All posts tagged Hinduism

Purananuru Wonders -21 Full-fledged Hinduism in Tamil Sangam Literature(Post No.15,625)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,625

Date uploaded in London –16 April 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

Purananuru Wonders -21 Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia -Part 61; One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 61

Item 458 Puranas in Sangam Tamil Literature

Tamils living during Sangam age (100 BCE to 300 CE) were ardent Hindus. We did not have the name of Gautama Buddha or Mahavira in the 30,000 lines in 2500+ Sangam poems sung by 450++ poets. Only Hindu Gods are praised in those poems.

Purananuru verse 56 composed by famous and controversial poet Nakkirar (nakkeerar) shows Hinduism in full colour. Here we see Lord Siva, Lord Skanda/Kartikeya/Muruga, Lord Vishnu and Balarama along with their flags or Vahanas.

Since all the Puranic details and stories are in Sangam poems, Puranas must be dated in the BCE period. We know Hindus were keen in updating everything, which they did up to Gupta period and so foreigners dated them wrongly. When it came to writing, the updating slowed down. We will deal with the details in verse 56 one by one.

***

Item 459 Lord Siva on Bull


“Sivan has a victory flag with a bull, flame-like bright matted braids,
axe that is hard to avoid and a sapphire blue neck”.

Lord Siva is shown as we see in Siva Purana and later Tevaram and Tiruvasagam hymns.

Name Siva is not in the Rig Veda as well as 34,000 lines of Tolkappiam and Sangam literature. But He is described in other ways. Here Nakkirar says Siva rides on Bull with red coloured matted hair. The matted hair is in Yajur Veda (see Rudram Chamakam Mantras).

This shows Tamils were well versed in the Vedas and Puranas. This is confirmed by various other Sangam poets (Even Indra’s molestation of Ahalya is in Paripaatal poems).

***

Item 460 Balarama

“Balarāman has
a white body as white as whorled conch growing in the ocean, kills
with his murderous plough and carries a palmyra palm on his flag”. 

Lord Krishna and his brother Balarama were household names in Tamil Nadu. It has been there for at least 2500 years. Even today children are named after them. Film songs praise Krishna or use Him as a simile.

Here the poet described his flag with Palmyra tree emblem, his skin colour, his picture with a plough on his shoulder. During Mahabharata war, he differed with Krishna and went on a pilgrimage to the South and he spread agriculture through out India. The plough symbol mentioned by the poet confirms it.

***

Item 461

“Thirumāl who is the colour of lovely, blue, washed sapphire, longs for
triumph, and has a bird is on his flag which towers high into the sky”.

In the same way Lord Vishnu (Tirumaal) is portrayed with his Eagle Flag (Garuda) ; Pul means bird, but in Tamil this word is sued to mention Garuda Vahana of Vishnu). His skin colour was Bluish Black. Krishna means Black.

Black colour was very much  appreciated and even most beautiful Draupadi was called Krishnaa (aa—long sound)

Tamil were thorough with all the Vishnu, Siva, Devi Puranas.

***


Item 462
“Murukan who has never been defeated, glows, has a peacock on his
flag and rides a peacock.”

Lord Skanda was always victorious and he was riding on a peacock. He is the most popular god among village folk in Tamil Nadu. In the Puranas he is shown as Deva Senaapati- Commander in Chief of the Divine Army.

In other poems we see Tiruchendur , one of His Six Abodes, where he became victorious after killing the demon Sura Padman (suura Padman).

The same poet has written another work called Tiru Murukaatruppadai in praise of Lord Skanda/Muruga.

***

Item 463 Kings are Gods

In Tamil the same word is used for King and God (iraivan in Tamil) and for the place where they reside (Ko il in Tamil).

Here the poet explains in what way the king is like Hindu Gods (described above). Manu smriti and other Sanskrit scriptures also describe the king in this way. This is a Hindu concept; kings are gods.

***

Item 464 Yavana Ships

“wearing bright bangles serve you fragrant and cool wine brought in fine ships
by the Yavanas, pouring from finely made pitchers made of gold.  O Māran
whose sword is raised high!” 

In the Sangam Tamil literature Yavanas are mentioned at least six time. They wee not Greeks but Romans. The contact between Rome and South Indian ports 2000 years ago is confirmed by the Roman coins unearthed in a lot of places in South India. Coins from Augustus Ceasar period confirmed the Age of Sangam Literature as well.

Tamil kings liked Roman wine.

Dr R Nagaswamy, world famous historian and archaeologist of Tamil Nadu, ha given full details in his book Roman Karur.

Yavana/Roman ships came to Tamil Nadu ports with gold and exchanged it with pearls, black pepper, spices, ivory, Indigo etc

***

Item 465 Long Live like Sun and Moon

“May you live in this earth for long, like the sun
with hot rays that drives away darkness in the sky, and like the cool moon
that spreads its rays from the west!”

Hindus were great astronomers even 2000 years ago. They named famous constellations after Hindu Puranic figures. They used strs and heavenly bodies as similes. They knew Sun and Moon are eternal (in human years) and compared them with the kings or one’s life span. They used to sing this Ramayan story will be sung on earth as long as Sun and Moon exist. The inscriptions also used the cliché As long as the Sun and Moon exist. Manu Smriti and epics also use the Sun and Moon with regard to kings.

****

Puranānūru 56, Poet Mathurai Kanakkāyanār Makanār Nakkeeranār sang to Pandiyan Ilavanthikaipalli Thunjiya Nanmāran

1

Sivan has a victory flag with a bull, flame-like bright matted braids,
axe that is hard to avoid and a sapphire blue neck. 

2 

Balarāman has
a white body as white as whorled conch growing in the ocean, kills
with his murderous plough and carries a palmyra palm on his flag. 

3
Thirumāl who is the colour of lovely, blue, washed sapphire, longs for
triumph, and has a bird is on his flag which towers high into the sky.

 4

Murukan who has never been defeated, glows, has a peacock on his
flag and rides a peacock.

 5

You are to be placed among these four gods who protect the earth and
bring on destruction, whose fame cannot be ruined.  With your anger
that cannot be opposed, you are like Kootruvan in his killing.  You are
like Balarāman in might.  In your great fame, you are like Thirumāl
who kills enemies.  You are like Murukan who has the might to create
the end of time, because you finish tasks that you set out to do.  There is
nothing that you cannot perform, since you resemble these gods.

6

May you live sweetly, giving away precious ornaments to those who come
in need and never run out of them, while you enjoy life every day as women

7
wearing bright bangles serve you fragrant and cool wine brought in fine ships
by the Yavanas, pouring from finely made pitchers made of gold.  O Māran
whose sword is raised high! 

8

May you live in this earth for long, like the sun
with hot rays that drives away darkness in the sky, and like the cool moon
that spreads its rays from the west!

***

புறநானூறு 56, பாடியவர்: மதுரைக் கணக்காயனார் மகனார் நக்கீரனார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: பாண்டியன் இலவந்திகைப்பள்ளித் துஞ்சிய நன்மாறன், 

ஏற்று வலன் உயரிய எரி மருள் அவிர் சடை,
மாற்று அருங் கணிச்சி மணி மிடற்றோனும்,
கடல் வளர் புரி வளை புரையும் மேனி,
அடல் வெந்நாஞ்சில் பனைக்கொடியோனும்,
மண்ணுறு திருமணி புரையும் மேனி,  5
விண் உயர் புள் கொடி விறல் வெய்யோனும்,
மணி மயில் உயரிய மாறா வென்றிப்
பிணிமுக ஊர்தி ஒண் செய்யோனும், என
ஞாலங் காக்கும் கால முன்பின்,
தோலா நல் இசை நால்வர் உள்ளும்,  10
கூற்று ஒத்தீயே மாற்று அருஞ் சீற்றம்,
வலி ஒத்தீயே வாலியோனைப்,
புகழ் ஒத்தீயே இகழுநர் அடுநனை,
முருகு ஒத்தீயே முன்னியது முடித்தலின்,
ஆங்கு ஆங்கு அவரவர் ஒத்தலின் யாங்கும்  15
அரியவும் உளவோ நினக்கே அதனால்,
இரவலர்க்கு அருங்கலம் அருகாது ஈயா
யவனர் நன்கலம் தந்த தண் கமழ் தேறல்
பொன் செய் புனை கலத்து ஏந்தி நாளும்
ஒண்தொடி மகளிர் மடுப்ப, மகிழ் சிறந்து,  20
ஆங்கு இனிது ஒழுகுமதி ஓங்கு வாள் மாற
அங்கண் விசும்பின் ஆரிருள் அகற்றும்
வெங்கதிர்ச் செல்வன் போலவும், குடதிசைத்
தண் கதிர் மதியம் போலவும்
நின்று நிலைஇயர், உலகமோடு உடனே!  25

****

Item 466 Lord Vishnu Again

“Whether they have talent or not, you give gifts
to them like Thirumāl, O King Māran with fame
and greatness fit for words!  Let me tell you
something!”

Like Nakkirar in Puram verse 56, poet Kaarik Kannanaar , also compared the king with Lord Vishnu for his generosity. All the Tamils knew the story of Kuchela/Sudama, where Krishna made his hut into a palace in a second.

***

Item 467 Tamil atrocities 

Tamils were ferocious and aggressive in wars. The plundered enemy lands and they set fire to big towns. Even today we hear about such atrocities in the Middle East War.

The surprising thing is Tami poets praised it!

*** 

Item 468 Don’t cut trees

Here is an irony. The same poet supported burning cities of enemies, but he was against cutting trees. But it is ironical statement. We don’t know whether the poet was a Tree lover, an environmentalist or advising the king to occupy the land permanently and tie his war elephants there.

May be the poet was an environmental warrior and supporter of the trees.

***

Item 469 Bhagavad Gita reference

Poet says,

“Whoever it is you give them ADVICE like Vishnu”.

These lines are interpreted as Krishna’s advice given to Arjuna in Bhagavad Gita and to Kunti, Draupadi and others.

Whether they have talent or not, you give ADVICE
to them like Thirumāl, O King Māran with fame
and greatness fit for words

***

Puranānūru 57, Poet Kāviripoompattinathu Kārikannanār sang to Pandiyan Ilavanthikaipalli Thunjiya Nanmāran,

1
Whether they have talent or not, you give ADVICE
to them like Thirumāl, O King Māran with fame
and greatness fit for words!  Let me tell you
something!

2

When you seize lands of others,
let your young warriors plunder fields where
stalks are bent with heavy grains, let fires eat
large towns, and let your tall spear, bright like
lightning flashes, kill enemies. 

3

But do not cut
down their protected trees, for they will serve
as posts to tie your tall, fine elephant!

***

புறநானூறு 57, பாடியவர்: காவிரிப்பூம்பட்டினத்துக் காரிக்கண்ணனார், பாடப்பட்டோர்: பாண்டியன் இலவந்திகைப்பள்ளித் துஞ்சிய நன்மாறன், 

வல்லார் ஆயினும், வல்லுநர் ஆயினும்,
புகழ்தல் உற்றோர்க்கு மாயோன் அன்ன,
உரை சால் சிறப்பின் புகழ் சால் மாற!
நின்னொன்று கூறுவது உடையேன், என் எனின்,
நீயே பிறர் நாடு கொள்ளுங் காலை, அவர் நாட்டு  5
இறங்கு கதிர் கழனி நின் இளையரும் கவர்க,
நனந்தலைப் பேரூர் எரியும் நைக்க,
மின்னு நிமிர்ந்தன்ன நின் ஒளிறு இலங்கு நெடுவேல்
ஒன்னார்ச் செகுப்பினும் செகுக்க, என்னதூஉம்
கடிமரம் தடிதல் ஓம்பு, நின்  10
நெடுநல் யானைக்குக் கந்து ஆற்றாவே.

****************************************

Item 470

Velliampalam Silver Stage in Madurai

Poet Karikkannan (kaarikkannanaar)  in verse 58 refers to Choza and Pandya kings with the places where they died. It is seen only in Tamil literature. Here Velliampalam throws more light on the history of Madurai. Chidambaram has Pon Ambalam- Golden Stage where Nataraja/ Siva danced. Madurai temple has Silver Stage where Nataraja danced. Probably Pandya king died of heart attack while he was worshipping in the temple.

