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HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL – 39; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-39 (Post.15,457)


Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,457

Date uploaded in Sydney, Australia –  26 February 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

xxxx  

ஆங்கில எழுத்து K- ல் துவங்கும் சொற்கள்

Words beginning with “K”. (Tamil Version will be posted tomorrow)

Kalidasa (kaalidaasa)

Kalidasa is widely considered to be the greatest Indian poet and playwright of all time. He wrote in Sanskrit. There are seven works written by him-two epic poems, two shorter poems and three plays. They are 1.Raghu Vamsa (dynasty of Raghu),2.Kumara Sambhava (Birth of Kumara, 3.Megha Duta (Cloud Messenger),4.Ritu Samhara (Cluster of Sesons), 5.Malavikagnimitram (Malavika and Agnimitra),6.Abijnana Shakuntala (The recognition of Shakuntala) and 7.Vikramorvasiya (Urvasi won by valour).His master piece was Shakuntala.

The age of Kalidasa has been debated for long. He could have lived anytime between 2nd century BC and 4th Century AD. Though the western scholars have placed him in the period of Gupta dynasty, Indians believe that he lived in the time of the great Indian King Vikramaditya who started his own Vikrama era in 56 BCE. Kalidasa was one of the Nine Jewels (Navaratna) of Vikramaditya’s court.

My research into Tamil Cankam (also known as Sangam) literature shows that Kalidasa lived sometime before the birth of Christ. Tamil poets have used a lot of his similes. Kalidasa was most famous for his apt similes. The Sanskrit poets praised him as Upama Kalidasasya: ( Kalidasa owns similes).Tamil poets have used lot of common Indian/ Hindu beliefs. The source may be different ancient Indian works. But there are very clear indications to show that the poets have got them from Kalidasa’s works. There are over 200 similarities between the works of Kalidasa and the Sangam Tamil works. No one can reject them as coincidences or of pan Indian origin.

Seven Books—40,000 words—93 commentaries for three of his works—he beat Shakespeare in writing poetry+ dramas+ Epics+  stotras (Shyamaladandakam) and usage of similes. He covered the history of 29 kings in Raghuvamsam. He used 1250 similes! He gives a description of a vast geographical area from Iran to Indonesia! He called the Himalayas “the measuring rod of earth” even before George Everest told the world the height of Everest Peak!!! An amazing poet the world has ever produced. First poet to write a travelogue called Meghadutam in Sanskrit and first poet to report the progress o South West Monsoon from South India to Himalayas.

First poet to link Pandyas and Agastya, which is the foundation of Tamil History.

***

Kalpa

Kalpa (कल्प) refers to “one day in the life of Lord Brahmā. It is equivalent to one thousand catur-yugas. Each catur-yuga is one cycle of the four yugas: Satya, Dvāpara, Tretā and Kali, totalling 4,320,000,000 years.

It signifies a period of creation, duration, and destruction of the universe.

One of the six Vedāṅgas, i. e. that which lays down the ritual and prescribes rules for ceremonial and sacrificial acts; शिक्षा कल्पो व्याकरणम् (śikṣā kalpo vyākaraṇam) Muṇdtod; 1.1.5 see under वेदाङ्ग (vedāṅga).

The doctrine of poisons and antidotes.

 One of the trees of paradise; cf. कल्पद्रुम (kalpadruma).

***

Kalpakavriksa- Wish fulfilling tree

Kalpavṛkṣa (कल्पवृक्ष).—A tree in Devaloka. It has the power of giving any object that one wishes to get. There are five Kalpavṛkṣas in Devaloka. Their names are: Mandāra, Pārijāta, Santāna, Kalpavṛkṣa and Haricandana.

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Kama (kaama)

Wish, desire; this Sanskrit word is used throughout ancient Tamil literature.

Kāma means desire, wish, longing in Indian literature. Kāma often connotes sexual desire and longing in contemporary literature, but the concept more broadly refers to any desire, wish, passion, longing, pleasure of the senses, the aesthetic enjoyment of life, affection, or love, with or without sexual connotations.

Love or desire of sensual enjoyments, considered as one of the ends of life (puruṣārtha); cf. अर्थ (artha) and अर्थकाम (arthakāma).

