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HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 99; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-99 (Post.16,098)

Hitler misused Swastika.

Hindus’ Auspicious symbol Swastika 

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 16,098

Date uploaded in London – 17 August 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

Subhadra

Subhadra was daughter of Vasudeva, sister of Krishna and Balarama, and wife of Arjuna. She was the mother of Abhimanyu.

Subhadra (सुभद्र) is a name mentioned in the Mahābhārata (cf. VI.68.8) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places. Her name is found in many stories as a proper noun. Hare Krishna Movement has made her popular through Rath Yatras around the world. The sister of Jagannath whose image is worshipped with those of that deity and his brother Balarama, and carried in procession with them in the Ratha- Yatra, or annual movement of the car of Jagannath.

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Sukra/ sukracharya

Sukra is planet Venus, meaning white. Sukracharya is Asura Guru—brahmin teacher of the Demons in Hindu literature. Sukra as planet Venus is in Purananuru, Sangam Tamil Book, and Brhat Samhita. The planet’s movement is associated with rain on earth; yet to be proved by science.

Sukracharya is also mentioned in Sangam Tamil books as Two Great Brahmins (other one is Brhaspati, planet Jupiter, teacher of Devas.

Point to be notes is all Asuras worshipped Hindu Gods and got boons and they were taught by Brahmins. .

Sukracharya’s daughter was Devayani . her love affair with Kacha, son of Deva Guru Brhaspati, was a long and popular story; feature fils had been made on Kacha Devayani. Another story is her clash with Sarmishta.

Devayānī (देवयानी).—Name of the daughter of Śukra, preceptor of the Asuras. [She fell in love with Kacha, her father’s pupil, but he rejected her advances. On this she cursed the youth, who in return cursed her that she should become the wife of a Kṣatriya (See kaca.) Once upon a time Devayānī and her companion Śarmiṣṭhā, the daughter of Vṛṣaparvan, the king of the Daityas, went to bathe keeping their clothes on the shore. But the god Wind changed their clothes, and when they were dressed they began to quarrel about the change until Śarmiṣṭhā, so far lost her temper that she, slapped Devayānī’s face, and threw her into a well. There she remained until she was seen and rescued by Yayāti, who, with the consent of her father, married her, and Śarmiṣṭhā became her servant as a recompense for her insulting conduct towards her. Devayānī lived happily with Yayāti for some years and bore him two sons, Yadu and Turvasu. Subsequently her husband became enamoured of Śarmiṣṭhā, and Devayānī, feeling herself aggrieved, abruptly left her husband and went home to her father, who at her request condemned Yayāti with the infirmity of old age. (Kacha Devayani Story is already given under Devayani, Kacha).

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Sukra niti

Śukrācārya (शुक्राचार्य) or Uśanā is one of the most important political thinkers of India, The school established by him had become famous and came to be recognised by the names or Auśanasa. It appears that he and his followers and disciples had introduced quite a large number of works to propagate their views and popularise their idealism. But till today only one of such works is available and that is also most probably an abridged edition of one of his texts. The name of that book is Śukranītisāra .

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Sundara kanda

Sundara kaanda is the fifth book in Valmiki Ramayana. this is the most celebrated part in Ramayana. People read the full canto in Sanskrit or Tamil as a ritual. It is believed that such a reading or recitation will bring all the auspicious things into a family. Those who seek wealth or wish someone’s wedding read it in the prayer room. Even the printed book is worshipped by the Hindus.  Hanuma is the hero who meets Sita Devi and Lanka report it back to Lord Rama. So it is considered a story of a successful venture. Those who do traditional discourse receive gifts from the listeners when the Golden Ring part is narrated

Chapter 1 – The Departure of Hanuman

Chapter 2 – Hanuman’s Arrival in Lanka

Chapter 3 – Hanuman enters the City

Chapter 4 – Hanuman observes the City and its Inhabitants

Chapter 5 – Hanuman ranges the City without finding Sita

Chapter 6 – Hanuman explores Ravana’s Palace

Chapter 7 – Description of the Aerial Chariot Pushpaka

Chapter 8 – Further Description of the Aerial Chariot Pushpaka

Chapter 9 – Hanuman searches the Harem

Chapter 10 – Hanuman sees Ravana surrounded by his Wives

Chapter 11 – Description of the Banqueting Hall

Chapter 12 – Hanuman becomes despondent

Chapter 13 – Hanuman’s Dilemma

Chapter 14 – The Ashoka Grove

Chapter 15 – Hanuman sees Sita

Chapter 16 – Hanuman’s Reflections on seeing Sita

Chapter 17 – Description of the Female Titans who guarded Sita

Chapter 18 – Ravana goes to the Ashoka Grove

Chapter 19 – Sita’s Grief

Chapter 20 – Ravana begs Sita to wed him

Chapter 21 – Sita rejects Ravana’s Advances with disdain

Chapter 22 – Ravana’s Threats

Chapter 23 – The Female Titans seek to persuade Sita to wed Ravana

Chapter 24 – Menace of the Female Titans

Chapter 25 – Sita gives way to Despair

Chapter 26 – Sita prophesies the Titan’s Destruction

Chapter 27 – Trijata’s Dream

Chapter 28 – Sita’s Lament

Chapter 29 – Sita observes auspicious Portents

Chapter 30 – Hanuman’s Reflections

Chapter 31 – Hanuman praises Rama

Chapter 32 – Sita sees Hanuman

Chapter 33 – Hanuman’s Converse with the Princess Sita

Chapter 34 – Sita’s Uncertainty on seeing Hanuman

Chapter 35 – Hanuman makes himself known to Sita

Chapter 36 – Sita questions Hanuman

Chapter 37 – Sita refuses to be rescued by Hanuman

Chapter 38 – Sita gives Hanuman her Jewel

Chapter 39 – Hanuman calms Sita’s Fears

Chapter 40 – Hanuman takes leave of Sita

Chapter 41 – Hanuman destroys the Ashoka Grove

Chapter 42 – Hanuman destroys the Kinkaras

Chapter 43 – Hanuman burns the Temple and Monument

Chapter 44 – The Death of Jambumalin

Chapter 45 – Hanuman slays the Sons of Ravana’s Ministers

Chapter 46 – Hanuman annihilates five Generals and their Forces

Chapter 47 – The Death of Aksha

Chapter 48 – Hanuman allows himself to be taken captive by the Titans

Chapter 49 – Hanuman’s astonishment on beholding Ravana

Chapter 50 – Hanuman is questioned by the Titans

Chapter 51 – Hanuman’s words

Chapter 52 – Bibishana pleads for Hanuman

Chapter 53 – Hanuman is led bound through the City

Chapter 54 – Hanuman sets fire to Lanka

Chapter 55 – Hanuman’s Anxiety concerning Sita

Chapter 56 – Hanuman’s takes leave of Sita

Chapter 57 – The Return of Hanuman

Chapter 58 – Hanuman recounts his Experiences

Chapter 59 – Hanuman appeals to the Monkeys to rescue Sita

Chapter 60 – mbavan rejects Angada’s Project

Chapter 61 – The Devastation of Madhuvana

Chapter 62 – The Fight Between Dadhimukha And The Intruders

Chapter 63 – Dadhimukha relates how Madhuvana has been laid waste

Chapter 64 – Sugriva consoles Rama

Chapter 65 – Hanuman tells Rama of his Meeting with Sita

Chapter 66 – Rama’s Grief

Chapter 67 – Hanuman describes his Interview with Sita

Chapter 68 – Hanuman repeats his Words of Consolation to Sita

***

Sumeru

One meaning is North Pole. Hindu literature says Sun and Moon are going around it for ever which is scientifically correct if one lives in North Pole  or in polar regions. Another meaning is Golden Mountain.

Sumeru (सुमेरु).—One of the mountains of Jambūdvīpa.—Sumeru has received a fabulous treatment at the hands of ancient Indian writers. Kālidāsa and other Sanskrit poets call it a mountain of gold and make it the dwelling place of supernatural beings like Vidyādharas and Kiṃpuruṣas. According to Rājaśekhara the Meru mountain is situated in the middle of the Jambūdvīpa. It is encircled by Ilāvartavarṣa.

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Sura (intoxicating liquor/Toddy)alcoholic drinks

Vedas and Sanskrit books clearly differentiate alcoholic Sura from Soma, the Divine Elixir.

Surā (सुरा) refers to a type of drink mentioned in the Ṛgveda VIII.2.12, and is commonly found in literature dealing with the topics of dietetics and culinary art, also known as Pākaśāstra or Pākakalā.—Other common intoxicating drinks mentioned in Vedic literature are parisrut, kīlāla and māsara. Ṛgveda describes another drink also which is known as surā. This was prepared by fermenting barley or wild paddy after distilling it. Drinking of sura is not considered as meritorious as soma.

According to Ayurvedic saṃhitas/ treatises, intoxicating drinks can be prepared with rice , sugar (śārkara), and unboiled juice of sugarcane (śīdhu). According to Suśruta, in the preparation of these drinks, when surā is used instead of water it was called surāsavā. Liquors were also prepared with madhūka flowers and honey.

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Surya vamsa

Sūryavaṃśa (सूर्यवंश):—According to Puranas, one of the two great dynasties of ancient India, the counterpart to the Candravaṃśa or ‘Lunar Dynasty’. The descendants of Iḷa’s eldest son, Ikṣvāku, including, notably, Rāma, belong to the Sūryavaṃśa/ Solar Dynasty.

In the traditional genealogies of the Suryavamsha (Solar Dynasty) recorded in Hindu Puranas (such as the Vishnu Purana and Agni Purana), a total of 146 kings are listed from the founder Ikshvaku down to the final recorded ruler, Sumitra. Then Nanda Dynasty ruled India.

The lineage traces back from the Sun God (Vivasvan) to Vaivasvata Manu, whose son Ikshvaku became the first earthly king of the dynasty.

Choza Kings of Tamil Nadu belong to Surya Vamsa and Pandya Kings belong to Chandra Vamasa (lunar dynasty, according to ancient inscriptions.

Indus Valley Theories Exploded

Even if 20 year rule per king is given, the beginning will be 3000 years before sixth century BCE (Nanda Dynasty).

Those who believe this cant agree with foreigners’ date of Rig Veda or Indus Valley civilization.

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Surya

Sun God in Hindu literature. Tamil Nadu temples have his statue in the corridor. In Tamil and Sanskrit literature he has been portrayed as riding a one wheeled chariot pulled by seven horses. It is a symbolic way of describing the rainbow (VIBGYOR in science).

Most of the Sanskrit books and inscriptions end with the sentence AS LONG AS THE SUN AND MOON EXIST, which shows their knowledge in science. Uless one knows the continuous existence of heavenly bodies one could not make such statement . in ancient India there were special temples for Sun God like Konark in Odisah, which were destroyed by Muslim invaders. Most beautiful description of the temple Multan temple is still available but not the temple. Maga Brahmins of Saka Dwipa worshipped Sun. They migrated from Iran to India.

Astrological and Astronomical descriptions of Sun are available from Rig Vedic periods.

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Surya Siddhanta

The Sūrya-siddhānta is by far the most widely used Sanskrit text on astronomy. It has been held in great esteem in India. Its opening verses say that an incarnation of the sun taught it to the great asura named Maya at the end of the last kṛta-yuga, or age of perfection. According to the information given in its first chapter on the lengths of the yugas and how many of these ages have passed in this kalpa or world-period, this would have been more than two million years ago. If so, the Sūrya-siddhānta has undergone a lot of change since then. Based solely on what can be seen in the last 1,500 years, material has been deleted from it, material has been added to it, and its arrangement has frequently been altered.

It is attributed to Lāṭadeva, a student of Aryabhatta and the current edition is dated to somewhere between the end of the 4th and 5th centuries by most modern scholars, and it comprises fourteen chapters.

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Sushruta

Sushruta who lived 2600 years ago in India is the Father of Surgery. He described  over 100 medical instruments. He was famous for nose surgery known as rhinoplasty. The amazing thing about the Nose Surgery is that it was used even 300 years ago in India.

Suśruta (सुश्रुत).—Reputed master of the science of Surgery, Suśruta was the grandson of King Gādhi and son of Viśvāmitra. (Anuśāsana Parva, Chapter 4, Verse 55).