Velli/ Silver Ambalam has more stories in Tiru Vilaiyadal Puranam.

***

Item 471

Poet mentioned what made them great and advised them to be united. Kaveri river is great in Choza country  and Pandya lost his father and he is a young ruler; but yet he supports all like Banyan roots.

***

Item 472

Poet used the cliché in Tamil literature. They believed that thunder and lightning destroy snakes. That simile is used here for the destruction of his enemies.

***

 Item 473

Then the poet says what is special about two capitals. Choza capital Uranthai (Uraiyur near Trichy) was famous for the Justice Court there. Pandya capital Madurai was famous for Tamil Sangam.

***

Item 474

Kings are compared to Lord Vishnu and Lord Balarama. This is in previous poem as well.

***

Item 475

Tamil poets always supported unity among three Tamil Kingdoms. They always praised whenever two or three kings sitting together in a place or in an event. Poets knew Tamils always fought with one another.

***

Item 476 Tamil Emblems

Modern Tamils are more inclined towards erecting statues for their leaders. But ancient Tamils were keen to carve their symbols on peaks, particularly the northern Himalayas. Pandya symbol Fish and Choza Symbol Tiger are referred to. We have the history of Tamils for over 1500 years. They never changed their symbols or Flags.

***

Puranānūru 58, Poet Kāviripoompattinathu Kāri Kannanār sang to Chozhan Kurāpalli Thunjiya Perunthirumāvalavan and Pandiyan Velliampalathu Thunjiya Peruvazhuthi,

1

You are the ruler of Kāviri River with cool waters!
He is born of great lineage of an ancient Pandiyan
clan, and because his ancestors have vanished, he is
the support, like a hanging root from a non-flowering
banyan tree that supports a long branch that offers dense
shade, after the thick trunk has died. 

2

Even though he
is young, he is a bull among Pandiyars with war wisdom.
Like white lightning and thunder that attacks snakes and
their families, he will not tolerate his enemies.

3

You are lord of Uranthai where justice resides.  He is the
king of Koodal where Thamizh flourishes, where he rules with
his cool, just scepter and he commands three royal drums
with resounding voices, in a city that gets sandalwood from
the mountains, pearls from the ocean waves, and water and
paddy is easily available for all.

4

You two are like the great gods – Balaraman with a palmyra
flag whose skin is white as milk and Thirumal who is blue,
and wields a discus, glowing together and causing terror.
Is there anything sweeter? 

5

Listen to more!  May your fame
flourish forever!  If you help each other and do not ruin
this unity, you will win this beneficial world that is
surrounded by oceans.  So, be good and fair to each other.

Paying attention to the path that your ancestors took, may
your unity continue with caring hearts like it is today,
while paying no attention to strangers who come between you!
May your spears see victory after victory in murderous
battlefields!  In the lands of others, where mountains rise high,

6
may the peaks be incised with the signs of the tiger with
curved stripes and of the carp from the deep waters!

***

புறநானூறு 58, பாடியவர்: காவிரிப்பூம்பட்டினத்துக் காரிக்கண்ணனார், பாடப்பட்டோர்: சோழன் குராப்பள்ளித் துஞ்சிய பெருந்திருமாவளவனும் பாண்டியன் வெள்ளியம்பலத்துத் துஞ்சிய பெருவழுதியும், திணை: பாடாண், துறை: உட ன் நிலை


நீயே தண் புனல் காவிரிக் கிழவனை, இவனே,
முழு முதல் தொலைந்த கோளி ஆலத்துக்
கொழு நிழல் நெடுஞ்சினை வீழ் பொறுத்தாங்குத்,
தொல்லோர் மாய்ந்தெனத் துளங்கல் செல்லாது,
நல்லிசை முதுகுடி நடுக்குஅறத் தழீஇ,  5
இளையது ஆயினும் கிளை அரா எறியும்
அரு நரை உருமின் பொருநரைப் பொறாஅச்
செரு மாண் பஞ்சவர் ஏறே, நீயே,
அறந்துஞ்சு உறந்தைப் பொருநனை, இவனே,
நெல்லும் நீரும் எல்லார்க்கும் எளியவென  10
வரைய சாந்தமும் திரைய முத்தமும்,
இமிழ் குரல் முரசம் மூன்றுடன் ஆளும்
தமிழ் கெழு கூடல் தண் கோல் வேந்தே,
பால் நிற உருவின் பனைக்கொடியோனும்,
நீல் நிற உருவின் நேமியோனும், என்று  15
இரு பெருந்தெய்வமும் உடன் நின்றாஅங்கு,
உருகெழு தோற்றமொடு உட்குவர விளங்கி,
இந்நீர் ஆகலின் இனியவும் உளவோ?
இன்னும் கேண்மின்! நும் இசை வாழியவே!
ஒருவீர் ஒருவீர்க்கு ஆற்றுதிர், இருவீரும்  20
உடனிலை திரியீர் ஆயின், இமிழ் திரைப்
பெளவம் உடுத்தஇப் பயங்கெழு மாநிலம்
கையகப்படுவது பொய்யாகாதே,
அதனால் நல்ல போலவும் நயவ போலவும்,
தொல்லோர் சென்ற நெறிய போலவும்  25
காதல் நெஞ்சின் நும் இடை புகற்கு அலமரும்
ஏதில் மாக்கள் பொதுமொழி கொள்ளாது,
இன்றே போல்க நும் புணர்ச்சி வென்று வென்று
அடு களத்து உயர்க நும் வேலே, கொடுவரிக்
கோள் மாக் குயின்ற சேண் விளங்கு தொடு பொறி  30
நெடுநீர்க் கெண்டையொடு பொறித்த
குடுமிய ஆக, பிறர் குன்று கெழு நாடே.

-subham—

Tags- – Purananuru Wonders -21, Full-fledged Hinduism , Tamil Sangam Literature, Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia -Part 61, One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 61, Hindu flags, Hindu Vahanas, Hindu Gods,

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Famous Shiva Story in Purananuru- Part 60 (Post No.15,616)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,616

Date uploaded in London –13 April 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

Purananuru Wonders -20 Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia -Part 60; One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 60

***

Item 450 Notable similes

Two similes are notable in Puram verse 54.

“He gives to everybody who comes to him,
without limits and without stopping, shaming the generosity of clouds”,

King’s generosity is compared to rainy clouds. This is a common simile in Tamil and Sanskrit. The meaning is that both did not expect anything in return.

Another simile is

“are like a whistling goat herder who wears
soiled clothes and a dirty garland, who is unable to go near a vast place where a tiger lives, with his goats with small heads”

Enemy kings are like small headed goats; our king Kothai is like a tiger.

***

Item 451 Whistling


Another interesting thing about the cowherd or goatherd. When the day comes to an end they whistle to bring back all the goats into the shed. They use the dogs to round up the goats and sheep to drive them back into the shed. Even Scottish  shepherds  whistle to do this. It is strange that all over the world they whistle using their mouth to do this.

***

Item 452 Appearance

The description of the goat herd or shepherd  is notable. In other poems in the Sangam literature, they add the word Kallaa- uneducated, illiterate–.to cowherders. Even Andal in Tiruppavai repeated that. So we know they never go to school for basic education; there may be one or two exceptions. Here the poet says,

“like a whistling goat herder who wears
soiled clothes and a dirty garland”.

***

Item 453 No Visa Entry

In the ancient India, poets and saints did not have any restriction or hurdle in entering a palace or an assembly. They never needed a visa to enter another country or territory. This can be seen in all the Puranas. They simply inform the gatekeeper and immediately the king comes to the gate to receive them or give them immediate audience. Here also the bard or the poet makes it clear.

****

Puranānūru 54, Poet Kōnāttu Erichalūr Mādalan Mathurai Kumaranār sang for Cheraman Kuttuvan Kōthai,

In the ancient, uproarious town where my king is, those
like me can enter his great day assembly with our heads
held high!  It is easy for those like me to approach him.
Not just that.  He gives to everybody who comes to him,
without limits and without stopping, shaming the generosity
of clouds, Kōthai with charitable hands and fast horses.

The mighty kings who have risen up against our lord with
great strength, are like a whistling goat herder who wears
soiled clothes and a dirty garland, who is unable to go near a
vast place where a tiger lives, with his goats with small heads.
His country is not approachable by enemy kings.

Notes:  This is the only poem written for this king.  He was a contemporary of Chozhan Ilavanthikai Palli Thunjiya Nalankilli and Chozhan Kurāpalli Thunjiya Perunthirumāvalavan.  This poet wrote Puranānūru poems 54, 61, 167, 180, 197 and 394.  

****

Vaidehi Herbert’s translation is used, thanks.

***

புறநானூறு 54, பாடியவர்: கோனாட்டு எறிச்சலூர் மாடலன் மதுரைக் குமரனார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: சேரமான் குட்டுவன் கோதை

1

எங்கோன் இருந்த கம்பலை மூதூர்
உடையோர் போல இடையின்று குறுகிச்,
செம்மல் நாள் அவை அண்ணாந்து புகுதல்
எம்மன வாழ்க்கை இரவலர்க்கு எளிதே,
இரவலர்க்கு எண்மை அல்லது புரவு எதிர்ந்து,  5

2

வானம் நாண, வரையாது சென்றோர்க்கு
ஆனாது ஈயும் கவிகை வண்மைக்
கடுமான் கோதை துப்பு எதிர்ந்து எழுந்த
நெடுமொழி மன்னர் நினைக்குங் காலைப்,

3
பாசிலைத் தொடுத்த உவலைக் கண்ணி  10
மாசுண் உடுக்கை மடிவாய் இடையன்,

4
சிறுதலை ஆயமொடு குறுகல் செல்லாப்
புலி துஞ்சு வியன் புலத்து அற்றே,
வலி துஞ்சு தடக்கை அவனுடை நாடே.

******

Item 454

“O Māran donning a flower garland!  You are like the god
with a blue throat, a glowing eye, and a crescent moon
on his head, who used the soaring mountain as a large bow,
and a snake as a string, and with one arrow ruined three forts and brought victory to the celestials”. 

Lord Shiva destroyed three hanging castles in the sky occupied by three demons. This anecdote is in the ancient Puranas and all the devotional songs sung by Saivite as well as Vaishnavite saints, Naayanmaars and Aalvaars.

Though Sangam literature mentioned Lord Shiva in many other places, this specific story is more important ; many Puranic stories reached common man in Tamil Nadu 2000 years ago!

Let us look at the story/anecdote:

Story of Tripurantaka murti- Tripuraantaka—is connected to puranas. Siva killed three demons and reduced their magic cities to ashes. During this campaign  the earth served Siva as a chariot and the sun and the moon as wheels. The four Vedas were the four horses and the Upanishads were the guiding reins; the mythic golden mountain Meru was the bow, the ocean was the quiver and god Vishnu was the arrow.

Images of Tripurantaka were made with right leg firmly placed on the pedestal and the left leg bent. The right forehand is in the simha karna posture holds the arrow and the left fore arm, the bow. The other hands hold the tanka or axe and the deer respectively. His locks are arranged in the form of a jatamakuta and the goddess Gauri stands on the left side.

In the chariot, at its front,  is seated the four faced brahma  and below him is a white bull.

  • The Demons: Tarakasura’s sons—Taarakaksha, Kamalaksha, and Vidyumaali—performed severe penance to Lord Brahma to gain immense power.
  • The Three Cities (Tripura): Brahma granted them three invincible, flying cities that could only be destroyed by a single arrow when they aligned, which happened once in a thousand years. The Asuras had three cities: the lowest was of iron, then there was one of silver, then one of gold
  • Symbolism: Shiva destroyed the cities with a single, flaming arrow. The story symbolizes Shiva’s role in destroying the three inner impurities—ignorance, ego, and negativity.

Shiva is often depicted as the “laughing” destroyer (Tripurantaka), holding a bow, and sometimes, in some versions, the cities were destroyed by a mere smile.

My interpretation

Hindus  thought of creating even space stations thousands of years before the modern space stations of Russia and America. Moreover Siva must have burnt them in a second with his laser sword. And the metals used to build them are also important. If one has to burn them one needs immense heat that can be generated with lasers. Siva did this by lauging is recited throughout Tevaram songs.