Dharama, Artha, Kama, Moksha are the four values that Hindus should aim for.

***

Kama – God of Love

 Kama is the God of Love and Lust. He is also referred to as Manamatha. He is the most handsome among both men and Gods. He is equivalent to the Greek/Roman Cupid. He uses a bow of sugarcane, and shoots flower tipped arrows at humans to make them fall in love. He is married to Rati, one of the daugters of Daksha.

***

Kāmaśāstra (कामशास्त्र) refers to the “science of erotics”.

Kamasutra

Kāmasūtra (कामसूत्र).—

 Name of an erotic work by Vātsyāyana.

First book on sex in the world. Vatsyayana wrote it in Sanskrit. First book in the world which prescribed educational syllabus for women.

“ A woman should study even before reaching adolescence, and then, once married should continue her studies with her husband.” ( Sutra 2, Chapter 3, Kamasutra of Vatsyayana)

Vatsyayana, the Brahmin author of Kamasutra listed all the 64 arts that a woman should learn. Tamil and Sanskrit poets referred to this 64 arts in their poems. Goddess Sarasvati is the source of those 64 subjects.

Kāmasūtra (कामसूत्र) (lit. “principles of love”’) is an ancient Indian Sanskrit text on sexuality, eroticism and emotional fulfillment in life.—The Kāmasūtra is a Sūtra-genre text with terse aphoristic verses that have survived into the modern era with different bhāṣyas (exposition and commentaries). The Kāmasūtra acknowledges the Hindu concept of Puruṣārthas, and lists desire, sexuality, and emotional fulfilment as one of the proper goals of life. Its chapters discuss methods for courtship, training in the arts to be socially engaging, finding a partner, flirting, maintaining power in a married life, when and how to commit adultery, sexual positions, and other topics.

***

Kamadhenu- Wish fulfilling Cow

Kamadhenu is the wish fulfilling cow. The picture and statues of Kamadhenu are in Hindu houses and temples.

It refers to the “celestial cow” also known as Surabhi (सुरभि Surabhī).

Kamadhenu, the divine “cow of plenty” originating from the Churning of the Ocean, is revered as a symbol of abundance and divinity with the power to fulfil desires. According to tradition, she is depicted with various divine attributes, serves as a protective force for sages, and is worshipped for prosperity and to bring good luck to homes and businesses

Kāmadhenu (कामधेनु) was the mythical cow of Vasiṣṭha which satisfies all desires, cow of plenty (= surabhi).

***

Karma

“Karma” (Sanskrit: कर्म) primarily means action, work, or deed, acting as the fundamental spiritual principle of cause and effect in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It governs the moral law of actions, shaping future destiny, rebirth, and experiences, often categorized into Sanchita (accumulated), Prarabdha (fruiting), and Agamya or Kriyamana (current). 

Karma (कर्म) refers to “action”, “deed”.—1) any action or deed; 2) the principle of cause and effect; 3) a consequence or “fruit of action” (karmaphala) or “after effect” (uttaraphala), which sooner or later returns upon the doer. What we sow, we shall reap in this or future lives. Selfish, hateful acts (pāpakarma or kukarma) will bring suffering. Benevolent actions (puṇya-karma or sukarma) will bring loving reaction.

Karma is three fold:—sañcita,prārabda, kriyamāṇa (or āgāmi)

Also any religious act or rite (as sacrifice, oblation etc., [especially] as originating in the hope of future recompense.

Karman (कर्मन्).—[neuter] action, deed, work, [especially] holy work, sacrifice, rite; result, effect; organ of sense; the direct object ([grammar]); fate, destiny.

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Karmendriya

Karmendriya (कर्मेन्द्रिय):—[from karma > karman] n. an organ of action (five in number like the five organs of sense, viz. hand, foot, larynx/ogan of voice, organ of generation, and excretion).

The Five Faculties of Action (Karmendriya):

  1. vak-tattva: speech (voice)
  2. pani-tattva: grasping (hands)
  3. pada-tattva: walking (feet)
  4. payu-tattva: excretion (anus)
  5. upastha-tattva: procreation (genitals)

Speaking, Grasping, Moving About, Excreting and Sexual Activities are the Soul’s Powers of responding to and interacting with, the external World.