 Name of the author of a system of medicine, whose work, together with that of Charaka, is regardad as the oldest medical authority, and held in great esteem in India even to this day.

Sushruta was the Father of Surgery. He describes a lot of surgical instruments. On the basis of his description, model instruments were created

Among the surgical techniques described in the  Ssruta Samhiat is rhinoplasty, the repair of a severed nose. Variations of this technique have survived in India over the centuries. In 1794, an article in the Gentleman’s magazine of London reported an operation carried out on an employee of the British East India Company who had been captured and mutilated during the Mysore Wars. As witnessed by Company surgeons, a flap of skin incised from the forehead was grafted onto the stump from which a new nose was formed. Such reports heled the resurgence of Indian surgical methods in the 1700s and foreshadowed the modern plastic surgery.

His statues are installed in several reputed medical institutions around the world

The Sushruta Samhita contains a total of 186 chapters (and up to 184–186 depending on the recension), divided into two main parts: the Purva-tantra (5 sections with 120 chapters) and the Uttara-tantra (66 chapters).

Purva-tantra (First Part – 120 Chapters)

  • Sutra Sthana (46 chapters): Basic principles, definitions, surgical instruments, medical student training, and pharmacology.
  • Nidana Sthana (16 chapters): Pathogenesis and causes of various diseases.
  • Sharira Sthana (10 chapters): Human anatomy, embryology, and vital body parts (marmas).
  • Chikitsa Sthana (40 chapters): Therapeutics, general treatment methods, and surgical procedures.
  • Kalpa Sthana (8 chapters): Toxicology, including animal and plant poisons and antidotes.
  •  

Uttara-tantra (Complementary Part – 66 Chapters)

  • Deals with specialized branches including eye, ear, nose, and throat diseases (Shalakya Tantra), pediatrics (Kaumara Bhritya), psychiatry (Bhuta Vidya), and general medicine (Kaya Chikitsa)

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Swayambhu

Sanskrit: स्वयम्भू) translates to “self-born,” “self-existent,” or “self-manifested”. Statues in several temples are considered Self born. Some natural rocks or stone formations looked like divinities. Some natural formations such as the famous Kailash Mountain or Tiruvannamlai hill look like Shivaling. This is nature’s work of art. Some are scientifically explained. The most famous Amarnath Ice Linga is formed by dropping water through the mountain crevices. But yet it is a natural wonder to see it in a particular season every year in Amarnath, Kashmir. But there is another category explained by science.

Brahma is also called Swayambhu.

Science behind Swayambhu Lingams

A letter published in London Times newspaper on 20th May, 1994 explains this. Anne C.A. Silk wrote this letter in reply to a reader’s query. The letter gives some interesting information about “stone growing fields” in Chiltern Hills. (These Hills are not far from London). “There was a local industry of gathering the large flints, some the size of a fist, to sell to local builders by the roadside.

There is a further reason for the ascending mode of flints and rocks worldwide, over and above the fork disturbance proposed by Brian Parker (May 14 letter). This is the natural extremely low frequency (ELF) seismic energy from deep within earth.

Micro seismic activity from faults such as Church Stratton Fault, Mere Fault, Great Glen Fault, sub terranean settling and indeed traffic at roundabouts will generate ELF energy sufficient enough to vibrate rocks and stones to the surface.

It is of relevance to note that ELF frequencies from 30 Hz to 300 Hz also cover brain waves in humans”.

So we can conclude that Swayambu Lingams come from below the earth by ELF or some forces yet unknown to science.

***

Sukanya

Sukanyā (सुकन्‍या): Meaning – Fair-maid, Sukanya was a princess. She once mistakenly blinded the sage Chyavana, and to make amends for her mistake married him. He was much older than her, yet they were very happy together. The Ashwini twins were smitten by her beauty so they came up with a plan to trick her. They offered to restore her husband’s sight and youth. As she did not have any suspicions of their motive, she accepted.

Another version gives more details

Sukanyā (सुकन्या).—A daughter of Sayāti: when once she went with her father to the hermitage of Cyavana, she saw an anthill with two luminous objects in holes which she pricked with a thorn. This resulted in blood-flowing from the eyes of the sage Cyavana. The king asked the sage’s pardon by giving his daughter in marriage. Aśvins called on them and made Cyavana look young to the puzzle of Sukanyā. The Aśvins revealed to her of Cyavana’s rejuvenation. Once her father came and seeing her with a young man, he took him to be her paramour and scolded her. But when he heard the truth of the matter he was pleased.*

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Svetasvatara Upanishad

This Upanishad belongs to the Krishna-Yajurveda. It gets its name from Rishi Svetasvatara who taught the truth contained in it to his disciples. It presents a mixture of Vedanta, Sankhya and Yoga tenets.
In this Upanishad Siva or Rudra is declared to be the creator, preserver and destroyer of the world. He is the material and efficient cause of this world. He is identified with the Supreme Brahman.

It explores the Supreme Reality (Brahman), individual souls, and yoga. It bridges philosophical knowledge with devotion (Bhakti) and meditation to achieve liberation.

The text has six Adhyaya (chapters), each with varying number of verses. The epilogue verse 6.21 is a homage to sage Shvetashvatara for proclaiming Brahman-knowledge to ascetics.

The name “Shvetashvatara” has the compound Sanskrit root Shvetashva (श्वेताश्व, Shvet + ashva), which literally means “white horse” and “drawn by white steeds. The chronology of Shvetashvatara Upanishad is contested, but it is generally accepted to be a late-period Upanishadic composition.

The text is  notable for its multiple mentions of both Rudra and Shiva, along with other Vedic deities, and of crystallization of Shiva as a central theme.

Adi Shankara did not write an undisputed formal commentary (bhashya) on the Svetasvatara Upanishad. While a commentary on it has been historically attributed to him by some traditions and minor printings, mainstream scholars and traditional Advaita authorities do not count it among his authentic works

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Swarga

Svarga (स्वर्ग) refers to “heaven” (i.e., Svarga signifies the heaven of Indra which is supposed to be situated on Mount Meru), according to the Siva Purana. Svarga (स्वर्ग) represents the number 21 (twenty-one) in the “word-numeral system” (bhūtasaṃkhyā), which was used in Sanskrit texts.

In Tamil it is called Thurakkam, a word formed by linguistic rules S=T

Like in hundreds of English words TION=SION, here also S becomes T and thus  Suvarkka became Turakka. According to Hindu scriptures, SEX is banned in Swarga. The residents are in the form of Light, but can travel faster than light. There are beautiful girls like Rambha, Urvasi, Tilottama, Menaka etc

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Swastika

Swastik refers to “An auspicious figure generally drawn on the floor near main door of a house”. Svastika (स्वस्तिक) refers to a mystical cross which is believed to bring good fortune to the wearer thereof and which resembles a Greek cross with ends turned in at right angles.

The Svastika has been observed on  Harappan seals, greek pottery of antiquity, on innumerable ornaments in the catacombs of Rome, on ancient personal ornaments in Scandinavia, on ancient urns and weapons in Britain, in devices in Japan and Britain, on coffins in China and on Church bells in England..

Hitler used this symbol in his army, flags etc. Since Max Muller boasted Germans and Aryans, Hitler used this symbol  and proclaimed that Aryan race is a superior race.

North Indians print this symbol even in Wedding invitations.

To be concluded ………………..

Tags- Swastika, Sukanya, Sukra, Surya , Sumeru, Sundara Kanda, HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 99; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-99 , sushruta

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Hindus knew about Rivers in the Sky! Purananuru wonders-54, Tamil Encyclopedia-94 (Post.16,094)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 16,094

Date uploaded in London – 16 August 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

Purananuru wonders-54, Tamil Encyclopedia-94, One Thousand Interesting Facts – Part 94. 

item 767 

Poets of Paripāṭal (prepared by me on 31-12-1995 in hand written paper)

From U VE SA edition, year 1948.

The classical Tamil Paripāṭal anthology—part of the Eight Anthologies (Eṭṭuttokai) of Sangam literature—is traditionally attributed to 13 different poets.

   Kīrantaiyār (கீரந்தையார்)

  • Kaduvan Ilaveyinanaar (கடுவன் இளவெயினனார்)
  • Maiyodak Kovanaar (மையோடக் கோவனார்)
  • Nallanthuvanaar (நல்லந்துவனார்)
  • Kundrumpoothanaar (குன்றம்பூதனார்)
  • Karumpillaip Poothanaar (கரும்பிள்ளைப் பூதனார்)
  • Nalvaludiyaar (நல்வழுதியார்)
  • Kesavanaar (கேசவனார்)
  • Ilamperuvaludiyaar (இளம்பெருவழுதியார்)
  • Nallazisiyaar (நல்லழிசியார்)
  • Nalleziniyaar
  • Nappannanaar (நப்பண்ணனார்)

Nallachuthanar நல்லச்சுதனார்

Total line approximately 2050 lines in 24 full poems and 9 fragments

***

item 768

Verse number– theme—lines — composer

Paripāṭal 1 on Tirumal- tirumaal -Vishnu- Lines 65 —composed by

Paripāṭal 2 on Tirumal- tirumaal -Vishnu- Lines 76 –compoed by Kīrantaiyār

Paripāṭal 3 on Tirumal- tirumaal -Vishnu- Lines 94  – composed by Kaduvan Ilaveyinanaar

Paripāṭal 4 on Tirumal- tirumaal -Vishnu- Lines 73– composed by Kaduvan Ilaveyinanaar

Paripāṭal 5 on Murugan/ Skanda- Lines 81– composed by Kaduvan Ilaveyinanaar

Paripāṭal 6 on River Vaigai- Lines 106 –composed by Nallanthuvanaar

Paripāṭal 7 on River Vaigai- Lines 86—composed by Maiyodak Kovanaar

Paripāṭal 8 on Murugan/ Skanda- Lines  130 –composed by Nallanthuvanaar

Paripāṭal 9 on Murugan/ Skanda- Lines  85—composed by Kunrampoothanaar

Paripāṭal 10 on River Vaigai- Lines 131 – composed by Karumpillaip Poothanaar

Paripāṭal 11 on River Vaigai- Lines 140– composed by Nallanthuvanaar

Paripāṭal 12 on River Vaigai- Lines 102—composed by Nalvaludiyaar

Paripāṭal 13 on Tirumal- tirumaal -Vishnu- Lines 64 – NAL EZINI

Paripāṭal 14 on Murugan/ Skanda- Lines 32 – composed by Kesavanaar

Paripāṭal 15 on Tirumal- tirumaal -Vishnu- Lines 66—composed by Ilamperuvaludiyaar

Paripāṭal 16 on River Vaigai- Lines 55—composed by Nallazisiyaar

Paripāṭal 17 on Murugan/ Skanda- Lines 53—composed by Nallazisiyaar

Paripāṭal 18 on Murugan/ Skanda- Lines  56—composed by Kunrampoothanaar

Paripāṭal 19 on Murugan/ Skanda- Lines 105—composed by Nappannanaar

Paripāṭal 20 on River Vaigai- Lines 111- composed by Nallanthuvanaar

Paripāṭal 21 on Murugan/ Skanda- Lines 70—composed by Nallachuthanar

Paripāṭal 22 on River Vaigai- Lines 49—composed by???? Incomplete poem

***

Fragments = Thirattu in Tamil  (Fragments are from other Tamil works where the commentators  quoted them or used them)

Paripāṭal  on Tirumal- tirumaal -Vishnu- Lines 82—

Paripāṭal  on River Vaigai- Lines 96—

Paripāṭal Thirattu 1, 2 ,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

***

item 769 Music Composers

Paripāṭal Poets who set music to the above poems

Kannakanaar

For Paripāṭal verse 18; also contributed in puram 218; narrinai 79.

Kannanaaganaar

For verse 5;

Kesavanar

Verse 14;

Nannaaganaar

Verse 12; 2;

Nallachuthanar

Verses 16, 17, 18, 20.

Naaganaar

Verse 11;

Piththaamanthar

Verse 7;

Pettaganaar

Veres 3,4;

Maruththuvan nallachchuthanaar

Verses 6,8,9,10,1519;

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Item 770 Madurai City is like Lotus Flower

In Paripāṭal fragment 1(thirattu in Tamil) we get the name of Naan Maadak Koodal;  the story behind this name is detailed in

Tiru vilaiyatal puranam . When there was heavy rain during the days of Abhiseka Pandya, Lord Siva protected Madurai on four sides.