Tripura Antaka Statues are in famous temples like Madurai and Chidambaram. An image of tripurantaka murti in the thousand pillared hall of Madurai temple shows an actual figure of Vishnu on the arrow held by Siva.

This is seen in many archaeological monuments too

***

Item 455 Four fold Army

you own an army with these four divisions –
murderous elephants with fierce rage, proud swift horses,
tall chariots with rising flags, and foot soldiers with

Hindus invented the board game Chess and spread it throughout the world. We see the four- fold army there. It is in all our epics, inscriptions, Kalidas and other Sanskrit books. Being Pukka Hindu rulers, Tamils followed the same Six Seasons, Same Fourfold army, same Spy and Duta/ambassador system. (In my old articles I have given the relevant quotes)

***

Item 456 Sun and Moon

Sun and Moon are compared with the qualities of a king in Raghuvamsam of Kalidasa and Manu smriti. Er see it here in the poem.

with bravery and manliness like the sun, coolness and
tenderness like the moon and charity like the sky,

Raghuvamsam of Kalidasa – 4-12 and many more poems.

***

Item 457 Sand particles, rain drops

Greatness!  May your life be long with more days than the number  of sands

King is greeted to have long life and the years in his life span are compared to the number of raindrops or sand particles on a beach. This is repeated by many Sangam poets.

***

Item 457 Lord Muruga/ Skanda in Tiruchendur

roll from the deep waters in Senthil where Murukan rules!

Lord Skanda/ Kartikeya (Murugan in Tamil) is the subject of another Sangam book Tirumurukatruppadai. Lord Muruga is worshipped by millions of Hindus even today in his Six Abodes known as Aru Padai Veedukal. Tiruchendur on the eastern sea shore is one of the six abodes and the poet Maruthan Ilanaakan refers to it .

***

Puranānūru 55, Poet Mathurai Maruthan Ilanākanār sang to Pandiyan Ilavanthikaipalli Thunjiya Nanmāran

1
O Māran donning a flower garland!  You are like the god
with a blue throat, a glowing eye, and a crescent moon
on his head, who used the soaring mountain as a large bow,
and a snake as a string, and with one arrow ruined three forts and brought victory to the celestials. 

2

You are superior
to all the other kings!

Even though you own an army with these four divisions –
murderous elephants with fierce rage, proud swift horses,
tall chariots with rising flags, and foot soldiers with
strength in their hearts and desire for battles, esteemed
righteousness is the foremost cause for real victory.  So,
not thinking that they are ‘ours’ and being unjust to favor
them, and not hurting others because they are ‘not ours’,
3

with bravery and manliness like the sun, coolness and
tenderness like the moon and charity like the sky,
possessing these three great virtues, may you live a long life,
so that there will not be people in need without anything!

4

Greatness!  May your life be long with more days than the number
of sands brought and heaped by powerful winds, with deep scars,
on the lovely vast shores of the ocean where white-crested waves

5
roll from the deep waters in Senthil where Murukan rules!

***

புறநானூறு 55, பாடியவர்: மதுரை மருதன் இளநாகனார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: பாண்டியன் இலவந்திகைப்பள்ளித் துஞ்சிய நன்மாறன்,

1
ஓங்கு மலைப் பெருவில் பாம்புஞாண் கொளீஇ,
ஒரு கணை கொண்டு மூவெயில் உடற்றிப்
பெரு விறல் அமரர்க்கு வெற்றி தந்த
கறை மிடற்று அண்ணல் காமர் சென்னிப்
பிறை நுதல் விளங்கும் ஒருகண் போல, 5
வேந்து மேம்பட்ட பூந்தார் மாற!

2
கடுஞ் சினத்த கொல் களிறும்; கதழ் பரிய கலி மாவும்,
நெடுங் கொடிய நிமிர் தேரும், நெஞ் சுடைய புகல் மறவரும், என
நான்குடன் மாண்ட தாயினும், மாண்ட

3
அறநெறி முதற்றே, அரசின் கொற்றம்; 10
அதனால், நமரெனக் கோல்கோ டாது,
‘பிறர்’ எனக் குணங் கொல்லாது,,

4
ஞாயிற் றன்ன வெந்திறல் ஆண்மையும்,
திங்கள் அன்ன தண்பெருஞ் சாயலும்,
வானத்து அன்ன வண்மையும், மூன்றும், 15
உடையை ஆகி, இல்லோர் கையற,
நீநீடு வாழிய நெடுந்தகை!

5

தாழ்நீர்!
வெண் தலைப் புணரி அலைக்கும் செந்தில்
நெடுவேள் நிலைஇய காமர் வியந்துறைக்
கடுவளி தொகுப்ப ஈண்டிய 20

6
வடுஆழ் எக்கர் மணலினும் பலவே!

–Subham—

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HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 50; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-50 (Post.15,608)


Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,608

Date uploaded in London –11 April 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

Tamil Version will be posted tomorrow.

Kurukshetram

Kurukṣetra (कुरुक्षेत्र).—Name of an extensive plain near Delhi, the scene of the great war between the Kauravas and Pāṇḍavas; Kurukshetra is the city located in Haryana.

Hindus’ most famous scripture Bhagavad Gita begins with these words: धर्मक्षेत्रे कुरुक्षेत्रे समवेता युयुत्सवः (dharmakṣetre kurukṣetre samavetā yuyutsavaḥ) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 1.1; Manusmṛti 2.19.

Wisdomlib.org website adds,

Kurukṣetra (कुरुक्षेत्र).—Founded by Kuru and sacred to Harī.1 Watered by the river Sarasvatī.2 Capital city of the Kurus.3 Sages of Kurukṣetra visited Dvāraka. At Kurukṣetra Kṛṣṇa performed sacrifices for twelve years.4 The battlefield where the Pāṇḍavas fought with the Kurus led by Duryodhana.5 Here Paraśurāma dug a lake called Syamantapañcaka.6 On the occasion of a sacrifice Sūta narrated the br. purāṇa here.7 Purūravas met Urvaśī after their separation at; the residence of Sanatkumāra and Dharmarāja fit for śrāddha offerings, and sacred to Pitṛs. Founded by Kuru, son of Samvaraṇa;8 residence of sage Kauśika, and sacrifice of Adhisīmakṛṣṇa for 2 years at; sacred in Dvāpara;9 Dharmakṣetra where a great sacrifice was performed.10 Residence at, leads to mukti; no shaving or upavāsa required here.11 Noted for ambhojasaras or lotus tank.12 R. Sarasvatī flows here: noted for a temple of Vāmana.13

***

Kuvalayapeedam

Kuvalayāpīḍa (कुवलयापीड).—Name of the elephant posted at the gates of Mathurāpurī to kill Śrī Kṛṣṇa and Balabhadrarāma, who went there to witness the dhanuryajña. But, they killed the elephant.Kuvalayāpīḍa (कुवलयापीड).—The state elephant of Kaṃsā. When Kṛṣṇa came to the mallaraṅga or the wrestlers’ arena, it was ordered that this elephant should be stationed at the gate of the arena to attack him. When Kṛṣṇa entered the araṅga, the mahout Ambaṣṭha led the animal against him, when Kṛṣṇa took hold of its tail, and whirling it round and round, hit its front when it died with the keeper. He seized its tusks and entered the enclosure in glee. At this Kaṃsā was perturbed; its keeper was killed by Rāma.*

***

Kubera

Kubera (कुबेर) Kubera is the lord of the Yakṣas, he is known also by two other names Vaiśravaṇa and Dhanada, and is regarded as the giver of wealth.  He is a friend of Śiva and the Nāga Nīla. Kubera is the son of Viśravas by Iḍaviḍā  He is mythologised as having three legs and eight teeth. His name Ku-bera or Ku-vera signifies his deformed body having three legs and eight teeth. He is married to Yakṣī, the daughter of the Dānava Mura. As friend of Śiva he is called Śiva-sakhā. His capital Alakā on the Himālaya mountain is mentioned also in the Ṛig veda.

Lord of Alaka and son of Pulastya and resident of Kailāsa; vanquished by Rāvaṇa; wife Ṛddhi and son Nalakūbera. Man is his vahana.

Kubera (कुबेर) refers to one of the eight guardians of the quarters, according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.2.22.

Navanidhi (नवनिधि).—m. (pl.) the nine treasures of Kubera. i. e. महापद्मश्च पद्मश्च शङ्खो मकरकच्छपौ । मुकुन्दकुन्द- नीलाश्च खर्वश्च निधयो नव (mahāpadmaśca padmaśca śaṅkho makarakacchapau | mukundakunda- nīlāśca kharvaśca nidhayo nava) ||

The nine treasures of Kubēra, are [padma, mahapadma, shamkha, makara, kacchapa, mukamda, kumda, nila] and  kharva).

In the Hindu palaces and now in Chettiar houses in Tamil Nadu, the main door has Sankha and Padma, Conch and the Lotus, representing Nine Treasures.

***

Kunti

 Kuntī (कुन्ती).—(PṚTHĀ). Wife of King Pāṇḍu and the mother of the Pāṇḍavas, Kuntī is a noble heroine in the Mahābhārata. Kuntī was the sister of Śrī Kṛṣṇa’s father Vasudeva. Her real name was Pṛthā. Vasudeva and Pṛthā were the children of King Śūrasena of the Yādava dynasty. King Kuntibhoja was the son of Śūrasena’s sister. He had no issues. Śūrasena had promised to give the daughter first born to him as the adopted daughter of Kuntibhoja, and accordingly his first-born daughter Pṛthā was given to Kuntibhoja, and Kuntī was brought up in his palace. From that day onwards Pṛthā came to be known as Kuntī. (Ādi Parva, Chapter 111).

Queen Kunti, had in her youth been granted the power to invoke the Devas by Rishi Durvasa. Each god, when invoked, would place a child in her lap. Urged by Pandu to use her invocations, Kunti gave birth to Yudhisthira by invoking the Lord of Righteousness, Yama. 

She was the first wife of Pāṇḍu. As he was prevented by a curse from having progeny, he allowed his wife to make use of a charm she had acquired from the sage Durvāsas, by means of which she was to have a son by any god she liked to invoke. She invoked Dharma, Vāyu and Indra, and had from them Yudhiṣṭhira, Bhīma and Arjuna respectively. She was also mother of Karna by the deity Sun whom she invoked in her virginhood to test her charm. Being an unmarried girl, she abandoned her first son Karna in a box, and this was discovered by Adhiratha who brought him up.

Other two Pandavas Nakula and Sahadeva were born to Madri (maadri), second wife of Pandu Kunti died in a forest fire.

***

Kuni/ Kooni

Kooni, or Manthara, was a hunchbacked nursemaid and close confidante to Kaikeyi. Manthara was not just a maid, but a loyal caretaker who accompanied Kaikeyi from her home kingdom (Kekeya) to Ayodhya.

 As a child, Rama once hit her on her hunched back with a clay ball when he was practicing archery, fostering a lasting bitterness.

 Upon hearing of Rama’s upcoming coronation, she feared for her own status and manipulated Kaikeyi by claiming that if Rama became king, Kaikeyi would be treated as a slave by Kausalya.

She reminded Kaikeyi of the two boons granted by King Dasharatha, instructing her to demand Bharata’s coronation and Rama’s 14-year exile.

In some versions of the story, particularly Tulasidas’s Ramcharitmanas, she is guided or possessed by Goddess Saraswati to ensure Rama leaves the city to fulfil his destiny of destroying evil, such as Ravana.

Often referred to as “Kooni” in Tamil, which means “hunchback”. This word is related Sanskrit word Kuni which means crippled.

 *****

Kurma Avatar /Kurma Purana

Kūrmāvatāra (कूर्मावतार) refers to the “tortoise incarnation” of Viṣhṇu.

Kūrmāvatāra (कूर्मावतार) is found depicted at the Kallazhagar Temple in Madurai. The god Kūrmāvatāra is represented with the lower part as tortoise’s feet and the upper part in the usual form of the god. The god in this form is found with four arms where the upper hands hold the discus and the conch, and the other two right and left hands are in abhaya and dolā-hasta respectively.

During the Samudra Manthan (churning of the ocean), Vishnu assumed this form to support Mount Mandara on his back, acting as a pivot to prevent it from sinking, allowing gods and demons to obtain the nectar of immortality. Srikurmam temple in Andhra Pradesh is one of the temples representing this avatar.

