ yajanaṃ yājanaṃ tathā |
dānaṃ pratigrahaṃ caiva brāhmaṇānāmakalpayat || 1-88 || Manu

For the Brāhmaṇas he ordained teaching, studying, sacrificing and officiating at sacrifices, as also the giving and accepting of gifts. (88).-Manu smriti

****

OVER SIXTY DIRECT REFERECES ARE THERE.

They are associated with Numbers 1,2,3 and 6.

There are innumerable to brahmins. ANTHANAR meant only Brahmins because the prefix Four Vedas and Three Fires are used.

Here are some evidences: Puram 2- three fire worshippers;

Puram 6-

Pandya king will bow and respect three eyed shiva and four veda reciters brahmins.

முக் கட் செல்வர் நகர் வலம் செயற்கே!

இறைஞ்சுக, பெரும! நின் சென்னி சிறந்த

நான்மறை முனிவர் ஏந்து கை எதிரே!

வாடுக, இறைவ! நின் கண்ணி ஒன்னார்- Puram 6-

ஆன்ற கேள்வி, அடங்கிய கொள்கை,

நான் மறை முதல்வர் சுற்றம் ஆக,

மன்னர் ஏவல் செய்ய, மன்னிய

வேள்வி முற்றிய வாய் வாள் வேந்தே! Puram 26-

அணங்குஉருத் தன்ன கணங்கொள் தானை

கூற்றத் தன்ன மாற்றரு முன்பின்

தாக்குரல் கேண்மின் அந்த ணாளிர்

நான்மறை குறித்தன்று அருள்ஆ காமையின்;

அறம்குறித் தன்று பொருளா குதலின்;  Puram 362

நான்மறை விரித்து, நல் இசை விளக்கும்

வாய்மொழிப் புலவீர்! கேண்மின், சிறந்தது:-Paripaatal 9

***

19

Anthanar Two

Two Brahmin Gurus are referred to in Hindu scriptures.

They are Jupiter= Brhaspati and

Venus= Sukracharya.

Bruhaspati = Viyaazan in Tamil is the Guru/teacher of Devas;

Sukracharya = Velli is the Guru of Asuras.

Tamils referred to them as Brahmins Two in Kalittokai 99 and Jupiter only in Pari 11-7;

Very rarely the poets used Anthanar  to mention Siva in Akam. Invocation.

20

Aathimanthi / adimanti

Daughter of Karikal choza (karikaal chozaa)

She was greatly devoted to her husband Aattanaththi  and when he was washed away by river Kaveri, she followed him and recovered/ saved him through another woman named Maruthi. Maruthi committed suicide  later.

Akam 45, 76, 135, 222, 236, 396

காதலற் கெடுத்த சிறுமையொடு, நோய் கூர்ந்து,

ஆதிமந்தி போல, பேதுற்று

அலந்தனென் உழல்வென்கொல்லோபொலந்தார்,    அகம் 45 Akananuru

வான் உற நிவந்த நீல் நிறப் பெரு மலைக்

கான நாடன் உறீஇய நோய்க்கு, என்

மேனி ஆய் நலம் தொலைதலின், மொழிவென்;

முழவு முகம் புலராக் கலி கொள் ஆங்கண்,

கழாஅர்ப் பெருந் துறை விழவின் ஆடும்,        5

ஈட்டு எழில் பொலிந்த ஏந்து குவவு மொய்ம்பின்,

ஆட்டன் அத்தி நலன் நயந்து உரைஇ,

தாழ் இருங் கதுப்பின் காவிரி வவ்வலின்,

மாதிரம் துழைஇ, மதி மருண்டு அலந்த

ஆதிமந்தி காதலற் காட்டி,             10

படு கடல் புக்க பாடல்சால் சிறப்பின்

மருதி அன்ன மாண் புகழ் பெறீஇயர்,

சென்மோ வாழி, தோழி! பல் நாள்,Akam.222

21

Agni= thee in Tamil= muth thee= Three Fires

Brahmins had three types of fire in their houses.

This is referred to by Sangam poets

Ref. puram 122-3; 2-22;367-13;Murugu.181; kali.69-5

The three fires are called-

Brahmin households maintain three essential ritual fires—Garhapatya (the domestic hearth), Dakshina (the southern fire), and Ahavaniya (the sacrificial fire)—collectively known as the Tretagni. These fires are central to the Yajna (Vedic fire sacrifice) and are used in household rituals and larger sacrifices to honour deities, ensure spiritual cleansing, and represent foundational elements of existence.

The Three Fires

Garhapatya (Garhapatya): This is the household fire, used for cooking and domestic purposes. It serves as the primary source of fire, from which the other two fires are eventually lit.