Prof. Vaiyapuri Pillai says it must have happened during 3rd or 4th century CE. If it is correct, then we can calculate the periods of other kings.

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Item 771

Another point is U Ve Sa says the town name IRUNTHAIYUR is important. Two Sangam poets are from Irunthaiyur. The present Perumal (Vishnu) temple in Madurai is believed to be Irunthaiyur

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Item 772 River in the Sky

In Paripāṭal fragment 2 (thirattu in Tamil) on River Vaigai, there is an interesting comparison:

Pandya king bathed in River Vaigai along with others; it looked like Indra bathing in the Rive Aakaaya Ganga (Gages in the sky).

Nowadays scientists believe there is river like water flow in the sky too!

Yes, “rivers in the sky” is a true scientific concept. Scientists call them atmospheric rivers—massive, narrow bands of concentrated water vapor flowing through the Earth’s lower atmosphere. Though invisible to the naked eye, they act like flying rivers carrying immense amounts of fresh water across the globe.

Scientific Facts About Atmospheric Rivers

  • Enormous volume: A single atmospheric river can carry up to 15 to 27 times the water volume of the Mississippi River or rival the flow rate of the Amazon River.
  • Dimensions: They are typically thousands of kilometers long, but relatively narrow (hundreds of kilometers wide).
  • Water supply: According to the U.S. Geological Survey, these sky currents provide up to half of the annual precipitation and water supply for the U.S. West Coast (often called the Pineapple Express), parts of Europe, and New Zealand. [1, 2]
  • Weather impacts: When these vapor streams hit coastal mountains, the air lifts, cools, and drops torrential rain or heavy snow, which can cause beneficial snowpacks or severe flooding and mudslides

***

Item 773

Marvellous City Madurai!

The last interesting point in Paripatal Thirattu (fragments) is the description of Madurai City. Even 2000 years ago the architects and engineers planned it well and constructed it beautifully. I have never read in any history book about such a planned construction. Paripatal poet compared it to the lotus flower that appeared from the navel of Lord Vishnu

The ancient city of Madurai was designed using traditional Shilpa Shastra (sacred Hindu town-planning texts). It is structured as a lotus-shaped, concentric layout with the Meenakshi Amman Temple at the exact geographic and spiritual center, and streets radiating outward in squares.

  Central Focus: The Meenakshi Amman Temple anchors the city plan, serving as the nucleus from which all civic life and urban geometry extend. [1, 2, 3]

  Concentric Streets: Streets are arranged in successive concentric rectangular/square axes (such as the outer Veli streets) that decrease or increase in width based on their proximity to the sacred core. [1]

I am from this great Madurai city. The streets are squares within squares. Each one is named after a Tamil month, because temple procession comes through that street in that particular month .

Perumpan lines 402-405 also refers to it. U Ve Sa adds another town named Rajagiri also had this type of construction according to Perunkathai. But it is a very late work without any historical proof. Madurai is a living proof for the planned construction of ancient times. Probably there is no such planned city 2000 years ago; I mean all the streets are in squares within squares.

To be continued……………………………………..

Tags- Purananuru wonders-54, Tamil Encyclopedia-94, item 773. Paripatal poets, Madurai is like lotus, Rivers in the Sky

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HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 97; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-97 (Post.16,082)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 16,082

Date uploaded in London – 12 August 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

Shyama Sastri (1762-1827)

One of the Trinities of Carnatic Music (Sangita Trimurti) – the musical genius and composer Shyama Shastri was born to Visvanatha Iyer and Vengalakshmi in a Tamil Brahmin family at Tiruvarur on April 26, 1762.  Venkata Subrahmanya popularly known as Shyama Shastri was the eldest of the three jewels of Carnatic music – Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar, and Shyama Shastri .

At a very young age, Shyama Shastri showed great musical ability. Discovering his interest in music, his mother requested her brother to initiate his music education and teach him the fundamentals of music. Shyama Shastri’s earliest gurus were his father who taught him devotional songs and his uncle who taught him the basics of music. However, his was a well-to-do family of priests and felt that Shyama would not be able to earn a living as a musician.

Shyama Shastri’s family moved on to settle in Thanjavur.  A chance encounter with Sanyasi Sangita Swami, a mendicant and musical exponent from Kasi who was passing through Thanjavur, breathed new life into Shayma Shastri’s music education.

During Sangita Swami’s short stay of four months at Thanjavur, he taught Shyama Shastri all the intricate details of Raga, Tala and Swara Prastharas (improvisation with musical notes). Impressed by his melodious voice, keen intellect and grasping power, the Sanyasi directed his student to approach Paccimiriyam Adiyappayya, a prominent court musician in Thanjavur.

Shyama Shastri was a Devi Bhakt (devotee of the Goddess) and priest at the temple of Goddess Bangaru Kamakshi, where his forefathers were priests for several years. Most of his compositions are on Devi Kamakshi.

Shyama Shastri composed nearly 300 krithis in praise of the Goddess. He also created Navaratnamalika which is a set of nine compositions praising the Goddess Meenakshi of the famed Meenakshi Temple in Madurai. He went on pilgrimage and created compositions on deities of the temples he visited. He wrote compositions praising Tiruvaiyaru Dharmasamvardini, Nagapattinam Neelayadakshi, Thiruvanaikaval Akhilandeswari, one Tana Varnam on Kanchi Varadaraja and one krithi on Vaidheeswarankovil Muthukkumaraswamy.

His compositions were in three languages -Tamil, Telugu, and Sanskrit – he preferred Telugu as the medium of expression. He is the only one among the ‘Trinity’ to have composed in Tamil. He was a contemporary of Saint Tyagaraja and Muthuswami Dikshithar. Tyagaraja and Shastri  spent a lot of time discussing music together.

King Sarabhoji of Thanjavur was his patron.His Mudra in the kritis is Shyama Krishna’. On February 6, 1827, he at the age of 65, this great Kamakshi devotee breathed his last.

***

Sindhu

Sindhu River, is a major 3,180 km (1,980 mi) trans-Himalayan river in Asia. It originates in Tibet, flows through Ladakh (India) and Pakistan, and empties into the Arabian Sea. It gave India its name; Greeks and Persians did not have S and so they called Hindu. Sangam Tamils never mentioned this river and so no connection with Indus Valley Civilization. But Sangam Tamils mentioned River Ganga 17 times. They also knew Himalayas but no knowledge of North West India. Major Tributaries: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers. Sindhu is mentioned in the Rig Veda, the oldest book in the world. it cradled ancient urban centres like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro (now in Pakistan). Harappa is also mentioned in the Rig Veda as Hari Yupia (Where Vishnu’s Yupa Pole  is found)

***

Sikhandi

Śikhaṇḍī (शिखंडी).—Shikhandi fought in the Kurukshetra war on the side of the Pandavas, according to the Mahābhārata He was originally born as a girl child named ‘Shikhandini’ to Drupada. Shikhandi was killed by Ashwatthama on the 18th day of battle. S/he was the rebirth of Ambā, daughter of the king of Kāśī. Ambā ended her life with the vow that she would take revenge on Bhīṣma and was born in the next life as the daughter of king Drupada under the name Śikhaṇḍinī, and Śikhaṇḍinī helped Arjuna in the war at Kurukṣetra to kill Bhīsma. During the battle of Kurukṣetra, he fought in front of Arjuna, while attacking Bhīṣma. Bhīṣma dropped his weapons because it was against the rule to kill a “woman” and this allowed Arjuna to fill Bhīṣma with arrows from behind Sikhandin/i. Śikhaṇḍī was later killed by Aśvatthāmā, while he was asleep in the Pāṇḍava camp. Both incidents show war means treachery.

***

Sita

Rama’s wife; an ideal woman who shared all the sufferings of her husband Rama in the forest for 14 years. She was abducted by the demon king Ravana of Sri Lanka . Rama invaded Lanka with the support of Vanara Sena and killed Ravana and rescued Sita. Because a washer man doubted her integrity, Rama sent her to forest where she stayed with Rishi Valmiki. She gave birth to Twins Kusa and Lava. Both met Rama later and Rama recognised them and Sita. But Sita Devi entered the earth where from she came. When she was a baby Janaka found her in the field and Viswamitra helped Rama to meet her and marry her. Two Ramayana anecdotes are in Sangam Tamil literature praising Rama and condemning Ravana.

***

Siva

Auspicious form of Rudra. Rig Veda mentioned only once according to Professor Wilson. Yajur Veda gave the mantra Nama Sivaya in Rudram.  Though foreigners got confused and confused Hindus, Tamils from the Sangam days are clear that both Rudra and Siva are one. Tamils mentioned his Blue Throat, Three Eyes etc 2000 years ago. His consort was Parvati/Uma and his abode was Kalilash in the Himalayas. He has many forms and formless shape called Linga.  Linga was mentioned in Sanskrit and Tamil at a very late stage. Not in Sangam books nor in Tevaram or Tiruvasagam

Siva manifests himself in five different forms

1.     He who is the soul of the universe is called Īśāna.

2.     The illusory (māyā) material world is Tatpuruṣa;

3.     Buddhi with its eight components beginning from dharma is Aghora;

4.     Vāmadeva pervades the whole of the universe in the form of ahaṅkara

5.     and the manas-tatva (mind) is Sadyojāta.

***

Soma

The Divine Elixir with mysterious properties extracted from a mysterious plant, now extinct. Vedas differentiated Soma from Sura (liquor).

Like Anti Hindu foreigners mislead the world by wrong interpretation of Harappan Civilization, they misled the whole world by dubbing Soma plant as a g drug. They identified some plants as Soma plants but never proved it was the one that Vedic Hindus used.

Soma is also Moon and Moon God.

Divine elixir Soma was extracted from  a plant of heavenly origin which grew on remote mountains. An entire Mandala of hymns in the Rig Veda is devoted to this plant. If one reads those hymns in Rig Veda and other hymns in other Vedas one would understand where foreigners went wrong. Very elaborate rituals were detailed in the Vedas for the preparation of this elixir for the Yagas. Foreigners who showed fake and false proofs for Aryan migration to India could not show anything similar to Soma in other parts of the world. If they have really identified the plant, they would have made a drink like Coca Cola and made millions of dollars every minute. Because they were frauds, they could not prove anything they said. They couldn’t even give proper meaning for many Soma hymns and so the mystery continues.

The Soma hymns in the Rig Veda are an extensive collection of sacred chants dedicated to Soma, both a ritual plant extract and the divine god of inspiration, energy, and immortality. Entirely comprising Mandala 9 (all 114 hymns) plus dozens scattered across other books, they describe the pressing, filtering, and exhilarating effects of the sacred juice. If it is a real hallucinate drug no stupid would waste it by pouring it into Yaga fire.

Mandala 9: Known entirely as the Pavamana Mandala, dedicated completely to Soma Pavamana (Soma being purified).

***

Somaskanda

Somaskanda.—South Indian representation of Śiva along with Umā and Skanda

In Sanskrit, Somaskanda (सोमास्कन्द) means “with Uma and Skanda“. It is a compound word formed from sa (with), Uma (another name for the goddess Parvati), and Skanda (their son, also called Kartikeya or Murugan). Lord Skanda is seated in the centre with Siva and Uma.  South Indian temples have many idols of Somaskanda

**

Sringeri

Sringeri is a historic hill town in the Chikkamagaluru district of Karnataka,  set along the Tunga River. It is famous for the Sringeri Sharada Peetham, the first cardinal  Mutt established by the philosopher Adi Shankaracharya.

Jagadguru Shankaracharya Sri Bharati Tirtha Mahaswamiji is the current head of the Mutt and his junior is Jagadguru Shankaracharya Sri Sri Vidhushekhara Bharati . Pujas are done every day both in the temple and the Mutt. They have lot of followers in Kerala, Karnataka and other parts of the world.

***

Srngara rasa

Śṛṅgārarasa (शृङ्गाररस).—the sentiment of love. And it is one of the Nava Rasas (nine sentiments or moods). It is used in Bharta Natyam and dramas.

This sentiment of love (śṛṅgāra-rasa) is divided into two varieties—

1.     union (sambhoga-śṛṅgārarasa),

2.     separation (vipralambha-śṛṅgārarasa).