The Kurma Purana (कूर्म पुराण) is one of the eighteen Mahapurana. It is believed to have been directly narrated by the Lord Vishnu to the sage Narada, and it contains the details about the Kurma Avatar. Narada is believed to have stated the contents of this Puranas to Suta, who narrated this Purana to an assembly of great sages.

The printed editions of this text are divided into two bhāgas (parts),

The Pūrvabhāga has 53 chapters and the Uttarabhāga has 46 chapters.

***

Kumbha mela

Kumbhamela is a major 5,000-year-old Hindu pilgrimage and religious fair, occurring every twelve years at Prayag in Uttar Pradesh, India.

 Prayag is the city where rivers Ganga Yamuna and Saraswati meet. It is the largest religious gathering in the world. The most recent major gathering happened from January 13 to February 26, 2025. 400 million devotees took holy bath in the rivers. The place is called Triveni Sangam because three rivers meet there. Nowadays Saraswati River is not visible. It dried long ago but Hindus believe it runs underground.

Held every 12 years (with a Mahakumbh occurring every 144 years), it is the world’s largest religious gathering, featuring extensive security, tent cities, and UNESCO-recognized spiritual traditions.

Location: Triveni Sangam, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh (confluence of Ganga, Yamuna, and Saraswati).

Significance: It is the most sacred of Kumbh Melas, commemorating where drops of the immortal nectar (Amrit) fell during the Samudra Manthan.

The festival spans 45 days, featuring intense spiritual activities including Shahi Snan (royal baths) by Naga Sadhus. They are naked saints living in the Himalayas.: The event attracts millions of holy men (sadhus) who travel from across India, including naked Naga sadhus who lead the dawn bathing rituals.

Apart from this every four years Mini Kumbh mela is held in Haridwar, Ujjain, Nashik in rotation.

·         Maha Kumbh: Every 144 years (Prayagraj).

·         Purna Kumbh: Every 12 years (Haridwar, Prayagraj, Nashik, Ujjain).

·         Ardh Kumbh: Every 6 years (Haridwar, Prayagraj).

·         Magh Mela (Mini Kumbh): Every year.

***

Kumbakonam

This town is known for its temples, Maths/monasteries, Archaeological monuments (Darasuram), betel leaves and coffee. Nine Planets temples are near by this place.

There are more than 100 Hindu temples within the municipal limits of Kumbakonam. Apart from these, thereare  hundreds of temples around the town thereby giving the town the sobriquets “Temple Town” and “City of temples”.

Adi Kumbeswarar Temple is the oldest Shiva shrine in the town, constructed by the Cholas in the 7th century.

Sarangapani temple is the largest Vishnu temple. The present structure of the temple having a twelve storey high tower was constructed by Nayak kings in the 15th century. It is one of the “Divya Desams”, the 108 temples of Vishnu revered by the 12 Alvar saint-poets.

Around this town are Navagraha Nine Planets shrines dedicated to Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn and Rahu, Ketu.

Like Kumbha mela in the north, Mahamakam (mahaa makam) festival is heled once in 12 years which attracts lakhs of people to the tank called Mahamakam tank in front of the main Shiva temple.

***

Kuraip /Koorai pudavai /saree

Koorai silk saree, also referred to as Koorai  Pudavai,  is a traditional nine-yard saree originating from Koranad in Mayiladuthurai;   Traditionally worn by brides during Hindu wedding ceremonies, the saree is recognized for its unique weaving patterns and cultural significance. It is produced by the Sāliyan weaving community using a blend of silk and cotton in red colour. The saree was originally woven from cotton. By the early 20th century, it transitioned to silk and became a prominent bridal garment.  Original Red colour is also changed now. Red means Mangalam/ auspicious like Red Kunkum of Hindu women.

–subham—

Tags- HINDU DICTIONARY, ENGLISH AND TAMIL 50, இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-50, Kurukshetra, Kumbhamela, Kumbakonam, Kuraip pudavai,  Koorai saree, Kurma

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Image Worship in Sangam Tamil Literature! – Part 59 (Post No.15,604)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,604

Date uploaded in London –10 April 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

Purananuru Wonders -19  Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia -Part 59; One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 59

***

Item 442


There are at least three interesting points in the Purananuru verse 51. Five elements are used to compare the greatness of the king. We see this in Kalidasa who lived in the second century BCE. Comparing a king with the Five Elements is a Hindu concept which is also in Manu Smriti of Second century BCE or earlier. Poet Iyur Mudavaanar must be a great Sanskrit scholar. But we see such a comparison in the poems of other Sangam poets as well. (see Puram 2)

Kalidasa in Raghuvamsam 1-29; 4-11 (five elements and king)

Manusmriti – 1-20;1-76 12-12 to 21 five elements )

***

Item 443 Concept Five Elements/ Pancha Bhuta

The concept of Five Elements, known as Pancha Bhuta in Indian languages, is found in Greek and Babylonian cultures. But they borrowed it from India. Greeks left one of the elements, Sky, and used the other four elements i.e. water, fire, earth and wind. Empedocles of Greece mentioned the four elements.

In the Babylonian myth, Enuma Elis, the elements are mentioned. But the hymn is like the creation hymn in the Rig Veda

Following hymn in Taiittiriya Upanishad:

From – divine – soul, verily,

space arose;

from space wind;

from wind fire;

from fire water;

from water the earth;

from earth the herbs and food;

from food semen and from semen the person/purusa

—-Taittiriya Upanishad, Brahmavalli, Anuvak.1

Kalidasa used the five elements in Raghuvamsa and his other works.

Raghuvamsa 1-29

Brahma created Dilipan with five elements. This is true indeed because all his virtues are useful to others (like five elements).

Raghuvamsa 4-11

As soon as Raghu became king, even the Pancha bhutas attained new vigour.

Raghuvamsa 3-4

Dilipan’s wife Sudakshina who was pregnant, ate sand out of craving .

Sangam Tamil Puram verse 20 by Kurungkoliyur kizar said the same thing.

Kings were called “Bhubuk” i.e. eaters of land (of other kings)

***

More Pancha Bhuta references in Sangam Tamil Books:

Pari. 3-4; 3-66; 3-77. Pari.13-18; 24-15

Mathur. -line 453; Puram-2- 1; 20-1; 51-1;55-15

Pathitr- 14-1; Kurun.3-1.

Tol -305; Murukku. Line 254

The strange coincidence is, all the poets use the Pancha Bhuta matter in the very beginning of the poems.

Post Sangam book – Tiruk Kural 271

***

Item 444 Science

Life span of white ants is known to all Tamils . Some die in a day or two other ants live for long. Another meaning is the termite mounds are demolished in a minute or two by bears or human beings. They are compared to king’s enemies.

***

Item 445 Tamil arrogance or war mongering

From Asokan times, from Kharavela times, we see the Tamil front consisting of Chera Choza Pandya. But they fought among themselves continuously for 1500 years. Here the king thinks Tamil Nadu does not belong to all the three kings but his own. This infighting was not seen in any other race. But yet Chera Choza Pandyas ruled for 1500 years which is also unique in the world. One language, one religion one culture ; but ruled for- 1500 years; unique in world history.

***

Item 445 Koodakārathu Thunjiya Māran Vazhuthi

What is Koodaagaaram ? What is Thunjiya?

Tamils were unique in affixing the place of death of a king to his name. We don’t see such naming in any other parts of the world. We see Thunjiya/ Death in other Tamil poems as well. To identify or differentiate one king from another they say where the king died/Thunjiya mening who had died…

***

Item 446

Koodaagaaram கூடாகாரம் mystery!

Commentators skip this word Koodaagaaram கூடாகாரம். 1935 Ananda Vikatan dictionary gives two meanings: Nilavarai- underground shelter or dungeon or Upper part of a house. We don’t see this word much in Tamil. Some people tried to identify this with salt cotar.

“Kottaram” (Koṭṭāram கொட்டாரம்) meaning a granary or “godown” is still used. So I would guess this Pandya king died in the underground. He might have been imprisoned or murdered there? No one dared to explain this word. If there is any explanation by some people, that is only a guess work not authenticated.

***

Please see my earlier posts:

1

Purananuru (Tamil Sangam Book) wonders -2; Upanishad and Kalidasa in verse Two! (Post.15,278)

2

Tamil Hindu Encyclopaedia -10 பஞ்சபூதம் (Pancha Bhuta)—Post No.11,359

3

Cosmology in Appar, Nammalvar, Puram Poems (Post No.15,196)

***

Puranānūru 51, Poet Aiyur Mudavanār sang for Pandiyan Koodakārathu Thunjiya Māran Vazhuthi,

1
When water overflows, there is no dam to contain it!
When fire exceeds, there is no shadow that can shade
the living!  When there is too much wind, no strength
can resist it!  Vazhuthi, radiant and fierce in battle
is like all these.

2 

He will not tolerate if they say that
cool Thamizh Nadu is common, and undertakes wars.
If he requests tributes, kings who say, “take it” and
give willingly, do not tremble.

Those who are very pitiable are those who have lost his
graces. 

3

Like the termites from red mounds built with
difficulty by tiny termites, they whirl around just for a day.

Notes:  Puranānūru poems 51 and 52 were written for this king.   He hailed from a town called Koodakāram.   He was a contemporary of Chozhan Kulamutrathu Thunjiya Killivalavan.  His successor was Pandiyan Ilavanthikai Palli Thunjiya Nanmāran.Aiyur Mudavanār wrote Puranānūru 51, 228, 314 and 399.

***

புறநானூறு 51, பாடியவர்: ஐயூர் முடவனார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: பாண்டியன் கூடகாரத்துத் துஞ்சிய மாறன் வழுதி, திணை: வாகை, துறை: அரச வாகை

1


நீர் மிகின் சிறையும் இல்லை, தீ மிகின்
மன்னுயிர் நிழற்றும் நிழலும் இல்லை,
வளி மிகின் வலியும் இல்லை, ஒளி மிக்கு
அவற்றோர் அன்ன சினப்போர் வழுதி!

2
தண் தமிழ் பொது எனப் பொறாஅன், போர் எதிர்ந்து  5
கொண்டி வேண்டுவன் ஆயின், கொள்க எனக்
கொடுத்த மன்னர் நடுக்கற்றனரே,
அளியரோ அளியர் அவன் அளி இழந்தோரே,

3
நுண் பல் சிதலை அரிது முயன்று எடுத்த
செம்புற்று ஈயல் போல,  10
ஒரு பகல் வாழ்க்கைக்கு உலமருவோரே.

****

Item 447

Two things in Puram 52 are important. It is about Image worship.

அணங்குடை நெடுங்கோட்டு அளையகம் முனைஇ,
முணங்கு நிமிர் வயமான் முழு வலி ஒருத்தல்,

Tamil Hindus like their counterparts in North India believed that spirits are dwelling in the mountains, lakes, forests, gardens, and trees. Here the mountain cave is described as Spirit living place. Anangu in Tamil meant the spirit that is terrifying or ghost

***

Item 448

Tamils worshipped images like their North Indian brothers. We get coins from second century BCE showing Hindu Gods. Here Maruthan Ilanakanar, a late poet, who mostly imitate his predecessors, talk about

“where offerings with uproar are not given to
the gods who have abandoned their pillars”.

It is made clear that Tamils made offerings to Gods in the pillars. Even today the offerings are made in the temple Bali Peedam near the Dwajasthamba/pillar. Moreover, Brahmins also erected venerable Yupa Stambha when they performed Yagas/fire ceremonies. Purananuru used the Sanskrit Yupa in a few poems. So the poet might have mean Yupa pillars or Dwajasthambas or Nadukal/herostones. Tamils worshipped Hero Stones too.

***

Puranānūru 52, Poet Maruthan Ilanākanār sang to Pandiyan Koodakārathu Thunjiya Māran Vazhuthi,

A male tiger in a cave on a terrifying, tall peak,
hating to stay in, rises and stretches, full of strength,
and goaded by desire for meat, takes whatever direction he may wish.