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Karta

Karta (Sanskrit: कर्ता, kartā) primarily refers to the “doer,” “agent,” or “creator” of an action. It is a term deeply rooted in Indian philosophy, grammar, and traditional law, representing the individual responsible for bringing about change or taking initiative.

 It is a foundational concept in Indian philosophy, grammar, and art, embodying initiative and responsibility.

Sanskrit Grammar (Vyakarana): Karta is the agent or subject of an action.

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Khadira

Khadira (खदिर)—Sanskrit word for a plant (Acacia catechu).

Khadira (खदिर) is mentioned frequently from the Rigveda1 onwards as a tree with hard wood—the Acacia catechu. The Aśvattha is referred to as engrafting itself upon it in the Atharvaveda, and from it the climbing plant Arundhatī is said to have sprung.

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Kavya (kaavya)

Kāvya (काव्य).

A poem; महाकाव्यम् (mahākāvyam); मेघदूतं नाम काव्यम् (meghadūtaṃ nāma kāvyam) .  Poetics, poetry, a poetical composition

 Prophetic, inspired, poetical; अशंसीत् काव्यः कविः (aśaṃsīt kāvyaḥ kaviḥ) Ṛgveda 8.8.11.

 Name of Śukra, preceptor of the Asuras.

Mahākāvya (महाकाव्य):— the Raghu-vaṃśa, Kumārasambhava and Megha-dūta by Kālidāsa, the Śiśupāla-vadha by Māgha, the Kirātārjunīya by Bhāravi and the Naiṣadha-carita by Śrī-harṣa; [according to] to some the Bhaṭṭi-kāvya is also a Mahakavya.

In Tamil Five Great Epics (Tamil: Aimperumkāppiyaṅkaḷ) are:

Cilappatikāram (or Silappadikaram), Maṇimēkalai, Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi (or Jivak Chintamani), Vaḷayāpati (or Valayapathi), Kuṇṭalakēci (or Kundalakesi)

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Karakam- Tamil Folk Dance

Karakam, or Karagaattam, is a traditional, ancient folk dance from Tamil Nadu, India, performed to honour the rain goddess Mariamman. It features dancers balancing decorated pots (karakam) on their heads while performing intricate movements, acrobatics, and sometimes balancing on a rolling wooden block.

Though associated with religious festivals, nowadays they are part of cultural and political processions.

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Kavadi (kaavadi)

This semi-circular decorated canopy supported with wooden cross-pieces is called a kavadi, meaning ‘burden’ or ‘load’.

A kavadi is a ceremonial, often ornate, wooden or metal arch decorated with peacock feathers, flowers, and photos of Hindu deities, carried by devotees of Lord Murugan as an act of penance, gratitude, or devotion,  during the Thaipusam and other Murugan (Skanda/Kartikeya) festivals. It represents a “burden” or sacrifice, often involving fasting, rituals, and sometimes body piercings with hooks or skewers, particularly in Malaysia, Singapore, and Tamil Nadu.

Devotees carry the kavadi to fulfill vows, seek blessings for health or success, or express gratitude to Lord Murugan, the Hindu god of war and wisdom.

Types of Kavadi:

Paal Kavadi: A simple, less painful offering involving pots of milk (paal) carried on a wooden pole.

Alagu Kavadi: A more complex, heavy structure often attached to the body via hooks and spikes piercing the skin (alagu means small spears).

Sangili Kavadi: Involves dragging heavy chariot or metal structures via chains attached to the body.

During the procession, devotees often enter a trance-like state, facilitated by the rhythmic, loud, and intense drumming (urumi melam) and chanting of “Vel Vel” (referring to Lord Murugan’s spear).

In Malaysia, devotees often ascend 272 steps to the shrine in the Batu Caves during Thaipusam. Other famous Murugan temples are also on hills. They also climb the steps.

Gangajal taken in Kavadi poles

TO BE CONTINED……………….

–SUBHAM—

TAGS- Karakam, Kavadi, Kalpa, Kalidasa, HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL – 39, இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-39 

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HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL –36; இந்துமத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-36 (Post No.15,443)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,443

Date uploaded in Sydney, Australia –  21 February 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

ஆங்கில எழுத்து J- ல் துவங்கும் சொற்கள்

Words beginning with “J”.