In Bharata Muni’s ancient text the Natya Shastra, eight primary rasas (aesthetic flavours or emotional essences) are codified. Each rasa is evoked in the audience through the expression of a corresponding permanent psychological state (sthayi bhava).

The Eight Primary Rasas:

Śṛṅgāra (The Erotic / Romantic): Arises from rati (love or attraction).

Hāsya (The Comic): Arises from hāsa (mirth or laughter).

Karuṇa (The Pathetic): Arises from śoka (sorrow or grief).

Raudra (The Furious): Arises from krodha (anger).

Vīra (The Heroic): Arises from utsāha (energy, enthusiasm, or courage).

Bhayānaka (The Terrible): Arises from bhaya (fear or terror).

Bībhatsa (The Disgusting): Arises from jugupsā (aversion or disgust).

Adbhuta (The Marvellous / Wonder): Arises from wonder or astonishment (vismaya)

The ninth rasa added to the original eight in Indian aesthetic theory is Śānta (peace, calmness, or tranquillity), turning the traditional group of sentiments into the Navarasa. Scholars like Udbhata and later Abhinavagupta formally introduced and championed Śānta as the ninth rasa.

***

Sthanu


Another name of Siva.

Sthāṇu (स्थाणु) refers to “immovable” or “standing firmly”.—A particular posture adopted by some holy men (sādhus) who vow to remain for months or years perfectly motionless. Sthāṇu is also an epithet applied to Śiva. It refers to his great ascetic practices (tapas), when he remains motionless like a post, until the dissolution of the universe (pralaya).

Sthāṇu (स्थाणु).—a. [sthā-nu pṛṣo° ṇatvam] Firm, fixed, steady, stable, immoveable, motionless; नित्यः सर्वगतः स्थाणुरचलोऽयं सनातनः (nityaḥ sarvagataḥ sthāṇuracalo’yaṃ sanātanaḥ) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 2.24; Mahābhārata (Bombay) 1.34.5.

– An epithet of Śiva; स स्थाणुः स्थिरभक्तियोगसुलभो निःश्रेयसायास्तु वः (sa sthāṇuḥ sthirabhaktiyogasulabho niḥśreyasāyāstu vaḥ) V.1.1.

S/Thanumalayan Temple, also known as the Suchindram Temple, is a famous Hindu temple  located in Suchindram, Tamil Nadu, India. It is unique because the main deity represents the Hindu Divine Trinity (Trimurti)—Lord Shiva (Stanu), Lord Vishnu (Mal), and Lord Brahma (Ayan)—combined into a single form.

To be continued…………………….

Tags- Shyama Sastri, Sthanu, Siva, Somaskanda,Sindhu river,  Navarasa, Srngara rasa,  HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 97; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-97

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Sexy Joke; Purananuru wonders-52, One Thousand Interesting Facts – Part 92 (Post.16,078)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 16,078

Date uploaded in London – 11 August 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

Item 752 Theory of Evolution again

Paripatal verses 2 and 13 compare Pancha Bhutas with Lord Vishnu. In Puram verse 2 by Sangam poet Mr Nagarajan (Mudi Nagarayar in Tamil) also we see Pancha Bhutas. Appar in Sixth Tirumurai Tevaram  (Vaitheeswaran Koil Decad) and Manikkavasagar also said the same.

Greeks did not have Five Elements; in China five elements are different. Only Sangam poets and earlier Sanskrit poets listed same Pancha Bhutas= Five Elements.

According to them Earth is given No.5;

Earth has five qualities: sound; touching/feeling, fire; taste; smell.

**

Water is given No.4;

Water has four qualities – sound; touching/feeling, fire; taste;

**

Fire is given No.3

Fire has three qualities- sound, feeling, light;

**

Air is given No.2; Air has sound and feeling;

and

Space is given No.1.

Space has only one quality – sound.

**

Those who study astronomy knows that the space is full of sounds coming from different galaxies.

What is interesting is the order of five elements.

Sound/space, Wind, Fire, Water, Earth.

After Big Bang (sound), wind was blowing big flame cooled and formed Earth; then water came from rain; and the earth appeared when water stayed within sea.

Only because of scientific thinking and only because of scientific knowledge they gave numbers to five elements.

More over we see the continuity in thinking from Sangam Age Paripatal to Appar Tevaram or Manikkavasagar’s  Tiruvasagam.

இதோ புறநானூற்றுப் பாடல் 2 Pura Nanuru Verse 2

மண் திணிந்த நிலனும்-earth

நிலம் ஏந்திய விசும்பும்-sky

விசும்பு தைவரு வளியும்-wind

வளித்தலைஇய தீயும்-fire

தீ முரணிய நீரும், என்றாங்கு- water

ஐம்பெரும் பூதத்து five elements இயற்கை போலப்

***

பரிபாடல் Paripaatal 13

ஒன்றனில் போற்றிய விசும்பும் நீயே; 18 space

இரண்டின் உணரும் வளியும் நீயே; wind/star dust

மூன்றின் உணரும் தீயும் நீயே;   fire   

நான்கின் உணரும் நீரும் நீயே; water

ஐந்துடன் முற்றிய நிலனும் நீயே: land/earth

அதனால், நின் மருங்கின்று மூ ஏழ் உலகமும் 23

***

Appar Tevaram Sixth Tirumurai

மின்னுருவை விண்ணகத்தில் ஒன்றாய் மிக்கு  1 sky

வீசுங்கால் தன்னகத்தில் இரண்டாய்ச் செந்தீத்- 2 fire

தன்னுருவின் மூன்றாய்த்தாழ் புனலின் நான்காய்த்  4 water

தரணிதலத் தஞ்சாகி யெஞ்சாத் தஞ்ச- 5 earth

மன்னுருவை வான்பவளக் கொழுந்தை முத்தை

வளரொளியை வயிரத்தை மாசொன் றில்லாப்

***

திருவாசகம் Tiruvasagam of Manikkavasagar

“பாரிடை ஐந்தாய்ப் பரந்தாய் போற்றி” (தி.8 திருவாசகம். போற்றித் திருவகவல் – 137 – 41) என்பது முதலியனவாக அருளிச்செய்தவற்றையும் அறிக.

இதில் பஞ்சபூதங்களில் ஐந்து தன்மைகளை அழகாக எடுத்துரைக்கிறார் மாணிக்கவாசகர்  திருவாசகத்தில் போற்றித்  திரு அகவல்  பாட்டில்

பாரிடை ஐந்தாய்ப் பரந்தாய் போற்றி 5 earth

நீரிடை நான்காய் நிகழ்ந்தாய் போற்றி4 water

தீயிடை மூன்றாய்த் திகழ்ந்தாய் போற்றி 3 fire

வளியிடை இரண்டாய் மகிழ்ந்தாய் போற்றி 2 wind

வெளியிடை ஒன்றாய் விளைந்தாய் போற்றி- 1 space

என்று சிவபெருமானைப் போற்றுகிறார்

The beauty lies not only in the Pancha Bhuta Numbers but also in the continuity for thousands of years. It is from the Vedic literature they got these facts.

***

Item 753

Another beauty is the same attributes to Lord Vishnu in Paripatal and Purananuru:

Eagle Flag- Garuda Flag’

Many headed snake;

Conch and wheel of Vishnu are compared with moon and sun.

***

Item 754 Kalidasa simile in Paripatal

Paripatal verse 14 is on Lord Muruga with usual details. The interesting thing is the poet’s name is KESAVAN!

But Paripatal 15 on Lord Vishnu gives us a clue on date of Kalidas. I have shown that Sangam poets used at least 200 similes from Kalidasa’s seven books.

Here is one more simile.

The most famous Sloka on Lord Siva is Kalidasa’s first verse in Raghuvamsam (a book with hundreds of similes):

वागर्थाविव संपृक्तौ वागर्थप्रतिपत्तये।

जगतः पितरौ वन्दे पार्वतीपरमेश्वरौ॥ १-१

vāgarthāviva saṁpṛktau vāgarthapratipattaye |

jagataḥ pitarau vande pārvatīparameśvarau || 1-1 (Raghu)

I adore the Parents of Universe, pArvati – parameshvara, who are indissolubly cleaved together like sound and sense (Word and Meaning)

This simile “like sound and sense” or Word and Meaning is used for Lord Vishnu in this Paripatal verse 15!

One more proof to show that Sangam poets were well versed in Kalidasa of Second century BCE.

This poem shows us the beautiful Azakar koil near Madurai, also known as Tirumalirum Cholai.in those days Krishna’s brother Balarama was also worshipped there according to the poem

Lord Vishnu’s five symbols are listed.

***

Item 755 Praying facing towards a particular Direction


Muslims wherever they are , face the direction of Mecca and do the prayer. Even the air planes of Muslim countries show this direction on the screen.

This custom is in ancient Hindu scriptures. Here the poet says go to Vishnu’s shrine ( in Azakarkoil) with your family worshipping that direction.

So even the direction where famous shrines were considered holy.

For instance, North is the holiest direction for Hindus because of Himalayan shrines. Even Sangam poets and kings fast unto death facing only North.

***

Item 756 Sexy Joke about menstruation

Paripatal verse 16 is on River Vaigai

Here is a scene portrayed by the poet on menstruation as a joke.

River Vaigai is compared with Pandyan king’s generosity.

Later the poet says,

 Relatives around a woman squirted red colour water on her. She did not wipe it completely.

Her lover came; her friends warned him not to go near her because she has monthly periods; saying this ,they laughed ;

Her lover knew that it was just red colour water; he smelt the fragrance of the water; she felt very shy; her lover wiped out the red colour stain on her body and laughed.

Though we see women’s menstruation in another poem in Kuruntokai- 157, it is indicated indirectly. This type of poem is rare in Hindu literature.

Vaigai river is compared with Ganges.

Poem about Menses’

குக்கூ என்றது கோழி; அதன் எதிர்

துட்கென்றன்று என் தூஉ நெஞ்சம் —

தோள் தோய் காதலர்ப் பிரிக்கும்

வாள் போல் வைகறை வந்தன்றால் எனவே.

–அள்ளூர் நன்முல்லை (MISS Jasmine)- –குறுந்தொகைப் பாடல் 157

Here the poetess Miss Jasmine (Mullai=Jasmine) sings about the shock she had. She thought of enjoying with her husband in bed ; but in the night she had her monthly periods; she says, Oh My God; it is dawn; I hear “Cock-a-doodle-doo”; it is shocking;  the dawn is like the sword that divides me from my lover.

Hindu women never allow her husband near for three days.  In the Brahmin community she has to stay outdoors in a secluded place. Tamil Scholar U Ve Sa. has added more comments to this poem Kuruntokai 157.

***

Item 757 Long Metaphor

Paripatal verses 17 and 18 are on Lord Skanda/Muruga.

It is about Tirupparamkundram temple near Madurai.

Here there is a long metaphor:

Elephant = cloud;

Cloth decorating face of elephant= lightning

Hall of paintings= Manmathan’s weaponry;

Running streams in the hill= quiver;

Fingers= Kaanthal flowers;

Indra’s bow= Rainbow;

Arrows= flowers;

War drums = thunder;

Yaaz /Lute music= Vedic chanting

And the people pray for their welfare and the welfare of their relatives.

***

Item 758 King’s Visit to Temple Tirupparamkundram

In Purananuru we saw most famous Pandya King Mudukudumi Peruvazuthi going round Madurai Shiva Temple.

Here in Paripatal verse 19, we see Pandya king visiting Tirupparamkundram Skanda/ Muruga temple with his family and ministers.

It is compared with Stars and Moon going round the holy Meru Mountain.

***

Item 759 Famous Hall of Painting

Though we come across paintings in many Sangam poems, here is a detailed report.

The Hall of Painting had Sun and Planets; it shows Hindus interest in Astronomy;

All the painting halls are inside the  temples, not in palaces! (Kutralam Chitra Sabha etc)

An innocent village woman asked why there is a cat in the religious painting. Immediately her husband enlightened her by telling her the story of Indra molesting Ahalya and running away like a cat.

***

Item 760   Knowledge in World Geography

Hindus of ancient India were far advanced in World History and World Geography.

Their knowledge in World History is seen in the reference to the death of thousands of kings in Kural and Purananuru; also we see seven kings taking the throne on the same day in Purananuru.

Here Vedic reference to sea is repeated.  Hindus knew thousands of rivers pouring water into sea every second and yet the sea coast line is same.