You are like him with your intent to kill the kings of the
north, O Vazhuthi with a well fashioned chariot, who fights ferocious battles.  Since you have willed war, the kings in this wide world are to be pitied, in whose lands long streamers
of smoke that smelled of flesh rose once from roasting fish in every town near fields and surrounded the curved branches
of marutham trees.  They used to be prosperous towns. That has changed.  Now, they are ruined, and turned to forests where forest hens with spots lay eggs in the depressions
caused by the gambling gadgets of white-haired old men in public places,

 where offerings with uproar are not given to
the gods who have abandoned their pillars.

***

புறநானூறு 52, பாடியவர்: மருதன் இளநாகனார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: பாண்டியன் கூடகாரத்துத் துஞ்சிய மாறன் வழுதி, திணை: வாகை, துறை: அரச வாகை

1


அணங்குடை நெடுங்கோட்டு அளையகம் முனைஇ,
முணங்கு நிமிர் வயமான் முழு வலி ஒருத்தல்,


ஊன் நசை உள்ளம் துரப்ப இரை குறித்துத்
தான் வேண்டு மருங்கின் வேட்டு எழுந்தாங்கு,
வட புல மன்னர் வாட, அடல் குறித்து,  5
இன்னா வெம்போர் இயல் தேர் வழுதி!
இது நீ கண்ணியது ஆயின், இரு நிலத்து
யார் கொல் அளியர் தாமே,  ஊர்தொறும்
மீன் சுடு புகையின் புலவு நாறு நெடுங்கொடி
வயல் உழை மருதின் வாங்கு சினை வலக்கும்  10
பெரு நல் யாணரின் ஒரீஇ, இனியே

2


கலிகெழு கடவுள் கந்தம் கைவிடப்
பலி கண் மாறிய பாழ்படு பொதியில்,


நரை மூதாளர் நாய் இடக் குழிந்த
வல்லின் நல்லகம் நிறையப் பல் பொறிக்  15
கான வாரணம் ஈனும்
காடாகி விளியும் நாடுடையோரே.

கந்துடை நிலை என்றது, இறைவன் அருட்குறியாகக் கல் தறி நட்டியிருக்கும் இடத்தை, பண்டைக் காலத்தே இறைவணக்கம் செய்தற்பொருட்டுக் கல்தறி நட்டு அதனை வணங்கி வந்தனர். .

அணங்கு உடை நெடுங்கோட்டு – in the fearful tall peak, in the tall peak with gods,

***

Item 449 Kudos to Brahmin Poet Kapilan

Here the great Brahmin poet Kapilan is praised. He wrote more poems than other poets. He was the only poet mentioned by more poets. 

Puranānūru 53, Poet Porunthil Ilankeeranār sang to Cheraman Māntharancheral Irumporai, Thinai: Vākai, Thurai: Arasa Vākai


To remove the anguish to Vilangil town,
……….where women wearing bright bangles play on
……….verandas of mansions with glittering gems
……….that awe eyes, that are on the long stretches
……….of sand spread like pearls from mature shells,
you took to battle with your fast horses and elephants.

O Poraiyan!  If I sing your praises in full, it will be too long.
If I sing in short, I will miss much.  Those like me with
bewildered hearts cannot sing your glory in full.  This is
the huge world in which we are born, and we cannot live
hating it.
We heard you say, “If only Kapilan were alive today, he whose
fame was radiant and knowledge immense, he with eloquent
tongue, could produce perfect verses in an instant and
how wonderful that would be!”  Yet, I will sing suitably of
your might in battle and how you overwhelmed your enemies.

***

புறநானூறு 53, பாடியவர்: பொருந்தில் இளங்கீரனார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: சேரமான் மாந்தரஞ்சேரல் இரும்பொறை, திணை: வாகை, துறை: அரச வாகை


முதிர் வார் இப்பி முத்த வார் மணல்,
கதிர் விடு மணியின் கண் பொரு மாடத்து,
இலங்கு வளை மகளிர் தெற்றி ஆடும்
விளங்கு சீர் விளங்கில் விழுமம் கொன்ற
களங்கொள் யானைக் கடுமான் பொறைய!  5


விரிப்பின் அகலும் தொகுப்பின் எஞ்சும்,
மம்மர் நெஞ்சத்து எம்மனோர்க்கு ஒருதலை
கைம்முற்றல நின் புகழே என்றும்
ஒளியோர் பிறந்த இம் மலர்தலை உலகத்து
வாழேம் என்றலும் அரிதே, தாழாது  10

செறுத்த செய்யுள் செய் செந்நாவின்
வெறுத்த கேள்வி விளங்கு புகழ்க் கபிலன்
இன்று உளன் ஆயின் நன்று மன், என்ற நின்
ஆடு கொள் வரிசைக்கு ஒப்பப்
பாடுவன் மன்னால், பகைவரைக் கடப்பே.  15

 தாழாது செறுத்த செய்யுள் செய் – created meaningful verses without delay, செந்நாவின் – with an eloquent tongue, வெறுத்த கேள்வி – dense learning, abundant learning (வெறுத்த – செறிந்த), விளங்கு புகழ்க் கபிலன் இன்று உளன் ஆயின் – if poet Kapilan with bright renown were alive today, நன்று  – it would be good,

 –subham—

Tags- Item 449, Kapilan, Purananuru wonders, Image Worship , Sangam Tamil Literature!- Part 59

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My visit to Pratyangira Devi Temple in Ayyavadi (Post No.15,593)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,593

Date uploaded in London –8 April 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

I was lucky to visit Pratyangira Devi Temple in Ayyavadi ,very near Kumbakonam , in Tamil Nadu. Earlier I had visited Pratyangira Devi Temple in Raja Kilpauk near Tambaram, Chennai. Swami Santhanada of Pudukottai installed Sarabeswarar and Pratyangira Devi in Skandashram near Tambaram. I visited the temple twice in the past few years. In Skandashram,  the statues are huge. But in Ayyavadi it is of normal size.

Pratyangira Devi is another form of Bhadrakali or Durga. In Ayyavadi, it is part of a thousand year old Shiva temple known as Agastheewarar Temple. When I went there on March 12, 2026 main Shiva temple  was closed for renovation work. But I had good darshan of Pratyangira Devi  in the same temple compound. One can feel the divine atmosphere there.

People believe that worshipping Her, they can destroy the evil forces. Those who want to win in some cases or to defeat their enemies go there and do Puja or Yaga.

On New moon days special Yagas/fire ceremonies are organised. In this temple, there are idols of Goddess Lakshmi and Sarswathy placed nearby the idol of Goddess Pratyangira. Goddess Lakshmi is standing in her Pratyangira form and also in her normal form.

H Krishna Sastri in his book South Indian Images of Gods and Goddesses (year  1916) adds the following details:

Pratyangira has four arms and a face as terrible as that of a lion. Her hair stands erect on her head. In her hands she holds a skull, trident, kettledrum and the noose (naaga paasa). She is seated on a lion and by her power destroys all enemies.

He has published tow pictures and he says, “The lion vehicle is missing in the Tirupparaithurai bronze. The Tiruchengodu statue has the sword and shield in place of skull and noose. And a breast band like Durga. Both are called Bhadrakaali by the people”.

***

In the Skandasramam book, following information is given:

“Umapathi Sivam says in his Kunchithangiri stava:

Yukte Bhagnorukaayam Narahari vapusham khandaperundarupi

Bhhutwaa garjanta magre sarabha kaghapathi: yasya faalaagni kundaath.

Ugraprathyangiraakyaam  dasasatavadanaam  kaalikaam aasu srutwaa

tasyaaH jigvaahra vahnim sutaruvath anyat  kunchithaangrim Bhaje

Angiras and Prathyangiras were the two ascetics who found out the mantra of this deity. The potency of the mantra is so high that one should not have any ill feelings towards the one who chants it.

She had sent Veerabhdra to violently interrupt and break up the sacrificial fire performed by Daksha, accompanied by Pratyangira. The mantras tell us she is but the embodiment of the wrath of Parvathi.

As Indrajit (in Ramayana) felt that he could not defeat Rama and Lakshmana in the battle, he got up to a sacrificial fire with the chanting of the Pratyangira mantra in the Nigumbala. On knowing this Lakshmana went there and broke it up”.

The book gives also the Mantras for this deity in Sanskrit. Any one interested in it may go through the book. It is in Devanagari lipi. ( I have one copy of the book)

Chennai Sri Skandasramam

Splendour and Vision

Published by Swayamprakasa Awadhuta Trust, Pudukkottai.

Available in Chennai, Salem and Pudukottai where the trust have centres.

***

Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology published by Hamlyn has a colour picture of the goddess with the following caption:

“Durga Pratyangira: one of the terrifying forms assumed by Siva’s wife.The goddess is seated on a jewelled Padmasana holding her husband’s trident, sword and drum and a bowl for blood. Her name, in this south Indian representation, has Tantric associations while her form as Kaali is seen in the long teeth and the tongues of fire. Kali in Vedic times is the name of Fire God’s black terrifying flame.  (Tricinopoly Painting, Nineteenth Century A D)”

***

In the Shaiva tradition, Shiva assumed the form of Sharabha, a bird-lion hybrid form with two wings of Shakti in the form of Shulini Devi and Pratyangira Devi to calm down Narasimha. Seeing this, Narasimha created Gandaberunda, a powerful two-headed bird, to fight Sharabha. Seeing that the fight between Sharabha and Gandaberunda was terrorizing the world, Pratyangira in her ugra form was released from the third eye of Sharabha. The war ended with Pratyangira’s roar. Narasimha resumed his Satvik form, and thus Dharma in the world was restored.

***

Wisdom lib.org gives following information about the goddess:

Pratyangira is endowed with four arms and a face as terrible as that of a lion. Her head is that of a male lion and her body is that of a human-female. Her hair stands erect on her head. In her hands she holds a skull, trident, Damaru and the noose (nagapasa). She is seated on a lion and by her power destroys all enemies.

In Tantric worship, Pratyangira is shown with a dark complexion, ferocious in aspect, having a lion’s face with reddened eyes and riding a lion wearing black garments, she wears a garland of human skulls; her hair strands on end, and she holds a trident, a serpent in the form of a noose, a hand-drum and a skull in her four hands. She is also associated with Bhairava, as Atharvana-Bhadra-Kali.

Pratyaṅgirā (प्रत्यङ्गिरा) is a form of Kālī and identified with Goddess Tvaritā, according to the Kulakaulinīmata verse 3.310.—Tvaritā is also identified as Pratyaṅgirā, a form of Kālī.

–subham—

Tags- Pratyangira devi, Ayyavadi temple, Chennai Skandasram temple,  London swaminathan , images of Pratyangira

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by Tamil and Vedas on April 8, 2026  •  Permalink
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Tiruppavai in Pictures with English Translations- Part One (Post No.15,573)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,573

Date uploaded in London – 3 April 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

When I went to the famous Uppliappan Vishnu temple near Kumbakonam on 12-3-2026, I had good and free darshan quickly. Since first two weeks in March are exam season in India, less crowd was seen in all the temples. I was very much impressed by the big wall paintings of 12 alvars, 10 Vishnu avatars and 108 Divya Kshetras of Vishnu. I took lot of pictures, yet I could not take all the shrines portrayed on the wall.

One of the 12 Alvars was Andal, the teenage poetess as well as a great saint. Her 30 Tamil verses known as Tiruppaavai used to echo in all the temple streets of Tamil Nadu in the month of Maarkazi (Margasirsa in Bhagavad Gita; Dec-January in English calendar) every year. As a person who lived Near Krishnan Kovil in North Masi Street, Madurai for quarter of a century, I knew most of the verses by heart, which were broadcast around 4-30 am. The pictures on the wall of Uppiliappan temple inspired me to go through the three different English translations of Tiruppaavai  by American Tamil Scholar Kausalya Hart, PR Ramachander and Dr Chenni Padmanabhan M D, a great devotee of Sri Sathya Sai Baba. I have collected the translations from the Project Madurai website and books. Please read them together with the Tamil original and enjoy!

Kausalya Harts’ Translation from Project Madurai

Aṇḍal.: Thiruppāvai (474 -503 of Divya Prabandham)

 

1.

மார்கழித் திங்கள் மதிநிறைந்த நன்னாளால்!

நீராடப் போதுவீர் போதுமினோ நேரிழையீர்!

சீர்மல்கும் ஆய்ப்பாடிச் செல்வச் சிறுமீர்காள்!