Dakshina (Daksinagni, Daksina): Known as the southern fire, this fire is used for offerings and rituals intended to avert negative influences. It is never extinguished.

Ahavaniya (Ahuneyyaggi, Ahavaniya): The eastern fire, this is the main sacrificial fire where most offerings are made to the gods during a Yajna. It is kept in a square fire pit.

To identify them brahmins kept them in a geometrically designed fire pits. According to tamil scholar u.ve.sa square, triangular and semi circular fire pits are used for aahavaneeyam, dakshinaagni and gaarhapatyam

Puram 367-13;

Pari.5-42

மூன்றுவகைக் குறித்த முத்தீச் செல்வத்து

இருபிறப் பாளர் பொழுதறிந்து நுவல

ஒன்பது கொண்ட மூன்றுபுரி நுண்ஞாண்—திருமுருகாற்றுப்படை181-183

***

அந்தி அந்தணர் அருங் கடன் இறுக்கும்

முத் தீ விளக்கின், துஞ்சும்

பொற் கோட்டு இமயமும், பொதியமும், போன்றே- புறம் 2

***

ஒன்று புரிந்து அடங்கிய இருபிறப்பாளர்

முத்தீப் புரையக் காண்தக இருந்த

கொற்ற வெண் குடைக் கொடித் தேர் வேந்திர்!—புறம்367

***

Post Sangam Tamil Epic Silappdikaram attributes up to 123456 facts to Brahmins23-67/70

One principle, twice born, three fire worshippers, four veda reciters, five yajna performers, six task doers

22

Asura /Avunar

Madu -591; kuru 1-1; murukku 59; pathir-11-4; pari.3-56; 5-7; 8-8; puram 174-1; kali.2-3

In Puram 174, poet Miss Nappasalai praised Mr Sri Krishna (in Tamil Thiru Kannan) singing about the Mahabaharata episode of Krishna causing solar eclipse by his Sudarsana wheel so that Arjuna could slay Jayadratha. It was a real solar eclipse attributed as Krishna’s miracle. There  the poet says Anangudai Avunar /fearful Rakshasas hiding sun and then Mr Black (Anjana Uruvan= collyrium dark person) saving it . Here Anangu means Fearful.

(fighting took place on certain days only during ; they did not fight continuously for 18 days. So one New moon day occurred in between and the solar eclipse can happen only on New moon days/Amavasyai)

Arakkan is the tamilized form of rakshasa. It is in puram with reference to Ravana

Arakkan -puram 378-19;kali.38-3; 84-3; akam 14-1; pathi.30-27

23

Anangu

Fear evoking harming elements

Anangu in Sangam books

As God/Divine in 29 places

As Divine women in 2 places (+ 2 places in Tirukkural)

As harming spirit – 3 places

As on the chest of woman – 5 places

As living in houses 3 places

As part of Lyre/ Yaaz in Tamil – 1

In Kadamba Tree – 1

In the elephant head and tusk – 2

In the water sources – 12 places

(This is in Yaksha Prasna of Mahabharata too)

As trouble causing Skanda (Muruga)- 6 places

Kalidasa also says that women are harmed by Lod Skanda /Muruga. Sangam Tamils also mentioned it in

Natrinai- 47-8; 376-10; 386-6; Puram.299-6; Kali.52-10; Muruku-289

(for abbreviations of Tamil books, please see first part of this article)

Anangu as troubling, fear causing element is used in over 30 places in Sangam literature

In one place ,a ladylove  is compared to  Anangu (Surangani??) – Pari.12-57

(When I was visiting temples from Shirdi to Nasik, in one of the shrines, my wife and other women in our group were not allowed inside Skanda/ Muruga shrine. A big curtain with an announcement said-‘ No women can enter. This is Skanda/ Kartikeya shrine’. In ancient Tamil Nadu love sick women behaved strangely. Immediately their mothers says she is affected by Murugan/Skanda and invited prophesy tellers to drive the love sickness out. They sacrificed goats to the gods during the ceremony.

To be continued………………………….

 tags- Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia ,Part 2 ,1000 facts, Athimanthi, Anangu, Arudra, Betelgeuse, Anthanar, Brahmins, Asura guru, Deva guru, nymphs

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Posted by Tamil and Vedas on September 6, 2025

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Who is a Good Wife? Mahabharata Answers- Part 4 (Post.14,948)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 14,948

Date uploaded in London –  6 September 2025

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

Satyavan-Savitri story from Vana Parva of Mahabharata continued…………………

Savitri to Yama

I have heard it said that ordinarily it is your messengers who come to take away the mortals. This time, Lord, how have you come yourself?