They watched the weather for thousands of years and reported the  wonder, the sun is sucking water from the sea every second; the rivers around the world pouring water into the sea, and yet it never became full and crossed the coast line.

This is in Paripatal verse 20,  Pathitrupathu verse 90 and Maduraikanchi – Line 425.

Unless Hindus pass this information from one generation to another, poets could not have said this.

That shows another fact- passing information by mouth, which we see in Vedic Recitation for 6000 years (Herman Jacobi and B G Tilak’s Dating of Rig Veda)

To be continued……………………………..

Tags- Sex joke, menstruation, Paripatal, Paintings in temple, river and sea, word and meaning, Kalidas simile, Indra as cat, Purananuru wonders-52, Tamil Encyclopedia-92, One Thousand Interesting Facts – Part 92. Item 760.

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HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 95; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-95 (Post No.16,071)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 16,071

Date uploaded in London – 9 August 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

https://www.pustaka.co.in/home/author/london-swaminathan

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Sarayu

Sarayu most prominently refers to a sacred river in Hinduism featured in the Ramayana, flowing through Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh past the city of Ayodhya. It is also a female given name and a common reference for notable public figures. [1, 2, 3, 4]

  • Location: Originates in the Kumaon Himalayas (Uttarakhand) and flows into the Ghaghara or Sharda river.
  • Significance: Deeply tied to the epic Ramayana and the city of Ayodhya; holy baths in its waters are believed to wash away sins.

Girls are named after this river until this day.

1) Sarayū (सरयू).—A river very famous in the Purāṇas. The most important things associated with the river are given below:

(i) Seven tributaries of Gaṅgā originate from the golden peaks of the Himālayas and Sarayū is one of them. Those who bathe in the river will be absolved from sins. (Ādi Parva, Chapter 169, Verse 20)

(ii) The river exists in Varuṇa’s court worshipping him. (Ādi Parva, Chapter 8).

(iii) Śrī Kṛṣṇa, Arjuna and Bhīma, on their way to Girivraja from Indraprastha crossed this river. (Sabhā Parva, Chapter 20, Verse 28).

(iv) It was at Gotāra (or Gopratara) in this river that Śrī Rāma drowned himself to death and attained Viṣṇupāda. (Vana Parva, Chapter 84, Verse 70).

(v) This river is the source of Agni (fire). (Vana Parva, Chapter 222, Verse 22).

(vi) Vasiṣṭha once blocked the course of Gaṅgā on its way to Kailāsa at Mānasasarovara. But, Gaṅgā broke the obstruction and flowed on, and Sarayū is the stream that started from there. (Anuśāsana Parva, Chapter 155, Verse 23).

(vii) It is one of the rivers to be remembered both at dawn and dusk. (Anuśāsana Parva, Chapter 165, Verse 21).

(viii) The city of Ayodhyā is situated on the banks of Sarayū. (Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa, Bālakāṇḍa, Canto 5, Verse 5).

2) Sarayū (सरयू).—Wife of the Agni Vīra. The couple had a son called Siddhi. (Vana Parva, Chapter 219, Verse

***

Sankaradeva

Srimanta Sankaradeva (1449-1568 CE), the founder of the Vaishnavite order Eka Sarana Nāma Dharmawas a multi-faceted person whose works had different dimensions

He  was an important personality in the annals of Indian history. He was not only a religious preceptor, but also a social reformer, who had sanskritized the ethnic groups of the volatile North East India and assimilated them with the national main-stream. He is considered as the father of the modern Assamese race.

Srimanta Sankaradeva was a cultural maestro too. He created a classical dance form known both as Sankari dance and Satriya dance. The Sangeet Nâtak Akâdemi of India recognized it as a classical dance form in 2000 CE. Srimanta Sankaradeva also evolved a school of classical music, which is named after him. He created as many as 25 Râgas of his own. He was also the first playright in all modern Indian languages. Above all these, he was the first prose writer. He introduced dro Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva is considered by his followers as an incarnation of God because of his multi-faceted contribution to the mankind as well as his perfect life. He strides over the national life of Assam like a giant colossus even five centuries after passing away. He went on pilgrimage twice, the first time touring the entire length and breadth of the country for long twelve years. He gave up his royal power as a king in middle Assam and came down to the level of the commoners. He founded the Eka Sharana Nâma Dharma, which preached devotion to a single God, lord Krishna.. He was also a fine artist. His art works have been preserved in the Albert Museum of London.

Srimanta Sankaradeva founded a whole new school of art. He initiated a new form of painting with his epoch-making drama-festival Chihna-Yâtrâ held in 1468 CE, where he drew the imaginary pictures of heaven to be used as backdrop. authored ten plays in his life. These were Chihna Yâtrâ, Patni Prasâda, Kâliya Damana, Keli Gopâla, Rukmini Harana, Pârijât Harana, Janma Yâtrâ, Gopi Uddhava Sambâda, Kangsa Badha and Sri Râma Vijaya. The first of these, Chihna Yâtrâ had been staged in 1468 CE. The second play Patni Prasâda was written while the saint was living at Gajalasuti temporarily.

He always advised his disciples to be very cautious about where and what they ate. He said that food offered by a pious man could liberate one while the food offered by an unmeritorious person destroyed one’s merits. During pilgrimage, he guided his disciples to proper places and proper hosts only. The Eka Sharana Nâma Dharma preached by Srimanta Sankaradeva gradually received wide acceptance in the entire Brahmaputra valley. Even the administrative officials of the Ahom kingdom were gradually won over to this egalitarian religion. The Ahoms earlier had their own traditional religion, which was akin to the Shakti worship of the Hindus. Sacrifice of animals to appease their deities was a common thing in the Ahom religion.

***

Sarpa

Means snake; English words serpent snake are derived from Sanskrit. Sarpa worships is found in Rig Veda, later in Indus Valley sites. Now snakes are worshipped in most of the South Indian Temples. Thousands of stone snakes are installed in temples including Kuke Subrahmanya temple in Karnataka. In Kerala there are special shrines. Hindus believe that if they kill snakes, they wont have children. Naga Panchami is a special annual festival when live snakes are worshipped, particularly in Maharashtra. In the East India Snake goddess Manasa Devi is worshipped. Lord Vishnu is shown lying on a bed of snake, usually shown in statues with five, seven, nine heads.

***

Satakratu

Śatakratu (शतक्रतु).— Indra.  śata a hundred, kratu sacrifice; a hundred Ashwa-Medhas or sacrifices of a horse, elevating the sacrificer to the place and title of Indra. This name is in the Rig Veda. More about him is under INDRA.

***

Satarudriya

Śatarudrīya (शतरुद्रीय):—It is  said that gods are satiated if Śrī Rudram is chanted . Śatarudrīya means extolling one hundred ways of glorifying Rudra.

The Rudra-Adhyaya, known also as the Satarudriya, occurring in the Yajur Veda, is a soul-stirring hymn offered to the all-pervading Almighty, designated as Rudra-Siva. He is present in auspicious, benign forms by way of sustenance of all things created, and also as terrible forms which He assumes at the time of the dissolution and destruction of the cosmos at the end of time. A very intriguing aspect of God presented in this wondrous hymn is that God is both the good and the bad, the beautiful and the ugly, the right and the wrong, the positive and the negative, the high and the low, the conceivable and the inconceivable, the mortal and the immortal, existence and non-existence—every blessed notion of God and its correlative, or we may say the counter-correlative, the opposite, which also is included in the existence of God.

More about RUDRA and RUDRA HOMAM is under Rudra.

***

Sati

Sati  has two primary meanings: the mythological goddess (or a virtuous wife) who immolated herself due to grief or insult, and the historical socio-religious custom where a widow burned on her husband’s funeral pyre,

Goddess Sati: The consort of Lord Shiva who cast her body into the fire because her father Daksha insulted Shiva.

Virtuous Woman: The literal Sanskrit root meaning a pure, chaste, and devoted wife who embodies supreme loyalty.

It is not mentioned in Rig Veda and Manu Smriti. It is optional and not compulsory. From Ramayana and Mahabharata we see not all queens died when their husbands died.

Evil people used this custom with bad motives to inherit the property. Later it was banned.  Christian preachers who burnt millions of women including Joan of Arc branding them witches, used Sati pictures abroad to hide their criminal acts.

***

Satva guna

Sattva guna is the quality of purity, harmony, and balance. It is one of the three fundamental forces of nature (the trigunas) in Indian philosophy, alongside rajas (activity) and tamas (inertia). Sattva represents mental clarity, peace, truth, and inner goodness.

Characteristics of Sattva Guna

Purity: Cleanliness of body, speech, and mind.Clarity: Calm awareness, sharp focus, and truthfulness.Peace: Emotional stability, contentment, and lack of anger. Compassion: Selfless service, empathy, and love for all beings.

In the Bhagavad Gita, Sattva Guna (the mode of goodness, purity, and harmony) is primarily detailed in Chapter 14 (verses 5–18) and further categorized by daily habits like food, faith, and action in Chapter 17. Lord Krishna explains that Sattva illuminates the mind, brings deep inner peace, and creates a thirst for wisdom.Core Slokas on Sattva Guna (Chapter 14)Verse 14.5: Introduction to the three material modes (gunas), noting how Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas bind the eternal soul to the body.Verse 14.6: Defines Sattva as pure, illuminating, and healthy, noting that it binds the soul through attachment to happiness and knowledge.Verse 14.11: Describes the physical/mental symptom of Sattva: “When the light of wisdom shines through all the gates of the body, then know that sattva is predominant.”Verse 14.14: Explains the afterlife result: dying in dominant Sattva leads to the pure, stainless realms of the wise.Verse 14.18: Summarizes the trajectory: those in Sattva rise upward into higher states of spiritual evolution. Sattvik Expressions in Daily Life (Chapter 17)Faith (Verse 17.2–3): A person’s faith reflects their inner nature; a Sāttvik mind naturally leans toward divine and harmonious truths.Food (Verse 17.8): Sāttvik food increases life duration, purity, strength, health, joy, and satisfaction. It is juicy, smooth, wholesome, and pleasing to the heart.Worship, Sacrifice, and Charity (Verses 17.11, 17.17, 17.20): Sāttvik actions are done according to scripture, with a steadfast mind, without selfish desire, and strictly as a matter of duty without expecting rewards.

***

Satyam Sivam Sundaram

Truth ; truth alone triumphs is the motto of India written in the national emblem of India. It is from the VUpanishads.

The first lesson in Vedic School is Satayam Vada- Speak Truth.

No where in the world we can see this syllabus.

Truth is God is the saying in India.

  Taittiriya Upanishad (2.1.1): States “Satyam jnanam anantam brahma“—meaning Brahman is Truth, Knowledge, and Infinite.

  Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (2.3.6): Calls Brahman “Satyasya Satyam”—the Truth of truth, meaning the absolute base behind life forces.

  Mundaka Upanishad (3.1.6): Famously states “Satyam eva jayate nanritam“—Truth alone triumphs, not falsehood.

In Tamil Nadu State Government emblem “Satyam eva jayate is translated as VAAYMAIYE VELLUM.

No culture in the world has given SATYAM that much importance.

Whether it is Tamil Tirukkural or Sanskrit Niti Satakam of Bhartruhari, Truth occupies important place.

“Satyam Shivam Sundaram” is a profound philosophical Sanskrit phrase meaning “Truth, Goodness (Auspiciousness), and Beauty”. Shivam also means Lord Siva.

Satyam Shivam Sundram

which means Shiva is the truth, Shiva is

the divine joy and Shiva is beauty.

This phrase and Satyan Jnanam Anantham Brahma were popularised by Sri Sathya Sai Baba. Before that only Vedanti students knew these dictums.

***

Shyamantaka

The Syamantaka Diamond handled by Lord Krishna and his relatives led to violence and several murders. The full story is in the Bhagavad Purana. My view is that Syamantaka corrupted into Diamantaka. My second view is that the murderous Syamantaka changed hundreds of hands and got the name Hope Diamond which is in an American museum now. Hope diamond became Hopeless diamond during the course of time and at last landed in America.

S=T interchangeability is seen in hundreds of English words we use everyday

Some examples :

condition, education, ambition- in hundreds of words with TION, the pronunciation is SION.

So Syamantaka + Tiamanthaka= DIAMOND is linguistically possible.