Tamil version will be posted tomorrow

 J

JANARDHANA

Janardhana (Sanskrit: जनार्दन) appears as the 126th name in the Vishnu Sahasranama. It is a highly significant epithet of Lord Vishnu (and specifically Krishna), highlighting his role as the protector of devotees and the destroyer of evil

Meaning- “One Who Bestows Boons On One And All”

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JAGADGURU

Meaning: “Preceptor of The Universe”

used as an epithet of Brahmā and Siva in Siva Purana.

Used as an epithet of a name of Brahman, Viṣhṇu, Śiva, Rāma, [Rāmāyaṇa] 3, 6, 18.

Jagadguru is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms jagat and guru (गुरु).

In Tamil Nadu Kanchi Shankaracharya (1894-1994) was also called Jagadguru

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JAINA

Meaning – A Jaina, a follower of Jaina doctrines.

In Tamil they are called Samana or Amana. Because of their political involvement in converting Pallava and Pandya kings, they were severely criticised by Saivite saints who lived 1400 years ago. They have made a huge contribution to Tamil Literature in the middle period. Earlier Tamil epic Silappadikaram praised them.

JAINISM

A heterodox school of Indian philosophy that perceives the world as transitory and does not advocate dependence on an almighty God for existence. It views the world as transitory and self-existent, rejecting the notion of an almighty God who dictates existence.

 In Jainism there are 24 Tirtankaras; a Tirthankara is a highly revered spiritual teacher. They are enlightened beings who establish a path to liberation, guide followers, and found a “tirtha,” or ford, to help individuals cross the cycle of rebirths. These figures, like Mahavira, are considered the highest order of spiritual teachers, with 24 recognized for their teachings. They are often associated with significant dreams, and their birth and teachings are central to the spiritual tradition, representing the pinnacle of spiritual attainment.

List of 24 Tirthankars

No       Name Father            Mother          Birth Place

1.        Rishabhadev  or Adinath              Nabhi Maru Devi    Ayodhya

2.        Ajitnath         JitSatru          Vijaya Ayodhya

3.        Sambhavnath          Jitari   Sena   Shravasti

4.        Abhinandan Swami            Samvar          Siddhartha   Ayodhya

5.        Sumatinath Megharath   Mangla Devi Ayodhya

6.        Padmaprabha          Shridhar        Susima Devi Kaushambhi

7.        Suparshvanath        Pratishtha     Prithvi Devi  Varanasi

8.        Chandraprabha       Mahasen       Lakshmana   Chandrapuri

9.        Suvidhinath  Pushpadanta           Sugriva          Rama Rani    Kakandi

10.      Shitaltnath   Dradharath  Nanda Rani  Bhadrilpur

11.      Shreyansnath          Vishnu           Vishnu Devi  Simhapuri

12.      Vasupujya Swami i Vasupujya     Jaya Devi       Champapuri

13.      Vimalnath     Krutavarma  Shyama Devi            Kampilyapur

14.      Anantnath    Simhasen      Suyasha         Ayodhya

15.      Dhramnath   Bhanu            Suvrata          Ratnapur

16.      Shantinath    Vishvasen     Achira Hastinapur

17.      Kunthunath and      Surasen         Shree Devi    Hastinapur

18.      Arahnath      Sudarshan    Devi Rani      Hastinapur

19.      Mallinath      Kumbha        Prabhavati    Mithila

20.      Munisuvrat Sumitra         Padmavati    Rajgruhi

21.      Naminath     Vijay   Vipra  Mithila

22.      Arishtanemi             Samudravijay          Shiva Devi     Dwarka

23.      Parshvanath and     Ashvasen      Vama Devi    Varanasi

24.      Mahavir  Siddharatha      Trishala         Kshatriya Kund

Mahavir was senior to Buddha and lived in the Sixth Century BCE.

There are two sects in Jainism- Digamabaras, and Svetambaras

Meaning —Digambara (“sky-clad”) and Śvētāmbara (“white-clad”)—which separated around the 4th century BCE due to differences in ascetic practices and scriptural interpretation. Digambara monks renounce all clothing, while Śvētāmbara monks wear white robes

Jains are strict vegetarians.