கூர்வேல் கொடுந்தொழிலன் நந்தகோபன் குமரன்

ஏரார்ந்த கண்ணி யசோதை இளம்சிங்கம்

கார்மேனிச் செங்கண் கதிர் மதியம் போல்முகத்தான்

நாராயணனே நமக்கே பறை தருவான்

பாரோர் புகழப் படிந்தேலோர் எம்பாவாய்

Girls waking up their friends.

474. The girls come and wake up their friends. They say,
“Today is the auspicious full moon day of Markazhi month.
O you adorned with beautiful ornaments,
let us go bathe. Come!
We are the beloved young girls of the flourishing cowherd village.
Nārāyaṇan, the son of Nandagopan,
who looks after the cows with a sharp spear,
the young lion of lovely-eyed Yashoda
with a dark body, beautiful eyes
and a face bright as the shining moon
will give us the Paṛai.
Come and let us bathe and worship our Pāvai
as the world praises him.”

***

Mr P R Ramachander’s Translation

1

In this month of Marghazhi[1]
On this day filled with the light of moon,
Come for bathing,
Oh ladies who are richly dressed,
And Oh ladies in rich homes of cowherds,
For he with the sharp spear,
He who kills his enemies without mercy,
He who is the son of Nanda gopa[2]
He who is the darling son of Yasodha[3]
Who wore scented flower garlands,
He who is a lion cub,
He who is pretty in black colour,
He who has small red eyes,
He who has a face like the well-lit moon,
And He, who is our Lord Narayana[4]
Is going to give us big drums,
So that we bathe and worship Our Goddess Pavai,
In a way that the whole world sings about.

***

Dr Chenni Padmanabhan’s Translation

It’s Margali month, moon replete and the day is proper

We shall bathe, girls of Ayarpadi prosperous

Will you move out? You wealthy adorned fine jewels,

Narayana, son of relentless Nandagopala,

Whose job wielding a spike ever alert and

The lion cub of Yasoda with eye gracious

And the lad with dark complexion, handsome eye

And face sunny bright pleasant as moon

Sure shall grant us the desire soon

To the esteem of this earth as a boon

Oblige, involve, listen and consider, our damsel.

***

2

வையத்து வாழ்வீர்காள்! நாமும் நம் பாவைக்குச்

செய்யும் கிரிசைகள் கேளீரோ!

பாற்கடலுள் பையத் துயின்ற பரமன் அடிபாடி,

நெய்யுண்ணோம்; பாலுண்ணோம்; நாட்காலை நீராடி

மையிட்டெழுதோம்; மலரிட்டு நாம் முடியோம்;

செய்யாதன செய்யோம்; தீக்குறளைச் சென்றோதோம்;

ஐயமும் பிச்சையும் ஆந்தனையும் கைகாட்டி

உய்யுமா றெண்ணி உகந்தேலோர் எம் பாவாய். (2)

475. The girls come to wake up their friends. They say,
“O people of the world!
Hear how we worship our pāvai.
We worship the feet of the highest lord
resting on the milky ocean.
We don’t eat ghee, we don’t drink milk,
we bathe early in the morning,
we don’t put kohl to darken our eyes,
we don’t decorate our hair with flowers,
we don’t do evil things, we don’t gossip.
We give alms to all beggars and sages.
Come and let us be happy and worship our Pāvai.”

***

2

Oh, people of this world,
Be pleased to hear of those penances,
That we daily do for the worship of Pavai,
We will sing of those holy feet,
Of Him who sleeps in the ocean of milk[5]
We will not take the very tasty ghee,
We will avoid the health giving milk,
We will daily bathe before the dawn,
We will not wear any collyrium[6]
We will not tie flowers in our hair,
We will not do Any act that is banned,
We will not talk ill of any to any one else,
We will give alms and do charity,
As much as we can,
And do all those acts to make others free of sorrow,
And worship our Goddess Pavai.

***

You who enjoy life on earth, listen!

The rituals for deity go through we duteous.

Chant the foot of the Supremo who had

Reposed in stealth on the ocean milky;

Bathe we early; relish not ghee or milk

Nor would kemp, nor adorn with flower beauteous;

Grace not with eyeliner; nor bids forbidden.

Nor go around ear kiss tale or malicious gossip

Help the worthy and poor utmost by giftd or alms tossed

With mind pleasant, study the chores engrossed

Listen and consider our damsel.

***

3

ஓங்கி உலகளந்த உத்தமன் பேர்பாடி

நாங்கள் நம் பாவைக்குச் சாற்றி நீர் ஆடினால்,

தீங்கின்றி நாடெல்லாம் திங்கள் மும்மாரி பெய்து

ஓங்கு பெருஞ்செந்நெநெல் ஊடு கயல் உகளப்

பூங்குவளைப் போதில் பொறிவண்டு கண் படுப்பத்,

தேங்காதே புக்கிருந்து சீர்த்த முலைபற்றி வாங்கக்

குடம் நிறைக்கும் வள்ளல் பெரும் பசுக்கள்

நீங்காத செல்வம் நிறைந்தேலோர் எம் பாவாய். (3)

476. The girls come to wake up their friends. They say,
“Let us sing and praise the name of the virtuous lord
who measured the world with his tall form
and let us decorate our Pāvai and bathe it.
If we do that, rain will fall three times a month
without fail all over our land,
paddy in the fields will flourish,
fish will frolic in the fields,
bees will sleep on the buds of the kuvaḷai blossoms
and the cows will not hide their milk
but yield generously to fill up the pots
when the cowherds milk them.
Let riches be abundant!
Come and let us bathe and worship our Pāvai.”

If we sing the praise of Him,
Who grew big and measured the world[7]
And worship our Goddess Pavai,
Then would there be at least three rains a month,
And the red paddy plants would grow big,
And in their fields would the fish swim and play,
And the spotted bees after sipping honey,
To their hearts content,
Would sleep in the flower themselves
After having their fill,
And the cows with big udder
Would fill milk pots to the brim,
And healthy cows and never diminishing wealth,
Would fill the country,
And all this I assure by worship of our Goddess Pavai.

Should we sing the name of the magnanimous

Outgrown and meted the world and assent

To bathe for deity, rain it shall, pour country over

Thrice monthly with no despair;

Shall facilitate tall growth of paddy crop

Carp to jump amidst like aquatic feet,

Spotted bee to perch on lily fair and

Donor cows to stand still, with udders thick

Allow milking to fill vessels copious

To ordain never vanishing wealth bounteous;

Listen and consider our damsel.

To be continued…………………….

Tags- Andal, Tiruppavai, in Pictures, three English Translations, Kausalya Hart, PR Ramachander, Dr Chenni Padmanabhan, Project Madurai , Uppiliappan Temple, Part one

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by Tamil and Vedas on April 3, 2026  •  Permalink
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My Three Country Tour in January-March 2026 (Post.15,563)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,563

Date uploaded in London – 1 April 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

By God’s grace I went to three countries with my wife between January and March 2025 and spent much of the time in visiting new and unseen temples.. I have written detailed articles in Tamil about most of these places; and more articles are in the line.

During this trip, I visited Temples, archaeological monuments, gardens, Tourist spots, Shopping centres, libraries, museums and palaces.

Here is a brief tour plan I followed:

January 2, 2026- departure from London LHR.

January 2, 2026- stayed in Bengaluru.

January 3- stayed in Fortune JP Palace hotel in Mysuru.

Visited Melakote Vishnu temple, Sri Rangapatna Vishnu temple, Chamundeeswary Devi temple etc.

January 4- Mysore Palace, Somnathpur Kesava Temple/Archaeological Monument, Back to Bengaluru in the night.

January 5- Left Bengaluru for Bangkok in Thailand.

January 6, 2026- arrived in Bangkok and stayed in Villa de Kaoshanon Hotel; visited the Royal Palace.

January 7- Had darshan in Mariamman Temple in Bangkok. Did some shopping; also visited one of the oldest Buddhist temples very near out hotel.

January 8- Left for Sydney in Australia.

January 8- reached Sydney just before midnight.

Stay in Australia until 2 March 2026.

January 29- had darshan at Sri Karpaka Vinayakar Temple .

January 31- Sri Durga Kovil and Sri Shirdi Baba Mandir

March 2, 2026 – left for Chennai

March 3 – Chennai shopping

March 4- reached Sri vathsam Divine Inn hotel near Kumbakonam stayed there until 13-3-2026

March 5, 2026- Vaitheeswaran Siva temple,

Mayuranathar temple in Mayiladuthurai

Sivapuram Vedapatasala in Mayiladuthurai

Sarngapani temple, Kumbakonam

Chakrapani temple, Kumbakonam

Nageswarar temple, Kumbakonam

Kumbeswarar temple, Kumbakonam

March 6- Tiruchengattankudi Shiva/ Ganapathy temple

Tiruupugalur Appar/ Shiva temple

Srivanchiyam Shiva temple

March 9, 2026-Thiruvidaimarudur Shiva temple

Tirubhuvanam Shiva temple

Tiruvavaduthurai Shiva temple

Kanchanur Shiva temple/ sukran temple

March 10, 2026- Dharasuram Shiva temple/ Archaeological monument

Adivarahar Vishnu temple – Kumbakonam

March 12, 2026- Uppilappan Vishnu Temple

Ayyavadi Pratyankara/ Shiva temple

Tirunaraiyur Shiva temple / Sani graha shrine

Swarna akarshana Bhairava temple, Sembianvararampal near Ayyavadi

March 13, 2026- Veeranarayana Vishnu Temple, Kattumannar Koil,

Aravinda/Aurobindo Ashram at Puducherry

Manakkula Vinayakar Temple at Puducherry

Puducherry Museum

Back to Chennai in the night.

March 14- Chennai Shopping

March 15- Left Chennai by BA and reached LHR same day afternoon.

I took 500 to 600 pictures during my tour.

–subham-

Tags- My tour, Three countries, India, Australia, Thailand, Hindu temples, museums, palaces, London Swaminathan, January- March 2026., Buddhist temple

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by Tamil and Vedas on April 1, 2026  •  Permalink
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Purananuru Wonders -16, Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia -Part 56; One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 56 (Post.15,558)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,558

Date uploaded in London – 31 March 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

Item 409

Sibi story from Hindu Puranas and epic is repeated here which shows Choza kings came from North West India. Even Buddhists stole this story and incorporated in the Jataka Tales which were older than Sangam Tamil  literature. But Buddhists showed Sibi as Buddha and not as Chozas.

The Sibi Chakravarthi story appears to have adopted by the Chozha kings as theirs.  It is referred to in Puranānūru 37, 39, 43 and 46. 

Chembian in Tamil is derived from Sanskrit Saibhya which is again derived from Sibi.

***

Item 410

Hanging Forts in the sky.

All Tamil interpreters skip this line without explaining.

In fact it is the story of Tripurantaka/Lord Siva.

தூங்கு எயில் எறிந்த நின் ஊங்கணோர் நினைப்பின்,
அடுதல் நின் புகழும் அன்றே; கெடுவின்று

The destruction of the three cities in the sky, known as Tripura or Tripurantaka, is a major mythological theme frequently referenced in Chola-era inscriptions and art to glorify Lord Shiva and, by extension, the Chola kings who claimed to rule under his grace. 

1. The Myth of Tripura in Chola Context

  • The Myth: Three demon sons of Taraka obtained a boon from Brahma to live in three powerful, movable aerial cities (gold, silver, and iron) created by Mayasura. They could only be destroyed when these cities aligned once every thousand years and were struck by a single arrow. Shiva (“Tripurantaka”) shot this arrow.
  • Chola Symbolism: The Chola kings identified with the strength and role of Shiva, projecting themselves as protectors of the cosmic order. The Tripurantaka form of Shiva (Destroyer of the Three Cities) was particularly popular in early Chola art and inscriptions.
  • Significance: It signifies the destruction of evil (“sins”) and the restoration of balance. 

2. Epigraphical and Artistic Evidence

  • Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram: 1500-year-old carvings show a colossal “Tripurantaka Murthi” figure. While early, this set the stage for Chola temple art.
  • Kamarathivalli Temple (Kamarasavalli): Inscriptions here highlight that the temple was heavily supported by monarchs like Rajaraja Chola I, Sundara Chola, and Vikrama Chola, who worshipped Shiva in his various forms.
  • Chola Bronzes: The Norton Simon Museum houses one of the earliest Chola bronzes depicting Shiva as Tripurantaka, highlighting the importance of this story during the early, middle, and late Chola periods. 