Story of Syamanataka:

Satrajit was a Yadava leader. He was a worshipper of Sun God. Sun God gave him a powerful diamond called Syamantaka (The hidden meaning is that he found it on the ground when he went to worship in the Sun Temple). It will emit red light and dazzle like sun. A lot of people eyed this diamond and conspired to get it. When Krishna asked him to give it to Ugrasena, he refused and gave it to his own brother Prasen. When Prasen went on a hunting expedition he was killed by a lion and the diamond was taken by a tribal group known as Jambhavans. They were called Bear people because they wore the bear (Jambhavan) symbol.

Everybody suspected Krishna and thought he stole the diamond from Prasen and disposed him off. Krishna wanted to clear his name and so went in search of Prasen. He found his mauled body in the forest and traced the footsteps. When he saw Jambhavan’s children playing with the diamond, he tried to get it from them, but ended in a fight. The fight with Jambhavan went for a month and at last he reached an agreement with Jambhavan, the tribal leader and got his daughter Jambhavati  in marriage. As a marriage gift he got the diamond.

Krishna returned to his kingdom and gave Syamantaka back to Satrajit. Satrajit thanked Krishna wholeheartedly and gave his daughter Satyabhama in marriage to Krishna. When Krishna made an urgent visit to Hastinapura , another person by name Satadhanwa killed Satrajit and took the diamond. So far the diamond caused two murders and two marriages !! It did not stop there.

When Krishna returned to Dwaraka ,his wife told him that his father was murdered for the diamond. Krishna and Balarama went on a mission to get the diamond.  They chased Satadhanwa for nearly a thousand mile and killed him near Mithila in Bihar. A dangerous diamond caused three deaths and three fights and thousand mile trip from Gujarat to Bihar!! But only after killing him, they came to know the diamond was given to Akrura for safe custody by Satadhanwa.

Akrura had already escaped with the diamond to Kasi. He ran away for a thousand mile just because of the diamond. Krishna brought him back and Akrura returned the diamond to Krishna. Knowing that it was a murderous diamond, Krishna gave it back to Akrura and asked him to stay in Dwaraka. The diamond was attributed with magical qualities like bringing lot of gold like the  goose that lays golden eggs.

This is the end of the Syamantaka story in our Hindu scriptures. My research shows that it caused more fights and murders and went to USA after passing several hands in India, France and Britain. 

Syamantaka went to foreign countries in the name of HOPE diamond. Knowing that it was a HOPELESS diamond, at last it was sent to a museum in the USA.

To be continued……………………

Tags- Sarayu, Sankaradeva, Sati, Satarudriya, Satyam , Syamantaka, Diamond, HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 95; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-95

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Tamil attacks on Atheists: Purananuru wonders-49, Tamil Encyclopedia-89 (Post No.16,060)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 16,060

Date uploaded in London – 6 August 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

One Thousand Interesting Facts – Part 89

Item 727

River Vaigai  and Tolkappiar

If one looks at the River Vaigai today and compares it with the river in Paripatal, one wouldn’t believe the description in Paripatal. It has deteriorated to the extent of a gutter. And we could easily guess what happened to the ancient Vedic River Saraswati. Half of the devastation is caused by the humans and the other by nature or climate.

The poet described the beauty of Vaigai clothed with flowers. Women and men enjoy bathing in it and lovers made it a meeting point. Theu used boats to cross the river!

Here we remember the strange story of Nachinarkiniar, the most famous Tamil commentator of Sangam literature. During Vaigai floods, Tolkappiar used one stick to cross the river with Lopamudra, wife of Agastya. Tolkappiar avoided holding the woman’s hand and so he gave a long pole so that Lopamudra can hold the other end; even this gesture angered Agastya and he cursed Tolkappiar; and Tolkappiar in turn cursed Agastya for unjust behaviour. Nacchi also added Tolkappiar’s original name was Trunadumagni; unfortunately, we did not have any other personal details about the great Tamil grammarian. The Payiram/Intro of Tolkappiam says Tolkappiar’s work was approved by Acharya of Athankodu who was well versed in Four Vedas.

***

Item 728 Sworn  on Tirupparankundram

In verse six, which is about River Vaigai there is a lovely argument between a lover and the lady love. She blamed him of visiting another woman and hence delay in coming to her. It is a long argument and at the end he swears on Tirupparankundram! That is the abode of Lord Muruga/Skanda. It shows the belief on God Muruga and the custom of swearing.

***

Item 729

Paripatal verse 7 is also on River Vaigai .

Here are some interesting similes. The poet compared the floods to a dancer who could not dance according to rules; devastation caused by the floods is given in full details; the floods washed away the ornaments of women; vast paddy fields were submerged under water. And we come across the city name TIRU MARUTHA MUN THURAI. Scholars believe that was the original name of Madurai. And the woman who enjoyed the bathing prays that she should enjoy it for ever. Vaigai floods looked like Pandya army entering an enemy country , according to the poet.

***

Item 730

Verse 10 is also on the same river where a strange custom is sung by the poet.

Vaigai water festival is narrated. People used wooden water guns to sprinkle colour water. Even today we can see water guns or squirt guns used by the villagers during Chitra festival in Madurai. It is made up of skin bag with a narrow tube to squirt water. Like Holi festival Madurai people used coloured water 2000 years ago.

***

Item 731 strange custom of golden animals

In Hindu temples and in the ancient Greek temples, devotees offered golden or silver replicas of body parts to gods and goddesses as a token of thanks for curing diseases in those body parts of individuals.  Even now Tamil Hindus do this in many temples. But in ancient Madurai, women threw golden replicas of fish, crab, conches into River Vaigai , saying “let there be prosperity”.

Probably devotees do such things in other parts of India as well.

Several types of games including ball games are recounted

***

Item 732

Paripatal verse five is composed on Lord Muruga/Skanda.

God’s elephant name is Pinimukham.

God Skanda has 12 arms, six faces. The demon Surapadman was in the shape of Mango Tree.

The association of the demon with Mango tree deserves more research.

Throughout Tamil Sangam  poems we see certain trees are associated with chieftains; they were guarded, respected and saluted by the common folk. Any disrespect to the Guardian Tree is not tolerated by the chieftain or the local leader.

Throughout Sangam literature a particular Mango Tree is portrayed as the Demon Sura Padman, enemy of Muruga/Skanda.

Nowadays a plantain tree is brought and planted instead of mango tree; and the tree is symbolically cut off during Skanda Sasthi festival.

***

Item 733 rebirth

And in this verse five on Lord Skanda/Muruga belief on rebirth is confirmed.

One gets a good birth if one does good deeds or bad birth if one does bad deeds.

Karma theory is described thus.

***

Item 734 metaphor

We come across a metaphor as follows

Brahma – charioteer;

Earth- chariot;

Vedas- horses;

Mountain – bow;

Snake- the bow string; (also in Puram. Verse 55)

***

Item 735 attack on atheists (Lokayata/ Carvaka)

Those who argued that there is no rebirth are called idiots/ fools in line 76.

Parimel azakar was the commentor for Paripatal verses. He is the most celebrated commentator onTirukkural as well. He was a temple priest of Kanchipuram Vishnu Temple. He has used the same comment on Kural 281.

Lokayata or Carvaka (Sweet Talkers)

 “Indian Materialism” refers to the school of thought within Indian philosophy that rejects supernaturalism.  It is regarded as the most radical of the Indian philosophical systems.  It rejects the existence of other worldly entities such an immaterial soul or god and the after-life.  Its primary philosophical import comes by way of a scientific and naturalistic approach to metaphysics.  Thus, it rejects ethical systems that are grounded in supernaturalistic cosmologies.  The good, for the Indian materialist, is strictly associated with pleasure and the only ethical obligation forwarded by the system is the maximization of one’s own pleasure.

We see it in Valmiki Ramayana in Jabali Rishi’s argument.

Hindus are the only people who included this as a system of philosophy. But in most places, it is condemned. Patripatal poet Kaduvan Ilaveyinanar called the atheists  idiots/ false people (Madavor in Tamil)

To be continued…………………..

Tags- item 735, Tamil attacks on Atheists: Purananuru wonders-49, Tamil Encyclopedia-89 , One Thousand Interesting Facts – Part 89

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Tamils Rewrite History: Purananuru wonders-48, Tamil Encyclopedia-88 (Post.16,055)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 16,055

Date uploaded in London – 5 August 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

Paripatal wonders

Purananuru wonders-48, Tamil Encyclopedia-88, One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 88

Item 714 Poems on River and Hindu Gods

Tamils are nature lovers; they composed 26 long poems on River Vaigai of Madurai.

No where in the world we see such group of poems in one book, that too 2000 year old.

Paripatal – paripaatal- is one of the eight anthologies of Sangam literature. Like Sama Veda in Vedic literature this is the only anthology dealing with Tamil music. Out of the 70 poems we have got only 24 poems in full and nine more in fragments.

In the olden days we had

Eight poems on lord Vishnu

Thirty one poems on lord Murugan/ Skanda

One poem on Goddess Durga

Twenty six on river Vaigai and

Four on Madurai city.

***

Item 715 Poets Names in Sanskrit

Another wonder is Paripatal genre has pome running up to 400 lines.

Some half baked people considered it as late production because lot of poems are in praise of Hindu Gods.; they are proved wrong because Maruthan Ilanagan of Purananuru  praised Paripatal poet Nallanthuvanar (in Akam.59) which shows Nallanthuvan  was his contemporary or an earlier poet.

This book is about Pandya country. That is another specialty; all other Sangam books deal with the entire Tamil  Nadu.

We have at least 13 poets giving us 2050 lines.

Interesting point is poets have names like KESAVA and ACHYUTHA; and in Purananuru we have DAMODARA, KANNAN/Krishnan, VALMIKI etc.

It shows that there was no taboo in using Sanskrit names.

Another wonder is poets with Vaishnavite names praised Saivite gods.

***

Item 716 Balarama

In the modern days Krishna’s brother Balarama is not worshiped in big temples; but during Sangam age he was praised along with Krishna  his skin colour, his flag, plough on his shoulder, wearing ear stud in only one ear etc are described by poet  in the first poem.

This shows that Sangam age Tamils were great Hindus who have mastered all Sanskrit texts.

***

Item 717 — 1000 headed snake

If we go to Vishnu temples we can see five headed, seven headed and many headed snakes as the bed of Vishnu. We know all these are symbolic; but thuis is sung by Sangam age poets ; see poem 1.

We come across five headed snake even in Purananuru verse 37. That is the symbol of five senses.

***

Item 718 — seven types of catastrophes.

Paripatal poem two has very interesting information about seven types of catastrophes.

They believed that the apocalypse will have destructions from sky, fire, sea, earth quakes etc

***

Item 719 Vishnu avataras

Verse three described Avataras of Vishnu such as Annam/swan, Varaham/boar, Krishna .

Five planets are mentioned; 33 gods are listed.

Upanishad is also mentioned.

Four colours are attributed to Vasudeva, Sankarshana, Pradyumna and Aniruddha

***

Item 720

Paripatal poem 4, adds Narasimha avatar compared the sun, moon sky earth, wind rain, flower etc to Vishnu.

One would be reminded of Vibhuti yoga of Bhagavad Gita.

***

Item 721 puranic stories

Great tamil scholar U Ve Sa has listed the puranic episodes mentioned in Paripatal, which shows Tamils were thorough with Hindu puranas 2000 years ago.

Following are some of the episodes,

Ahalya becoming stone;

Devas getting Amrit;

Demons jumped and hid themselves in sea;

Vishnu becoming swan and stopping rain;

Indra guarding the Himalayas;

Indra being cursed;

Siva burning tri pura’ three hanging space stations;

Urvasi becoming horse;

Churning the milky ocean;

Garuda recuing Vinata;

Vishnu controlling arrogant Garuda;

Birth of divine medicine men;

Brahma sending Ganges river to earth.

***

Item 722 forty types of ornaments

Tamil scholar U Ve Sa listed over forty ornaments worn by Sangam age Tamils as found in Paripatal.

They were worn from head to foot.

All the statues from second century BCE show them to us; so it is not in exaggeration. No where in the world we see such head to foot ornaments.

***

Item 723 Rewrite History

Half baked foreign scholars (???) took the latest addition or interpolation from ancient Hindu books and gave the wrong dates.

They dated all Puranas in Gupta period or later.