Yama

This Satyavan was rooted in truth, and possessed rare qualities  in a still rarer combination. He was not to be taken away like other mortals, by my messengers. For him, I have to come myself.

Now go back, and do the last rites. You have discharged your husband debt. You have followed your husband as far as you should have.

Savitri

Where my husband is being taken, there I should go too. That is the abiding dharma (scriptural law). By your grace, and with the strength of my love for my husband, nothing can obstruct my way.

The wise say that on walking even seven steps together, a friendship is established. From such friendship, I shall say to you  a few things. Kindly, listen to me.

(Savitri explained what dharma is)

Yama

Now go back. The tings that you have said, in such perfect combination of word, tone, diction and logic have pleased me very much. Excepting the life of Satyavan, I can give you everything else.

Savitri

My father in law, deprived of his kingdom, now lives in forest. He is blind. I pray that by your grace his eye sight restored to him, and regain his strength, he may again shine like the sun.

Yama

What you have wished shall happen in that way, I give you the boon. Go back now, and do not put yourself to the rigour of further travel , you are tired.

Savitri

Being near my husband, I feel this travel no rigour. Wherever you take him, I shall come there too. And I have something more to say. Please listen to me.

Even a fleeting time with those rooted in truth is greatly desirable, their friendship even more. It is said that the company of such people never in vain. Therefore, one should always seek their nearness.

Yama

What you have said is to the good of all , most pleasing to me. Excepting the life of Satyavan, ask a second boon.

Savitri

The second boon I seek from you is that the lost kingdom of my father-in-law Dyumatsena is restored to him, and he, who I venerate as my guru, may never swerve from the path of dharma.

Yama

Dyumatsena will soon regain his kingdom and without struggle he will never swerve from the path of dharma.

The second wish of yours granted also, now go back. And do not tire yourself more.

Savitri

You keep all living beings within bounds of an eternal discipline and therefore, Deva you are universally known as Yama. Listen to what I will say.

In acts, speech and thought (Mano, Vak, Kaya), not to bear enmity towards any being; to have compassion to all; and giving; are considered the abiding dharma of the good.

Generally, the people of this world are short lived, and human helplessness is well known. Therefore, saints like you show compassion even to an enemy seeking refuge.

Yama

Blessed one! Hearing you say this is to me like water to the thirsty. Excepting the life of Satyavan, ask whatever you wish.

Savitri

My father Ashvapati has no son. May be he blessed with his own hundred sons who will continue his family line This is the third boon I seek from you.

Yama

Blessed one! Your father will have hundred sons that will keep his family line unbroken. Princess! Your third wish also has been granted. Now go back! You have already come too far.

Savitri continued to speak……………………………..

To be continued. ….

Tags – Savitri, Yama, Dialogue, Mahabharata, Good wife, Part 4

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by Tamil and Vedas on September 6, 2025  •  Permalink
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Posted by Tamil and Vedas on September 6, 2025

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Ganesh worship in Ancient Sangam Tamil Literature (Post No.14,915)

 Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 14,915

Date uploaded in London –  29 August 2025

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are takn from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

Lord Ganesh with Erukkam flowers

Research article by London swaminathan

Tami name of Lord Ganesh is PILLAIYAAR.

We have very clear proof for Ganesh worship in 2000-year-old Sangam Tamil literature.  One must understand that there are two stages in the worship of Hindu Gods. In the first stage, they are not part of popular worship and so the evidence is hidden in literature. When they become popular, we see them clearly in literature, statues and paintings. Ganesh is found around the world in statues. Sri Lanka Buddhist Viharas have Ganesh. Tallest Ganesh statue is in Thailand. Largest Muslim country in the world Indonesia has Ganesh image in their currencies. Roman God Janus is none other than Ganesh. Japanese also worship Ganesh.

Let us look at some examples. In the works of Kalidasa and Sangam Tamil literature we come across Lord Siva in the first verse, that is the Invocation or in praise of God. Four out of seven works of Kalidasa have Lord Shiva in the invocation. In Tamil at least five works have Lord Shiva in the invocation. After ninth century we have Ganesh instead of Shiva.

In the Vedic rituals , they do Ganesh puja first with image made with turmeric powder or clay idol. Tamils just wrote the letter u உ (Tamilஉ Vowel) to symbolise Ganesh. From fifth century onwards  we see big Ganesh statues in South India. Now in Tamil Nadu Ganesh Festival has become more popular like Maharashtra. Even in Maharashtra B G Tilak only made it a grand festival to arouse Nationalism.

Now let us look at some examples:

Because of actors Mookambika, Santoshi Mata, Ayyappa, Ragavendra- all became popular. But the worship of those have been in vogue for centuries. Now Brahmins only worship Vedic Gods thrice a day at home. Others go to Shiva and Vishnu temples also Skanda/Muruga and Ganesh.