  • 3. Connection to Chola Rule
  • Rajaraja I and Gangaikonda Cholapuram: While building his capital, Rajaraja I was heavily influenced by Shaivite traditions. His successors, like Rajendra Chola I, adopted similar ideologies, and inscriptions often describe the king’s victory in terms of divine favor, drawing parallels to the destruction of the three forts (Tripura).
  • Kumbakonam Area: The “Thiruvanaikkaval” area (near Trichy), linked to the Kochengot Chola (a very early king), features Shiva-centered mythology, including stories of transformation and overcoming threats. 

In summary, the story of the “three cities in the sky” (Tripura) represents the triumph of divine justice and is a key ideological theme found in the inscriptions of the Chola dynasty, linking their victories directly to the prowess of Lord Shiva, particularly in his Tripurantaka form. 

***

Item 411 

Uranthai, now Uraiyur near iruchi was famous for the Justice Court that existed during Krikal Choza Time. Then it was destroyed in a sand storm.

My article written in year 2011 is reproduced here: 

Strange as it may look, British judges, magistrates and barristers follow a custom that was started by a Tamil king two thousand years ago. British judges and several others who preside over the courts of justice wear a white wig.

If we go to encyclopaedias they don’t explain why they wear it or when it was exactly started. Ancient Egyptians wore wigs for protecting their heads from the scorching sun. Then Romans and others wore different types of wigs as symbols of aristocracy.

 The British judiciary started wearing wigs from 17th century. Many of the commonwealth countries also followed it. Whenever the reason for the custom is asked many people say that it is the tradition or uniform for professional discipline or it shows experience. Actually it was started by the most famous Tamil king, Karikal Chola two thousand years ago. Crystal clear proof comes from the ancient Tamil Cankam (Sangam) literature.

Karikalan was the greatest of the Tamil kings for three reasons. He ruled vast areas of Tamil-speaking land, subjugating other Tamil kingdoms. He was the first Tamil king who went up to the Himalayas and carved his dynastic emblem there. Till today, there remains a Chola pass in the Himalayas. The second reason was he was a just king and his court of justice in Uraiyur became very famous. Tamil literature praises his justice and gives the story of wigs. And the third reason is the Grand Anaicut he built across the river Cauvery is one of the oldest dam s in the world. 

Though we did not have any historical records scholars have dated him around 1st century BC. He was a boy king – like the Egyptian Tutankhamen. He came to power while he was a teenager.

The Story of Wigs:

One day two elderly people came to his court seeking justice. They had a dispute among themselves. They decided that whatever the Uraiyur court says must be the final settlement. When they came in to court, they were shocked to see a boy sitting as the judge. They were greatly disappointed – which Karikalan felt immediately by looking at their faces. Indeed, the face is the index of the mind.

 Karikalan politely asked the elders to take seats and told them to wait for the ‘judge’ and he went in. The entire assembly was puzzled. Then came an elderly person and sat on the chair. After carefully listening to the arguments of both the sides he gave his judgement. Both of them were immensely happy to hear a fair settlement. Now the assembly wanted to know who the elderly judge was. King Karikalan removed his white hair wig (Narai Mudi in Tamil) and revealed himself.  All applauded the Wisdom of the ‘Solomon of India’.

The proof for the anecdote is in three Tamil books:

1.      Porunar Atruppadai –lines 187-188. Porunar Atruppadai is one of the ten long poems of Tamil Cankam literature dated  between 1st to 3rd century AD

2.      Manimekalai- This is one of the five Tamil epics dated 3rd century AD  

3.      Pazamozi – poem 25 translation:


Nobody can deny the fact that Karikalan was the first one to use white wig in judiciary matters.

*** 

Item 412 Himalayas

Himalayas was not only sacred to Hindus but also a symbol of victory. Chera Choza Pandya kings went up to the northern most and the highest mountain in the world to engrave their symbols. This Ws achieved with the help of Satakarnis, the mighty Satavahana kings. They were friends of the Tamil kings. Tamils of Sangam Age mentioned Himalayas, Ganga and Yamunai but never Indus River/Sindhu. It shows that they have no connection with the Harappan Civilization.

 ***

Item 413 Vanji 

Play on words. Vanji has three meanings: A plant, modern Karur town in Tamil Nadu and a girl who is slim like Vanji creeper.

Here in Puram 39, poetess used it for Vanji city, that is Karur. But she used it by saying Vanji that which will not whither. This is the style of Kalidas, the greatest of the Indian poets. He used to play on words like this.

For instance if he wants to mention the bird Chakravaka, he would saythe bird with the name of a wheel/Chakra. 

வாடா வஞ்சி வாட்டும் – you hurt strong Vanji city which is not the vanji flower that fades (வாடா வஞ்சி – வஞ்சிநகருக்கு வெளிப்படை,  வஞ்சி – இன்றைய கரூர்),

***

Puranānūru 39, Poet Mārōkkathu Nappasalaiyār sang to Chozhan Kulamutrathu Thunjiya Killivalavan 

1
O heir of Chempiyan who removed the pain of a dove by climbing
on a scale with a pointer made of white tusk of an elephant with
dark legs!  Generosity is not the reason for your fame!  

2

If we
think about your ancestors who ruined forts that are hanging high
that are strong and difficult to approach, killing in battles is
not the reason for your fame! 

3

Righteousness has been established
in the court of Uranthai of the Chozhas with martial courage, and
reigning with justice cannot increase your fame!

O Valavan who wins battles with great might, whose arms are like
the crossbars of forts, whose garland is blinding, who owns proud
horses! 

4

How can I describe you, since you have made strong Vanji
wither, and destroyed the Chera king owning tall, well-built chariots,

5

who had placed his protective bow symbol on the Himalayas
with many towering summits with gold?  How can I sing of your great acts?

**** 

புறநானூறு 39, பாடியவர்: மாறோக்கத்து நப்பசலையார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: சோழன் குளமுற்றத்துத் துஞ்சிய கிள்ளிவளவன், திணை: பாடாண், துறை: இயன் மொழி 

1

புறவின் அல்லல் சொல்லிய கறையடி
யானை வான் மருப்பு எறிந்த வெண்கடைக்
கோல் நிறை துலாஅம் புக்கோன் மருக!
ஈதல் நின் புகழும் அன்றே; 

2 

 சார்தல்
ஒன்னார் உட்கும் துன்னரும் கடுந்திறல்  5
தூங்கு எயில் எறிந்த நின் ஊங்கணோர் நினைப்பின்,
அடுதல் நின் புகழும் அன்றே; கெடுவின்று

3

மறங்கெழு சோழர் உறந்தை அவையத்து,
அறம் நின்று நிலையிற்று ஆகலின், அதனால்
முறைமை நின் புகழும் அன்றே; மறம் மிக்கு  10
எழு சமம் கடந்த எழு உறழ் திணி தோள்,
கண்ணார் கண்ணிக் கலிமான் வளவ!

4

யாங்கனம் மொழிகோ யானே, ஓங்கிய
வரை அளந்து அறியாப் பொன்படு நெடுங்கோட்டு
இமையம் சூட்டிய ஏம விற்பொறி,  15
மாண் வினை நெடுந்தேர் வானவன் தொலைய,

5
வாடா வஞ்சி வாட்டும் நின்
பீடுகெழு நோன் தாள் பாடுங்காலே.

****

Item 414 Enemy Kings’ Crowns

Two interesting points are her in Puram verse 40.

Ancient Hindu kings melted the golden crown of the enemy kings and made them their anklets (leg ornaments) or foot stools . Here the anklets are mentioned by the poet. Here we come to know more about the jewellery of ancient Tamil Nadu.

“You have made glittering warrior anklets with the
fine gold crowns of your enemies that you wear on your legs”

Item 415 

A very good description about the paddy Production is revealed in the following lines:

“country where a small space fit for a female elephant produces
food for seven male elephants!”

In fact there is a well known saying

சோழநாடு (சோறுடைத்து): Choza country is famous for rice;

பாண்டிய நாடு (முத்துடைத்து): Pandya country is famous for pearls;

சேர நாடு (வேழமுடைத்து): Chera country is famous for elephants;

தொண்டை நாடு (சான்றோருடைத்து):Thondai country is famous for Scholars

***

Puranānūru 40, Poet Āvūr Moolankizhār sang to Chozhan Kulamutrathu Thunjiya Killivalavan,

You do not respect the fortresses of your enemies who protect
them with martial courage.  You wage wars with them and ruin
them.  You have made glittering warrior anklets with the
fine gold crowns of your enemies that you wear on your legs.

O Mighty King!  We have seen you today and we wish we can
see you always.  May those who sing ill of you bow their necks
and those who sing your praises flourish!   O greatness!
May you, with sweet words be easy to approach, O lord of the
country where a small space fit for a female elephant produces
food for seven male elephants!

புறநானூறு 40, பாடியவர்: ஆவூர் மூலங்கிழார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: சோழன் குளமுற்றத்துத் துஞ்சிய கிள்ளிவளவன், 


நீயே பிறர் ஓம்புறு மறமன் எயில்
ஓம்பாது கடந்து அட்டு, அவர்
முடி புனைந்த பசும் பொன்னின்
அடி பொலியக் கழல் தைஇய
வல்லாளனை, வய வேந்தே!  5
யாமே நின் இகழ் பாடுவோர் எருத்து அடங்கப்,
புகழ் பாடுவோர் பொலிவு தோன்ற,
இன்று கண்டாங்குக் காண்குவம், என்றும்
இன் சொல் எண் பதத்தை ஆகுமதி பெரும!
ஒரு பிடி படியுஞ் சீறிடம்  10
எழு களிறு புரக்கும் நாடு கிழவோயே!

அவர் முடி புனைந்த பசும் பொன்னின் – with their crowns made of gold, அடி பொலிய – feet to be beautiful, feet to glow, கழல் தைஇய – made war anklets out of them

O Greatness, ஒரு பிடி படியும் சீறிடம் எழு களிறு புரக்கும் நாடு கிழவோயே – O lord of the country where a small space necessary for a female elephant protects (grows food for) seven male elephants .

To be continued………………..

Tags- Puranaanuru Wonders -16, Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia -Part 56, One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 56 , Sibi, Karikalan, Wigs, Uraiyur, Tamil jewellery, item 415, hanging forts, hanging cities

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April 2026 Calendar with more Quotes from Kanchi Shankaracharya (Post No.15,557)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,557

Date uploaded in London – 31 March 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

In November 2022 Calendar I posted 30 quotes under  Kanchi Shankaracharya’s Golden Sayings (Post.11,395); now I add more quotes from the 68th Jagadguru of the Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham, Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal 1894-1994 (popularly known as Maha Periyava or the Kanchi Paramacharya).

***

Festivals- April 1 Panguni Uththiram; 3 Good Friday;5 Easter ;14 Tamil New Year ; 20 Akshaya Trtyai; 21 Sankara Jayanti; 22 Ramanuja Jayanti; 28 Madurai Meenakshi Kalyanam; 30 Narasimha Jayanti.

***

Amavasyai-17; Purnima-2; Ekaadasi Fasting Days 13,27

***

Muhurta/ Auspiscious Days

April 20,  23,  30;

(also 6, 12, 13, 16)

***

April 1 Wednesday

The Vedas are eternal and the source of all creations. The Vedas are also notable for the lofty truths that find expression in the mantras.

***

April 2 Thursday

The remarkable about the Vedas is that they are of values much for their sound as for their verbal content. While the sound has its own creative power, the words are notable for the exalted character of the meaning they convey.

***

April 3 Friday

There are mantras that are especially valuable for their sound but are otherwise meaning less. Similarly, there are works pregnant with meaning but with no special Mantrik power.

***

April 4 Saturday

The Vedas indeed constitute the apex of our law books.

***

April 5 Sunday

What is a Yajna ? it is the performance of a religious duty involving Agni, the sacrificial power with the chanting of Mantra.

***

 April 6 Monday

The concept of Yajnas not present in other systems of worship. There is a big difference between our religion, the Vedic Mata, and other faiths.