***

JAMBHUDWIPA

Mentioned in Mahabharata, Asokan inscriptions and Sangam Tamil Literature. One of the seven regions on earth.

In Tamil it is called Naavalam Tivu. Name is derived from Jambu Tree (Indian Blackberry; in Tamil Naaval)

One of the Purāṇically famous Saptadvīpas (seven continents). These seven continents are embankments separating the seven seas. Jambūdvīpa, Krauñcadvīpa, Śākadvīpa and Puṣkaradvīpa are included in the seven islands.These are the seven major mountains in Jambūdvīpa:

Himavān, Hemakūṭa, Niṣadha, Meru, Nīla, Gandhamādana,Mālyavān.

***

JAMADAGNI

Jamadagni (जमदग्नि):—Son of Satyavatī (daughter of king Gādhi) and sage Ṛcīka. He married Reṇukā, the daughter of Reṇu. Many sons, headed by Vasumān, were born from the womb of Reṇukā. The youngest of them was named Rāma, or Paraśurāma. (see Bhāgavata Purāṇa 9.15.4-11)

Also mentioned in the Mahābhārata (cf. I.60.46) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places. 

Renuka was such very devoted wife and the power of her chastity was manifest. Such was this power, that she used to fetch water from the river in a pot made of unbaked clay every day. The pot would hold together because of her devotion to her husband.

***

JANAKA

Janaka (जनक) is the name of a famous king of Videha or Mithilā, foster-father of Sītā. He was remarkable for his great knowledge, good works, and holiness. After the abandonment of Sītā by Rāma, he became an anchorite-indifferent to pleasure or pain-and spent his time in philosophical discussions. The sage याज्ञवल्क्य (yājñavalkya) was his priest and adviser.

Shatapatha Brahmana and the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad mention King Janaka (c. 8th century BCE) as a great philosopher-king of Videha, renowned for his patronage of Vedic culture and philosophy, and whose court was an intellectual center for Brahmin sages such as Yajnavalkya

***

JANAKI

Daughter of Janaka; another name of Sita Devi.

***

JANAMEJAYA & JARATKARU

Many people and places had this name according to Mahabharata. But the most famous was the son of Parikshit.

Name of a celebrated king of Hastināpura, son of Parīkṣit, the grandson of Arjuna. [His father died, being bitten by a serpent; and Janamejaya, determined to avenge the injury, resolved to exterminate the whole serpent-race. He accordingly instituted a serpent sacrifice, and burnt down all serpents except Takṣaka, who was saved only by the intercession of the sage Astika, at whose request the sacrifice was closed. Brahmins recite a mantra in the daily Sandhyavandana recalling this anecdote.

The first of the four sons of Parīkṣit and Irāvatī.1 Father of Śatānīka.2 Finding that the death of his father was predicted to be by the snake Takṣaka, he performed a sarpa yāga to destroy all snakes. All except Takṣaka came, the latter being sheltered by Indra. At this Takṣaka and Indra were invoked together. Advised by Bṛhaspati to refrain from the cruel yāga, Janamejaya agreed; with the aid of Tura, the priest, he performed Aśvamedha and other sacrifices; after anointing his son on the throne he went into the woods for penance.

Sandhya Vandana mantra

The snakes acceded to his request and said, “He who recites the following need not have any fear from us:

‘I call to mind the famous Astika born of Jaratkaru, that Astika who saved the snakes from the snake-sacrifice. Therefore it behoves you not to bite me. O snakes of virulent poison, remember the words of Astika after the snake sacrifice of Janamejaya. You shall be blessed‘.

That snake who does not cease from biting even after hearing such mention of Astika, shall have his hood divided a hundredfold like the fruit of Sinsa tree”.