Sangam Tamil Books exposed those idiots; all the Purana stories about Lord Vishnu, Lord Siva and Lord Skanda are in 2000 year old Sangam Tamil poems.

  Kumaragupta I (c. 415–455 CE): Preserved peace and founded Nalanda University.

  Skandagupta (c. 455–467 CE): Repelled early invasions by the Hunas (White Huns), straining imperial resources.

Kumara and Skanda for Lord Murugan is in Kalidasa’s books Meghaduta, Raghuvamsam and Kumarasambhavam.

Both these naes for Lord Muruga are in Paripatal and Tirumurugatruppadai, two Sangam books on Hindu Gods.

Gupta , who were Vishnu worshippers named their children after Lord Muruga/Skanda.

Even Asvaghosha stole Kalidasa’s names and compared Skanda with Buddha!!!!!!!

All the Sangam poems on Muruga/Skanda show Kalidasa lived before Sangam Age and influenced Gupta Dynasty, Asvaghosa and Sangam Poets.

Sangam Poems and Kalidasa works made two great Gupta Kings.

If we believe foreign idiots , then we will have to date all Sangam poems after Gupta period.

Sangam Age Tamils were well versed in all Puranic stories.

Yaudheya kings issued punch marked coins with Six Headed Muruga! Kalidasa and Sangam poems mentioned Six Headed Skanda=Muruga

***

Item 724

Murugan=Skanda names in Tamil:

Seyon – red coloured – in Tolkappiyam.

Son of Siva – pari. 9-6/7;

Red coloured like sun, six heads- Tirumurugu. Lines 1-11 and 77-125;

Looking like fire and coral – Pari.19-97/100;

His pearl garland looked liked the v shaped flight of migratory birds – Akam120;

Lord Muruga = Skanda had an elephant named Pinimukham as vahana – Kuru.1; Puram-56; Pathitr.11-16;

Pari .5-2, 17-44, 21-1; Murugu.78-82.

Peacock as his vahana is in many places.

His weapon Vel= spear is in innumerable poems.

All these are in Skaandam in Sanskrit Kandapuranam in tamil.

So purana dating is wrong.

***

Item 725 destroying demons

Kumarasambhava of Kalidasa made it very clear that incarnation of Muruga appeared to destroy demons.

They are called Tarakasura, Surapadma etc.

Again it is in a number of poems- Kuru.1;  Murugu.59-60; Pari.1-25; 5-7;

Puram. 23-3; Pathit-11-56; Perumpa- 456-460; many poems in Kalittokai.

***

Item 726 breaking Krauncha hill

Krauncha is the migratory bird that uses a Himalayan pass to enter India from China and Russia.

This Himalayan pass is linked with lord Murugan= Skanda in tamil and Sanskrit.

This also proves foreigners dating of Kalidasa and puranas wrong.

Breaking open Krauncha / Kuruku in tamil – Murugu.266; pari.8-29, 19-26, 19-102/103.

Geologists to do more research to find out whether any earth quake caused it. Tamil and Sanskrit literature shows clearly Muruga= Skanda did this with his vel/spear.

***

Item 727 Jambhudwipa in Tamil

Brahmins use the Jambhudwipa geography very often in their Sankalpa and priests use it almost every day whenever, wherever they do puja or any religious ceremonies.

Hindus are great historians and geographers and so they always begin any ceremony by announcing where and when they do it.

No culture in the world had this custom.

The great land mass of asia is called Jambhudwipa. Jambhu is the name of the blackberry trees of India. In tamil it is called naaval.

And so Tamils called india Naavalam  Tivu.

It is in Paripatal 5-8/10.

This shows that tamil never lacked behind their counterparts in the north.

Following references are found in Tamil about the tree and the Land of Jhambu tress (Jambudwipa): Paripatal 5-8,9 ,Puram 397, 177-11 ,Perum 465 ,Malai 135, Akam 380, Narr 35-2, Thiru 18, Post Sangam Literature: Mani 25—2—12/16, Silambu 17-15

KALIDAS: Megha 19 talks about the Jambu forests. Ragu 18—44 refers to Jhambu land.

Later Tamil poets such as Appar  (in marmaatrah thiruth thandakam) use this more times in their poems.

To be continued……………………

Tags– Jambhudwipa, Krauncha Hill, Muruga, Skanda, Kumara Gupta, Skanda Gupta, Date of Puranas, of Kalidasa, Paripatal wonders, Tamils Rewrite History: Purananuru wonders-48, Tamil Encyclopedia-88 , Item 727

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HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 90; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-90 (Post.16,041)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 16,041

Date uploaded in London – 1 August 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

Part 90

Sakuntala and Saakuntalam

Śakuntalā (शकुन्तला).—The daughter of Viśvāmitra and Menakā; was brought up in Kaṇva’s āśrama with nīvāra food; Duṣyanta who came there was entertained and was accepted as her Lord by Gāndharva vidhi. Gave birth to the future Bharata and came to the king’s palace with the child; was refused admission by the king who had forgotten her. A voice in the air urged the king to accept her and he did so;1 a queen of Duṣyanta and mother of Bharata.  Bharata  became a universal monarch, and gave his name to India which came to be called Bharatavarsa.

The Abhijnana Shakuntalam

The Abhijnana Shakuntalam is a renowned Sanskrit play by Kalidasa, depicting the story of Sakuntala from the Mahabharata. The play chronicles the love between King Dushyanta and Shakuntala, who faces trials due to a curse that makes the king forget her. After losing a ring that signifies their union, fate ultimately leads to their reunion and the birth of their son Bharata, an ancestor of the Kauravas and Pandavas. The play has inspired numerous translations and adaptations globally. William Jones translated the play into English and published it in 1792 under the title

Sacontalá; : or, The fatal ring: an Indian drama By 

CÁLIDÁS.

Sir William Jones: Translated the play into English in 1789 as Sacontalá or The Fatal Ring and famously compared Kālidāsa to Shakespeare, calling him the “Shakespeare of India” for his deep insight into human nature.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Wrote an ecstatic epigram stating that Śākuntalā combines the early blossoms of spring and late fruits of autumn, encompassing earth and heaven in a single name. He was also inspired by its prologue for his own Faust.

Alexander von Humboldt: Praised Kālidāsa as a masterly describer of nature who combined creative fancy with delicate expressions of feeling, giving the playwright a lofty rank among global poets.

Friedrich Schlegel: Noted that despite its exotic and foreign setting, the general structure of Śākuntalā bears a striking and favorable resemblance to European romantic drama. [1]

Modern Critics: View the text through comparative frameworks like ecocriticism, analyzing how the deep bond between Śākuntalā and the natural forest world anticipates modern environmental and ecofeminist thought.

***

Shalmali dwipa

Salmali Dwipa is one of the seven concentric insular continents (sapta-dwipa) described in ancient Hindu cosmology and Puranic texts. It derives its name from the large Shalmali (silk-cotton) tree that characterizes the land, and is traditionally said to be surrounded by an ocean of wine (Sura-samudra)

Australia Connection: Many modern alternative interpretations and independent researchers correlate Shalmali Dwipa with Australia, noting the presence of native silk-cotton (Shalmali) or similar kapok trees.

Eastern Europe, East Africa, or regions of Southeast Asia, because these cosmological descriptions use symbolic geography rather than literal modern borders.

My opinion

No two clocks agree; no two identifications agree. It is sheer waste of time to identify them with modern geographical locations. I still wonder why did they say it. Identifying such dwipas in America and Australia is also not wise. They were described as Patala loka. So, all the seven Dwipas must be within Asia, and  may be coastal East Africa .

***

Salatura

Known historically as the birthplace of Pāṇini, the famous ancient linguist and grammarian who formalized Sanskrit. Documented by the 7th-century Chinese traveler Xuanzang, who noted a local memorial statue dedicated to Pāṇini.

Location: Near modern-day Lahore in Pakistan.

***

Sama Veda

Samaveda is one of the four Vedas . It is known for its focus on melodies, chants, and musical aspects. Most of the hymns are from the Rigveda. This Veda plays a significant role in rituals and worship, with its hymns sung for ceremonial purposes. It is also associated with the development of Indian music. It must be as old as Rig Veda, that is 4000 BCE to 2000 BCE.

Rigvedic origin: 1,474 to 1,771 verses are sourced from the Rigveda (primarily books 8 and 9).

Original compositions: Only about 75 to 99 verses are uniquely native to the Samaveda itself

Ritual Timing: Performed during major sacrificial ceremonies, particularly when the juice of the Soma plant was mixed and offered as a drink to the gods.

Regional Schools (Sakhas): Preserved through oral traditions across different parts of India, notably the Kauthuma tradition in Gujarat, Ranayaniya in Maharashtra, and Jaiminiya in Southern India.

***

Sambhu

Śaṃbhu (शंभु).—a. [śaṃ-bhū-ḍu] Causing happiness, granting prosperity.

 Name of Śiva. Sambhavi is goddess.

***

Samiti – committee

English word Committee is derived from Rig Vedic word Samiti. English pronunciation is wrong; C=S. Committee should be pronounced SAMITI.

Samiti (समिति) denotes an ‘assembly’ of the Vedic tribe. It is already mentioned in the Rigveda, and  sometimes in connexion with Sabhā. Ludwig considers that the Samiti included all the people, primarily the viśaḥ, ‘subjects’, but also the Maghavans and Brahmins if they desired, though the Sabhā was their special assembly

***

Samudrika lakshana

Samudrika Lakshana is an ancient Indian science of body features. It interprets physical marks, shapes, and structures to understand a person’s character, fortune, and life path.

  • Samudrika Lakshanam (Agathiyar): Authored by the sage Agathiyar, this historic text focuses heavily on South Indian traditions, life histories, and the categorization of physical features.
  • Rati Rahasya by Kokkoka: A medieval Sanskrit text that classifies bodily and psycho-physical traits, particularly detailing the physical classifications of women (such as Padmini, Chitrini, Shankini, and Hastini).
  • Samudrikam / Samudrika Shastra Chapters: Found within broader ancient manuscripts, these texts systematically record face shapes, cranial structure, hair patterns, palm lines, and moles to interpret character and destiny.

Hindus have divided arts under 64 branches. An expert is expected to master all those subjects. A popular Tamil hymn is praising Goddess Saraswati as the one who bestows everyone with these 64 “arts”. One of them is the art of knowing the character of a man by studying his features. This is called Samudrika Lakshna.

Throughout Sanskrit scriptures like Ramayana and Sangam Tamil poems we come across Aajaanu Baahu, eyes like  lotus petal etc. So the science of body features must have existed even before the epics.

***

Sandana/ Sandal wood

The sandana tree—more commonly known as the sandalwood tree (specifically Santalum album)—is a sacred evergreen tree famed for its heavy, yellow, highly aromatic wood and essential oils.

Sandal paste is used to decorate idols and statues of Gods and Goddesses in Indian Temples.

It is used by male and female for coolness.

It is considered an auspicious symbol and offered at the gates of Wedding Halls to the guests.

The pasted applied on Gods is valued very much. In Temples like Guruvayur they offer it on green leaves.

It is used in Ayurvedic medicines and treatment.

***

Santhaana Lakshmi

One of the Eight Lakshmi forms; bestower of good children.

Santānalakṣmī (सन्तानलक्ष्मी, “Progeny Lakṣmī”):—One of the eight primary forms of Lakṣmī (aṣṭalakṣmī) represented as the bestower of offspring. She has six arms, carries two kalashas (water pitcher with mango leaves and a coconut on it), sword, shield, a child on her lap, a hand in abhaya-mudra and th eo ther holding the child. The child holds a lotus.

  Adi Lakshmi: The first form, giving spiritual wealth and inner peace.

  Dhana Lakshmi: The giver of money, gold, and material riches.

  Dhanya Lakshmi: The goddess of food, crops, and farming.

  Gaja Lakshmi: The giver of animal wealth, power, and royal status.

  Santana Lakshmi: The protector of family, children, and future generations.

  Dhairya Lakshmi (Veera Lakshmi): The source of great courage, strength, and bravery.

  Vijaya Lakshmi: The bringer of success and victory in all tasks.

  Vidya Lakshmi: The provider of education, intellect, and arts knowledge.

To be continued…………………

Tags- santhana Lakshmi, sakuntala, part 90, Hindu Dictionary, Ashta Lakshmi.