***

April 7 Monday

An important difference between the Vedic religion and other faiths is this: while followers of other religions worship one God, we worship many deities and make offerings to them.

***

April 8 Wednesday

The Vedas proclaim that the one Brahman, call it Truth or Reality, is manifested as so many different devatas or deities.  Since each devata is extolled  as Paramatman we know for certain that monotheism  is a Vedic tenet.

***

April 9 Thursday

The Vedic sacrifices have a threefold purpose. The first is to earn the blessings of the deities so that we as well other creatures may be happy in this world.

***

April 10 Friday

The second is, to ensure after our death we will live happily in the world of the celestials.

***

April 11 Saturday

The third purpose is the most important and it is achieved by performing the sacrifices (Yajnas), as taught by the Bhagavad Gita, without any expectation of rewards. Here we desire neither happiness in this world nor residence in the paradise.

***

April 12 Sunday

Many matters pertaining to the Vedas may not seem to be in conformity with science and for that reason they are not to be treated as wrong.

***

 April 13 Monday

Money is not essential to the performance of the rites enjoined by the sastras nor is pomp and circumstance essential to worship. Even tried Tulsi and BilVa leaves are enough to perform puja.

***

April 14 Monday

Sages transcended the frontiers of human knowledge and became one with the universal reality. It is through them that the world received the Vedic mantras.

***

Kanchi Shankaracharaya visited Madurai Dinamani office at the request of my father V Sanatanm, News Editor, Dinamani, Madurai.

April 15 Wednesday

The noble characters who figure in the puranas serve as an ideal for all of us to follow. When we read their stories, we are inspired by their examples.

***

April 16 Thursday

Manu Parasara, Yajnavalkya, Gautama, Harita, Yama Vishnu Sankha, Likhita Brhaspati, Daksha, Angiras Pracetas, Samvarta Acanas Atri Apastamba and Saataatapa are the eighteen sages who mastered Vedas with their superhuman power and derived the smritis/ law books from them.

***

April 17 Friday

Apart from these 18 Smritis,  there are 18 subsidiary smritis called upa smritis. It is customary to include Bhagavad Gita among the smritis.

***

April 18 Saturday

If we call ourselves Hindus we must bear certain external marks , outward symbols. Now we have come to such a pass that nobody wears any of the external marks of our religion.

***

April 19 Sunday

People ask me why should not the sasrtas be changed to suit our times. The Vedic word cannot and must not be changed at any time and on any account. The same applies to the rules and laws laid down in the smritis/law books of Hindus.

***

 April 20 Monday

The greatest of the mahakavis, Kalidasa makes a reference to the smritis in his Raghuvamsa. Sudakshina , of matchless purity and character, following her husband Dilipa is likened to the smritis  closely following the Vedas.

***

April 21 Monday

To discriminate between Sruti and Smriti is not correct. Sankara is said to be the abode of the three Sruti Smriti  Purananam alayam- abode of Sruti, Smritis, Puranams;  if the three were at variance with one another, how can they exist together in harmony in the same person?

***

April 22 Wednesday

In the Puranas the Vedic truths are illustrated in the form of stories.

***

April 23 Thursday

We speak of three worlds: Deva loka/ world of celestials, Manushyaloka (world of ours) and Naraka (hell)

***

April 24 Friday

A man’s actions, his works, together with his character, determine his passage to other worlds. Only in this Karmabhumi can we perfect our character by performing virtuous acts and thus qualify to go to another world.

***

Kanchi Shankaracharaya visited Madurai Dinamani office at the request of my father V Sanatanm, News Editor, Dinamani, Madurai.

April 25 Saturday

Pura means in the past. That which gives an account of what happened in the past is a purana, even though it may contain predictions about future also.

***

April 26 Sunday

Ramayana and Mahabharata are two Ithihsams. Iti-haa- asam – means it happened thus. The haa in the middle means without doubt, truly. So an Itihaasa means a true story, the word can also mean thus speak they

***

 April 27 Monday

Our nation, it is often alleged, does not have a sense of history. In my opinion the Puranas are history. History must be taught along with lessons in dharma; then alone will it serve the purpose of bringing people to the right path.

***

April 28 Monday

According to the sastras, Vyasa composed the Puranas 5000 years ago, at the beginning of the age of kali, but they must have existed before him also. In the Chandogya Upanishad,  Narada speaks about the subjects learned by him and they include the Puranas. From this we infer that they must have existed during the time of the Vedas and the Upanishads.

***

April 29 Wednesday

I regard Vyasa as the first journalist, the ideal for all newspapermen of today.  He composed the puranas and made a gift of that great treasure to humanity.

***

April 30 Thursday

Vyasa composed the Puranas in 400,000 granthas.  A grantha is a stanza consisting of 32 syllables. Of these Skanda purana alone accounts for 100,000. It is perhaps the world’s biggest literary work. The remaining 17 puranas add up to 300,000 granthas. Apart from them Vyasa composed the Mahabharata , also nearly , 100,000 granthas.

–subham—

Tags- April 2026, Calendar, Sayings, Kanchi Swamikal, Sankaracharya, Maha periyava, 1894-1994, paramacharya, Vedas, Puranas, Itihasa

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HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 44; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-44 (Post.15,554)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,554

Date uploaded in London – 30 March 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

Words beginning with letter KA continues…………………………….

Tamil version will be posted tomorrow

***

Kanishka

Kanishka  was a 2nd-century CE emperor of the Kushan dynasty who reigned around 127–150 CE. Known for his extensive military conquests, his empire stretched from Central Asia and Gandhara to Pataliputra, with capitals at Purushapura (Peshawar) and Mathura. He was a major patron of Buddhism, hosting the Fourth Buddhist Council and facilitating its spread along the Silk Road

***

Kanva Maharishi

Kanva is celebrated as the hermit who found the infant Shakuntala surrounded by Sakuntas (birds) in the wilderness, protected her, and raised her in his beautiful ashram (hermitage) on the banks of the river Malini. He is referred to as the foster father who enabled her union with King Dushyanta.

He is identified as the son of Rishi Medhatithi and is associated with the lineage of the Rishi Kashyapa, The name “Kanva” also signifies a Vedic school associated with the White Yajurveda (Kanva-Samhita), which includes 40 chapters and 2,086 verses.

***

Kartikeya

Kārttikeya (कार्त्तिकेय) is the name of Śiva’s son born for the purpose of slaying the asura Tāraka and to protect the realm of Indra .

Kārttikeya was born out of the fire having six faces. Accordingly, “When thus addressed by Śiva, the goddess (Umā) worshipped Gaṇeśa, and the fire became pregnant with that germ of Śiva. Then, bearing that embryo of Śiva, the fire shone even in the day as if the sun had entered into it. And then it discharged into the Ganges the germ difficult to bear, and the Gaṇas, by the order of Śiva, placed it in a sacrificial cavity on Mount Meru; it became a boy with six faces.”

The name Kārttikeya is derived from the fact he was nursed by the breasts of the six Kṛttikās.

***

Kartavirya

Kārtavīrya (कार्तवीर्य).—The son of Kṛtavīrya and king of the Haihayas, who ruled at Māhiṣmatī. Having worshipped Dattāttreya, he obtained from him several boons, such as a thousand arms, a golden chariot that went wheresoever he willed it to go, the power of restraining wrong by justice, conquest of earth, invincibility by enemies. According to the Vāyu Purāṇa he ruled justly and righteously for 85 years and offered sacrifices. He was a contemporary of Rāvaṇa whom he once captured and confined like a beast in a corner of his city;  Kārtavīrya was slain by Paraśurāma for having carried off by violence the Kāmadhenu of his  father Jamadagni. Kārtavīrya is also known by the name Sahasrārjuna.

***

Kapila

The great sage Kapila had chosen the netherworld to perform a terrible penance. At this time, the king Sagara had been performing the Ashwamedha (horse) sacrifice, but the sacrifical horse had wandered away. As the horse had strayed near the hermitage of sage Kapila, the 60,000 sons of Sagara came there in search of it.

The din caused by the arrival disturbed the sage, but he still did not open his eyes. When the sons of Sagara saw that the horse was there, they mistakenly assumed that Kapila was responsible for its theft. They started insulting the sage. At last, the sage could not bear it any longer. He opened his in wrath. Such was the potency of his gaze, that all the sons of Sagara were burned to ashes on the spot

Kapila is a revered ancient sage in Hindu tradition, best known as the founder of the Sāṅkhya school of philosophy, which analyses matter and spirit; he is the son of Kardama Muni and Devahūti. Kapila is associated with Satya-yuga .

Famous Sangam Tamil poet name is also Kapila; that Brahmin poet contributed the largest number of poems in Sangam literature.

***

Kasi

Kāśī has been known for centuries under five different names, viz., Vārāṇasī (modern Banaras), Kāśī, Avimukta, Ānandakānana and Śmaśāna or Mahāśmaśāna.

Kāsī is one of the sixteen Mahājanapadas of the Majjhimadesa (Middle Country) of ancient India, as recorded in the Pāli Buddhist texts 

It is situated on the left side of the river Ganga. As it is situated between the river Varuna and Ashi, it is known as Varanasi

Before the time of the Buddha, Kāsī was a great political power.

One of the oldest sacred places of learning in India. The Purāṇic name of the modern city of Benares in the North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Ambā, Ambikā and Ambālikā were abducted by Bhīṣma from this city, according to Mahabharata.

The Kashi Vishwanath Temple, located in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, is one of India’s most sacred Hindu temples, dedicated to Lord Shiva. It houses one of the 12 Jyotirlingas, featuring a 2-foot-high black stone lingam. It is one of the Seven Sacred Cities of India.

***

Katopanishad

The Katha Upanishad is a collection of philosophical poems representing a conversation between the sage Naciketas and Yama (God of death). They discuss the nature of Atman, Brahman and Moksha (liberation). The book is made up of six sections (Valli). Adi Sankara wrote a commentary.

This commentary by Shankara focuses on ‘Advaita Vedanta’, or non-dualism.

***

Kaurava

Kaurava is a Sanskrit term referring to descendant of Kuru, a legendary king of India who is the ancestor of many of the characters of the epic Mahabharata. Usually, the term is used for the 100 sons of King Dhritarashtra and his wife Gandhari.

The descendants of King Kuru who fought against the Pāṇḍavas in the Battle of Kurukṣetra.

From Dhṛtarāṣṭra, Duryodhana and his brothers were born and from Pāṇḍu were born the Pāṇḍavas. All members born in the family of Kuru were known as Kauravas. But later, the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra came to be known by the name ‘Kauravas’

***

Kaushika

 Kaushika is a Sanskrit term with multiple meanings, primarily referring to a descendant of Kusha, frequently used as a name for  Sage Vishvamitra: Often synonymous with Vishvamitra, who was originally a king (Kaushika) of Kanyakubja before becoming a Brahmarishi  Refers to the lineage or clan founded by the sons of Vishvamitra, noted for ascetic virtues and intermarriage with various Rishis.

The Story of Kaushika: A narrative involving a scholarly brahmin who is taught that duty and virtue, regardless of station, are superior to arrogant learning, often linked to the story of the virtuous butcher (Dharmavyadha).

Means “derived from the cocoon of a silkworm”; a gotra name; another meaning owl. Poets belonging to Kausika Gotra are in Sangam Tamil literature.

***

Kausalya

1) Kausalyā (कौसल्या).—A queen of King Daśaratha and mother of Śrī Rāma. Daśaratha had three wives Kausalyā, Kaikeyī and Sumitrā. Kausalyā gave birth to Śrī Rāma, Kaikeyī to Bharata and Sumitrā to Lakṣmaṇa and Śatrughna. (Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa, Bāla Kāṇḍa, Sarga 16).

2) Kausalyā (कौसल्या).—Queen of the King of Kāśī. Ambā, Ambikā, and Ambālikā were daughters of this Kausalyā. Of these daughters Ambālikā also was called Kausalyā. After the death of Pāṇḍu she went to the forest with Ambikā. (Mahābhārata Ādi Parva, Chapter 129).

To be continued………….

Tags-  Kanishka, Kapia, Kasi, Kaurava, Part 44, HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 44; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-44

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by Tamil and Vedas on March 30, 2026  •  Permalink
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Posted by Tamil and Vedas on March 30, 2026

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