(Source: Adi Parva, Chapter 58)

नर्मदायै नमः प्रातः नर्मदायै नमो निशि

नमोऽस्तु नर्मदे तुभ्यं त्राहि मां विषसर्पदः

सर्पापसर्प भद्रं त गच्छ सर्प महाविष।

Alternative line

Apasarapa sarapa bhadram te duram gachcha mahaayasaah

जनमेजयस्य यज्ञान्ते आस्तीकवचं स्मर।।

जरत्कार्वोर्जरत्कर्वां समुत्पन्न महायशाः

अस्तीक सत्यसन्धो मां पन्नगेभ्यो अभिरक्षतु

पन्नगेभ्यो अभिरक्षतु om nama iti.

MEANING

O Narmada, I offer you salutations in the morning & night (during sandhya vandana); Protect me from poisonous snakes

Astika, born of muni Jaratkaru and his wife of the same name, was a great soul. He, the protector of the truth, will protect me from the serpents.

***

JAPA

Japa (जप):—n. recitation; the practice of reciting mantras quietly/silently on prayer beads;Japa (जप).— Muttering, whispering.

2) Repeating passages of the Veda or names of deities &c.; Manusmṛti 3.74; Y.1.22.

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JATAKARMA

Jātakarman (जातकर्मन्).—n. a ceremony performed at the birth of a child; Manusmṛti 2.27,29; R.3.18. A ceremony performed when the navel string is divided, touching the infant’s tongue thrice with ghee, with appropriate prayers.

One of the Forty Samskaras (or Sixteen/Shodasa) from Birth to Death of a Hindu.

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JATI

Jāti (जाति).—1) Birth, production, सङ्कुलं जलजातिभिः (saṅkulaṃ jalajātibhiḥ) Rām.3.11.6; Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1.38; Manusmṛti 2.148;

2) The form of existence fixed by birth. 3) Race, family, lineage, rank.

4) A caste, tribe or class (of men); (the primary castes of the Hindus are only four :-brāhmaṇa, kṣatriya, vaiśya and śūdra).

5) A class, genus, kind, species

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JAYADRATHA

Jayadratha (जयद्रथ).—A king of the Sindhu district and brother-in-law of Duryodhana, having married Duhśalā, daughter of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. [Once while out on hunting, he chanced to see Draupadī in the forest, and asked of her food for himself and his retinue. Draupadī, by virtue of her magical sthālī, was able to supply him with materials sufficient for their break-fast. Jayadratha was so much struck with this act, as well as her personal charms, that he asked her to elope with him. She, of course, indignantly refused, but he succeeded in carrying her off, as her husbands were out on hunting. When they returned they pursued and captured the ravisher and released Draupadī, and he himself was allowed to go after having been subjected to many humiliations. He took a leading part in compassing the death of Abhimanyu, and met his doom at the hands of Arjuna in the great war.

What happened on the 13th day of Mahabharata war? Jayadratha, the king of Sindhu Desa (Indus Valley King) killed Abimanyu, son of Arjuna on the 13th day of the war. Arjuna was furious and vowed to kill Jayadratha before the sunset next day. The whole Kaurava army gave Jayadratha full protection. When the sun appeared to set, Jayadratha poked his head out to show that he was victorious. Suddenly the sun reappeared in the sky and Arjuna shot Jayadratha down. The story goes that Krishna hid the sun with his Sudarsana chakra. Actually Krishna tricked Jayadratha with the knowledge of the solar eclipse happening on that day. Arjuna’s brothers Nakulan and Sahadevan were experts in such calculations.

People were told for a long time that the war started on a new moon (Amavasya) day. Latest research by scholars with computer software shows that it started on a full moon day. Another interpretation is that though it was started on New Moonday it was fought on alternate days.

***

JAYADEVA

Name of the author of Gītagovinda with 24 Ashtapathis. He made Buddha one of the Ten Avatars of Vishnu.

Jayadeva (जयदेव).—A Sanskrit poet who lived in the 13th century A.D. He is the author of the play ‘Prasannarāghavam’. The famous work ‘Candrāloka’, a treatise on rhetorical figures, was written by this poet Jayadeva. His most important work is ‘Gītagovinda’, the theme of which is the early life of Śrī Kṛṣṇa, especially the love between Śrī Kṛṣṇa and Rādhā, which is very touchingly described. He used to sing lyrics before the image of Kṛṣṇa while his wife danced according to the beat.

***

JIVA

Meaning- A creature, living being.  The principle of life, the vital breath, life, soul. Jiva Atma is self; Parama Atma is God; Jiva is corrupted as Eve and Atma is corrupted as Adam in the Bible.