Another example of how Gods become popular come from the life of Chaitanya. He popularised the worship of Krishna with street dance and music. Bhakti Vedanta Parabhuapada took it to western countries and now devotees of Hare Krishna movement are doing the same street dance and music around the world. But Krishna worship has been there for more than 2000 years. Ancient Tamils worshipped Balarama along with his younger brother Krishna. But now several ancient Tamil temples have some empty space next to Krishna. Balarama has disappeared. He has lost popularity.

1

Ganesh in Sangam Literature

There is one clear reference to Ganesh in Tiru Murugaatrup Padai , but not in the main verse. So scholars consider it as an appendix. But they forgot to see other references. Face with one hand is found in this book.

2

Kabilar, a Brahmin poet, has contributed the highest number of verses in Sangam Literature. His name itself is the name of Ganesh. Priests in India do Ganesh puja with 16 names of Ganapathy and one of them is Kabila. That poet sys in Purananuru verse 106, “God  wont reject a devotee’s offering even if it just grass or Erukkam flower. Here we see more evidence. A poet who entered Hindu Book of Records by listing 99 flowers at one go, refers just erukkam flower. That is Calotropis gigantea or Arka in Sanskrit. Nowadays this flower is associated with Lord Ganesh only. There is a very big demand for this flower in Tamil Nadu during Ganesh Chaturthy or Vinayaka Chaturthy. Kabila not only used this but also used Pul for grass. Arukam Pul is the only grass used to worship Ganesh on all days like Tulsi for Vishnu and Vilva for Lord Shiva.

And Kabila’s Puram verse 106 is nothing but an echo of Bhagavad Gita

पत्रं पुष्पं फलं तोयं यो मे भक्त्या प्रयच्छति |

तदहं भक्त्युपहृतमश्नामि प्रयतात्मन: ||9- 26||

If one offers to Me with devotion a leaf, a flower, a fruit, or even water, I delightfully partake of that item offered with love by My devotee in pure consciousness.

patraṁ puṣhpaṁ phalaṁ toyaṁ yo me bhaktyā prayachchhati

tadahaṁ bhaktyupahṛitam aśhnāmi prayatātmanaḥ

So, we know Hindu worship with flowers, leaves (Tulsi, Bilva, Dharba, Dhurva/ Arka grass) and water has been there from Mahabharata days, i.e.. for at least 5000 years.

Hindus showering God with water. Hindus invented this shower.

3

Modakam in Sangam Literature

The longest of the 18 Sangam books is Maduraik Kaanchi by a poet named Maangudi Maruthanaar. He mentioned MODAKAM by using the same Sanskrit word. Modakam is associated with Hindu Gad- Ganesh only.

(Modakam or Modak refers to the Sanskrit word for “a small portion of bliss” or “sweetmeat,” and it also refers to a type of sweet rice dumpling, which is a favourite food of the Hindu deity Lord Ganesha. The term also appears in a devotional hymn by Adi Shankaracharya, where the first line, “Muda Karaatta Modakam,” describes Lord Ganesha joyously holding this sweet.)

4

Adi Sankara divided Hindu worship into six main sects and one of them is Gaanaapatyam, i.e. Ganesh worship. If we go by the date of Sankara given by Kanchi Paramacharya (1894-1994), then Ganaapatyam came into vogue in the first century BCE or earlier.

Modakam with Coconut jaggery inside. Adi Shankara mentioned it in his Ganesa Pancharatanam.

5

The reference to Modaka, sold in Madurai shops along with Appam , (Maduraik Kanchi lines 625-629) another sweet dish, show that there existed Ganesh worship in Tamil Nadu. Because Appam (Fried sweet pan cake) is also associated Lord Ganesh. About 500 years ago , famous Tamil devotional poet Arunagiri Natharbegan his book Tiruppugaz with an invocation to Lord Ganesh, he mentioned Appam as a favourite dish of Lord Vinayaka.

Siruthondar, commander in Chief of the Pallava army, defeated the Chaukya king and brought the famous Ganesh statue from Baadaami (correct name Vaataapi). Then Ganesh became popular in Tamil Nadu.

Conclusion

Evidence from Nakkirar’s T M Padai, Kabila’s Puram verse, and Maduraik Kaanchi’s Modakam reference may be taken as a very clear evidence for Ganesh worship during Sanam Age. His worship became popular from fifth century CE.

–Subham—

Tags- Ganesh worship, Pillaiyar, Sangam literature, Kalidasa, Modakam, Kozukkattai, Kabilar, Erukkam flower, Puram 106

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by Tamil and Vedas on August 29, 2025  •  Permalink
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