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Ashtavakra Gita Quotes in August 2026 Calendar (Post No.16,035)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 16,035

Date uploaded in London – 30 July 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

Festival days Adipperukku 3, Monday ;Adi amavasai 12,Wednesday ;Adip puram 14, Friday ; Independence Day, 15,Saturday ;Naga Panchami:  17 (Monday); Onam:  26, (Wednesday) – And Rik Upakarma; Yajur Upakarma 27 Thursday ; Raksha Bandhan:  28, (Friday) – Celebration of the bond between brothers and sisters; Gayatri japa ; Varalakshmi Vrat: 28, (Friday) – Fasting and prayer dedicated to Goddess Lakshmi.

Amavasya / new moon day 12; Purnima/ full moon day 28.

Ekadasi Fasting Days- 9; 23; Auspicious days – 30, 31.

Ashtavakra Gita (or ‘Ashtavakra Samhita’) is a dialogue between Ashtavakra and Janaka (king of Mithila) on the nature of soul, reality and bondage. It is in Mahabharata. It teaches Advaita Vedanta. Chapters one, five and thirteen are used. Following is taken from wisdomlib.org

***********

August 1 Saturday

Janaka: (CHAPTER 1)

1 How is knowledge to be acquired? How is liberation to be attained? And how is dispassion to be reached? Tell me this, sir.

***

August 2 Sunday 

Ashtavakra:

2 If you are seeking liberation, my son, shun the objects of the senses like poison. Practise tolerance, sincerity, compassion, contentment and truthfulness like nectar.

***

August 3 Monday 

3 You are neither earth, water, fire, air or even ether. For liberation know yourself as consisting of consciousness, the witness of these.

***

August 4 Tuesday 

4 If only you will remain resting in consciousness, seeing yourself as distinct from the body, then even now you will become happy, peaceful and free from bonds.

***

August 5 Wednesday  .

5 You do not belong to the brahmin or any other caste, you are not at any stage, nor are you anything that the eye can see. You are unattached and formless, the witness of everything – so be happy.

***

August 6 Thursday 

6 Righteousness and unrighteousness, pleasure and pain are purely of the mind and are no concern of yours. You are neither the doer nor the reaper of the consequences, so you are always free.

***

August 7 Friday 

7 You are the one witness of everything, and are always totally free. The cause of your bondage is that you see the witness as something other than this.

***

August 8 Saturday

8 Since you have been bitten by the black snake of the self-opinion that ‘I am the doer’, drink the nectar of faith in the fact that ‘I am not the doer’, and be happy.

***

August 9 Sunday 

9 Burn down the forest of ignorance with the fire of the understanding that ‘I am the one pure awareness’, and be happy and free from distress.

***

August 10 Monday 

10 That in which all this appears – imagined like the snake in a rope, that joy, supreme joy and awareness is what you are, so be happy.

***

August 11 Tuesday 

11 If one thinks of oneself as free, one is free, and if one thinks of oneself as bound, one is bound. Here this saying is true, “Thinking makes it so”.

***

August 12 Wednesday 

12 Your real nature is as the one perfect, free, and actionless consciousness, the all-pervading witness – unattached to anything, desireless and at peace. It is from illusion that you seem to be involved in samsara.

***

August 13 Thursday 

13 Meditate on yourself as motionless awareness, free from any dualism, giving up the mistaken idea that you are just a derivative consciousness, or anything external or internal.

***

August 14 Friday 

14 You have long been trapped in the snare of identification with the body. Sever it with the knife of knowledge that ‘I am awareness’, and be happy, my son.

***

August 15 Saturday .

15 You are really unbound and actionless, self-illuminating and spotless already. The cause of your bondage is that you are still resorting to stilling the mind.

***

August 16 Sunday 

16 All of this is really filled by you and strung out in you, for what you consist of is pure awareness – so don’t be small minded.

***

August 17 Monday 

17 You are unconditioned and changeless, formless and immovable, unfathomable awareness and unperturbable, so hold to nothing but consciousness.

***

August 18 Tuesday 

18 Recognise that the apparent is unreal, while the unmanifest is abiding. Through this initiation into truth you will escape falling into unreality again.

***

August 19 Wednesday 

19 Just as a mirror exists everywhere both within and apart from its reflected images, so the Supreme Lord exists everywhere within and apart from this body.

***

August 20 Thursday 

20 Just as one and the same all-pervading space exists within and without a jar, so the eternal, everlasting God exists in the totality of things.

***

August 21 Friday 

Janaka: (CHAPTER 13)

1 The inner freedom of having nothing is hard to achieve, even with just a loin-cloth, but I live as I please abandoning both renunciation and acquisition. (This way I live happily)

***

August 22 Saturday

2 Sometimes one experiences distress because of one’s body, sometimes because of one’s tongue, and sometimes because of one’s mind. Abandoning all of these, I live as I please in the goal of human existence. (This way I live happily)

***

August 23 Sunday 

3 Recognising that in reality no action is ever committed, I live as I please, just doing what presents itself to be done. (This way I live happily)

***

August 24 Monday 

4 Yogis who identify themselves with their bodies are insistent on fulfilling and avoiding certain actions, but I live as I please abandoning attachment and rejection. (This way I live happily)

***

August 25 Tuesday 

5 No benefit or loss comes to me by standing, walking or lying down, so consequently I live as I please whether standing, walking or sleeping. (This way I live happily)

***

August 26 Wednesday 

6 I lose nothing by sleeping and gain nothing by effort, so consequently I live as I please, abandoning loss and success. (This way I live happily).

***

August 27 Thursday 

7 Frequently observing the drawbacks of such things as pleasant objects, I live as I please, abandoning the pleasant and unpleasant. (This way I live happily).

***

August 28 Friday 

Ashtavakra: (CHAPTER 5)

1 You are not bound by anything. What does a pure person like you need to renounce? Putting the complex organism to rest, you can go to your rest.

***

August 29 Saturday

2 All this arises out of you, like a bubble out of the sea. Knowing yourself like this to be but one, you can go to your rest.

***

August 30 Sunday 

3 In spite of being in front of your eyes, all this, being insubstantial, does not exist in you, spotless as you are. It is an appearance like the snake in a rope, so you can go to your rest.

***

August 31 Monday 

4 Equal in pain and in pleasure, equal in hope and in disappointment, equal in life and in death, and complete as you are, you can go to your rest.

–subham—

Tags- Ashtavakra Gita, Quotes,   August 2026 Calendar, Advaita, Mahabharata

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Zoological Facts from Sangam Book! Purananuru wonders-45, Tamil Encyclopedia-Part 85 (Post No.16,032)


Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 16,032

Date uploaded in London – 29 July 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

Item 679

Imported mountain goats from Dandakaranya, according to Pathirupattu, a Sangam book.

Adukotpadu Cheralathan- aadu kotpaadu cheral  aadan

AADU is goat in Tamil.

He brought Mountain goats, specifically the native Nilgiri tahr, are called Varai Aadu (வரையாடு) in Tamil.

About the Nilgiri Tahr

Scientific Name: Nilgiritragus hylocrius

Now we find Nilgri Tahrs. But they are listed as endangered animals. This Chera king brought them from Dandakaranya forest.

He was the son of Neduncheralatan – Nedun Cheral aadan—

He ruled for 35 years and gave lot of gold to Miss Nachchellai, a poetess of Sangam age.

***

Item 680; donated all land that the poet could see!

Selvak Kadunko Vazi Adan – selvak kadunko vaazi aadan-

Son of Anthuvan Cheral; ruled for 25 years; Vishnu devotee.

He climbed the hill and donated all the land that Kapilar could see.

He donated lot of gold to poet Kapilar.

***

Item 681 Donated the Palace and Throne!

Perum Cheral Irumporai; son of Selvak Kadungko; ruled for 17 years.

He defeated Choza and Pandya kings in a place near Kolli Malai.

Destroyed Thagadur ( modern Dharmapuri)

He went out of his palace and asked Poet Arisil Kizar to take his throne and the entire palace!

***

Item 682 Chatukka Bhutam

Ilamcheral Irumporai – Ilam/Junior Cheral Irumporai

Son of Kuttuvan Irumporai;

He defeated Pothianda Choza and Pazaiyan Maran.

Ruled for 16 years; donated a lot to poet Perumkundrur Kizar.

He established Chatukka Bhutam; we hear many stories about Chatukka Bhutam in Tamil epic Silappadikaram.

Chatukkam is City Square.

***

Item 683 Committed Suicide

Kanaikkal Irumporai; Chozan Ko Chenganan (Red Eyed Choza) defeated this king and put him in Jail; when he asked for water the prison warders deliberately delayed it to insult him;  he starved himself to death.

A great king who upheld self -respect.

All Tamil poems encourage death instead of losing one’s self-respect.

***

Item 684

Anthuvan Cheral Irumporai; father of Selvak Kadunko Vazi Adan – selvak kadunko vaazi aadan.

He ruled from Karur (also called Vanji);

His enemy was Choza king Mudithalai Kopperu Narkilli.

***

Item 685

Palai Padiya Perunkadunko—paalai paadiya –

Composed many poems under Palai genre.

Poetess Miss Peymakal Ilaveyini praised him.

He donated Golden Lotus to poets.

***

Item 686

Marutham Padiya Ilam kadunko—marutham paadiya –

He composed many poems under Marutham genre

***

Item 687 Chera Kings in Inscriptions!

Though we have lots of names of kings in the Sangam literature we need archaeological proof to confirm the details.

For the first time, we have three kings mentioned in Pukalur Inscriptions.

Following kings were mentioned in it:

Ko Adan Sellirumporai;

Perum Kadungko;

Ilam Kadungko.

From the Pathitruppattau book, scholars concluded that we have two sets of Chera Kings ruling simultaneously; they were Cheras and Irumporais.

***

Item 688

The above information from Sangam book Pathitruppathu  is valuable historical information.  From no other Sangam book we have such orderly information. The ruling years of each king shows that someone had collected and documented such information.  The only problem is two kings ruling at the same time in two different places in Chera kingdom. If scholars sit together the problem can be solved. Already Sesha Iyer and others have written books on Chera history. But a co ordinated attempt using coins, inscriptions and Sanskrit Books is needed.

***

Item 689

Among the Pandyas we have reliable information from Velvikkudi copper plates and Purananuru. We have precise information of Kaddungkon (590-620 CE) who drove out the Kalbhras, a mysterious gang. So far we can only guess who they were.

Later we have

Maravarman Avani sulamani-  620-645 CE

Senthan- 645-670

Arikesari Maravarman 670-700

Kochadaiyan Ranadheeran 700-70

Maravarman Rajasimhan – 730-765

Parantaka Nedunchadaiyan 756-815

Srimara Srivallabhan- 815-862

Varagunan II-  862-885

Parantaka Veeranarayanan- 862-905

Maravarman Rajasimhan- 905-920 CE

Chera Kings and Pandya Kings had an average 30 years ruling period which is above the average of other areas.

We did not have this much information from Sangam books about the Early Pandyas.

***

Item 690

Sangam Age Pandyas

 My research shows Kalidasa knew Mudukudumi Peruvazuthi who performed innumerable Yagas and erected Yupa pillars according o Purananuru. Kalidasa in his Raghuvamsam linked the Agastya and Pandyas for the first time in literature; this Mudukudumi Peruvazuthi must have lived in the first century BCE or a little earlier. Kalidasa helps us to identify him.

Tiruvilayadal Puranam gives a complete list of Pandyas up to Tiru Gnana Sambandar 630 CE and no attempt has been made to correlate that information with other literature.

It is strange that neither Kalidasa nor Kharavela (130 BCE) mentioned Chozas or Cheras. My guess is that just after or just before Karikal Choza, Pandyas had an upper hand. Sri Lanka’s Mahavamsam also said that Vijaya got princesses from Pandya country for himself and other ministers.

–Subham–

Tags- Zoological Facts from Sangam Book, Purananuru wonders-45, Tamil Encyclopedia-85, One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 85, Mountain goats, Nilgris Tahr, item 690

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by Tamil and Vedas on July 29, 2026  •  Permalink
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Posted by Tamil and Vedas on July 29, 2026

https://tamilandvedas.com/2026/07/29/zoological-facts-from-sangam-book-purananuru-wonders-45-tamil-encyclopedia-part-85-post-no-16032/

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