***

JIVAN MUKTA

Jīvanmukta (जीवन्मुक्त).— Liberated Soull.a. ‘liberated while living’, a man who, being purified by a true knowledge of the Supreme Spirit, is freed from the future birth and all ceremonial rites while yet living.

***

JNANA

1) Jnana (ज्ञान): Knowledge of the eternal and real. Knowing, understanding, becoming acquainted with, proficiency;

2) Knowledge, learning; 3) Consciousness, cognizance, knowledge; ज्ञानतोऽज्ञानतो वापि (jñānato’jñānato vāpi) Manusmṛti 8.288 knowingly or unknowingly, consciously or unconsciously.

4) Sacred knowledge; especially, knowledge derived from meditation on the higher truths of religion and philosophy which teaches man how to understand his own nature and how he may be reunited to the Supreme Spirit.

Jnana/does not mean a proficiency in a subject like chemistry or history. It is not mere learning but inward experience or awareness of a truth. In Advaita is the realisation of that one is  inseparably united with the supreme.

***

JNANENDRIYA

Jñānendriya (ज्ञानेन्द्रिय).—an organ of perception; (these are five tvac, rasanā, cakṣus, karṇa and ghrāṇathe skin, tongue, eye, ear and nose.

***

Jatavedas:

One of the names of Agni.

He who knows all; Heat creates everything e.g. sun, body heat

The fire god Agni is extremely important in the Vedic religion. He is the messenger of the gods. He takes all the offerings poured into the fire to the gods. He is everywhere. He is in the sun and moon and as ‘jataragni’ in the stomach, says Sayana in his commentary. Jataragni is the metabolic activities in the body that produce heat. He is in the sea as Badava Agni. All the girls are possessed by him before the marriage. This means that all the girls must be married in front of him (sacrificial fire) as he gives them like a father gives his daughter to the bridegroom. The couple have to walk around the fire. It is called Saptapadi.

Orthodox Hindus keep fire in a pot from the birth to death and use it for all occasions. The ‘aupasana’ pot contains paddy husk burning forever. It is never extinguished. When a baby is born it is lighted and the same fire is used to light the funeral pyre when the person dies at an old age.

***

JVARADEVA

Jvaradeva is a form of Lord Shiva. He destroyed Bhasmaasura . He is described in the Agamas as having three legs, three heads nine eyes and six arms. His images are found in many shiva temples including Madurai, Tirupparankundram, Mayiladuthurai, Kumbakonam, Tirunelveli, Bhavani etc.

Jvaradeva or Jurakareśvara is depicted in the Adi Kumbeswarar Temple (Ādi Kumbheśvara) in Kumbakonam (Kumbhakonam), representing a sacred place for the worship of Śiva.—Jvvradeva is a three-headed image of Śiva with four hands. The three heads include two animal heads emerging laterally from behind the human head. The head on the right is that of a lion while the other one seems to be that of an antelope. He holds triśūla (trident) in the right hand and small vessel in the left hand.

Jvāra-deva is also depicted in the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai .

Later Vaishnava texts like Harivamsa gives a sectarian view of Krishna encounter with Jvara deva wherein the leader of the Vrishnis created a Narayana-jvara to fight against the original Jvara deva.

***

JYOTISHA

Means Light.

Jyotiṣa (ज्योतिष).—Astronomy and astrology. One of the six Vedāṅgas.

Jyotiṣa is a Sanskrit technical term used in ancient Indian sciences such as Astronomy, Mathematics and Geometry. It is part of Vedic School Syllabus for thousands of years.

it is the science about the stars and heavenly bodies. The heavenly bodies are the sun, the moon, the other planets and the stars etc. From the very ancient days men believed that these planets and stars in the sky played an important part in controlling the growth and activities of all the living and non-living things in the world.

1)      Jyotiṣa (ज्योतिष) or Jyotiṣaka refers to an “astrologer” (one who is versed in Saṃhita, Astronomy and Horoscopy), according to the Bṛhatsaṃhitā (chapter 2), an encyclopedic Sanskrit work written by Varāhamihira mainly focusing on the science of ancient Indian astronomy astronomy (Jyotiṣa).—Accordingly, “We shall now proceed to give a brief description of (the qualifications of) a jyotiṣaka. He must be of noble birth and of agreeable appearance; meek, truthful and without jealousy; of proportional limbs; of joints well built and of good growth; have no physical defects; be of fine hands, feet, nails, eyes, chin, teeth, ears, forehead, eye-brows and head; of fine physique and of high, sonorous voice”.

–Subham—

Tags- Jatavedas, Jnana, Jamadagni, Jayadeva, HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 36; இந்துமத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-36 , Jyotisha, Astrologer

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HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL-34; இந்துமத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-34 (Post No.15,431)

Indra on Iravata in Indus Valley Seal (Harappa)

 Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,431

Date uploaded in Sydney, Australia –  17 February 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

 ஆங்கில எழுத்து I– ல் துவங்கும் சொற்கள்

Words beginning with “I ”. Tamil version will be published tomorrow.

INDRA

Indra is the most celebrated deity in the Rig Veda, with approximately 250 hymns directly dedicated to him. As the king of gods and god of storms/war, he is featured in over 25% of the 1,028 total hymns in the text, with an additional 50 hymns often co-praising him alongside other deities. 

Indra is a supreme heroic figure, often associated with the star Antares. These hymns focus on his martial prowess, destruction of Vritra, and role as protector, with significant references in the Rig Veda and Atharva Veda.

 Known as the King of Gods (Vendhan in Tamil literature) and a powerful warrior. He possesses over 35-40 names, including Vritrahan (slayer of Vritra) and Aaji krt (race maker).

He is the God of the East.

His name is used in male names throughout Asia until this day. His weapon is Vajrayudha.

Indra is not one person according to Kanchi Shankaracharya (1894-1994)

It means leader, head, chief; examples- Mrgendra, Gagendra, Gajendra

According to the Mahabharata, Indra seduced or tried to seduce Ahalya, wife of Gautama Rishi. And the sage’s curse impressed upon him a thousand marks resembling the female organ, so he was called Sa-yoni; but these marks were afterwards changed to eyes and hence he is called Netra Yoni and Sahasraksha, the thousand eyed (Yoni is female organ). But there is no support for this story in the Rig Veda, the oldest book in the world.

Tiru Jnana Sambandar who lived 1400 years ago during the reign of Mahendra Pallava and Pandyan Nedumaran refers to 1000 eyes of Indra. After Indra’s prayer Lord Shiva changed his 1000 Yoni signs into 1000 eyes.

In Tamil Nadu you may find men named ‘ Mr One Thousand’ (Kan Ayiram in Tamil)

Indra in Tamil Literature

Indra is the most popular Tamil God according to the oldest Tamil book Tolkappiam. Tolkappiar wrote this grammatical treatise around 1st century BC. He lists all the four important Vedic Gods INDRA, VARUNA, VISHNU and SKANDA (another form of AGNI) as Gods of four Tamil Lands.  

Tolkappiar was not the only one who praised Indra. We see Indra throughout Tamil literature. Sangam Tamil literature mentions his name in several places and the heaven under Indra is mentioned in innumerable places. Pura Nanauru, Tirukkural and Tamil epics did not miss his name.

***

INDRA FESTIVAL

Indra Festival was a very popular festival in ancient Tamil Nadu according to twin Tamil epics Silappadikaram and Manimekalai. It was first mentioned in Mahabharata and Ramayana. But in the Vedas we have some information which is interpreted by scholars as Indra festival. Atharva Veda mentioned Indra Dwaja (banner or flag of Indra). Rig Veda hinted at it.

At present Indra festival is celebrated as a grand Royal festival in Nepal. Gunabhadra, a king of 10th century CE started this festival in Nepal. They call it Yenya or Indra Jatra. Bengalese also celebrated it.

Raksha Bhandan celebrated all over India and the Water Festivals celebrated in Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and Burma has got some links with Indra, the god of rain.

***

IRAVATA

Airavata, also known as Iravata or Irawatha, is the mythical white elephant and vahana of Indra, the King of the Gods, considered the “king of elephants”. Airavata represents power, is associated with rain and clouds, and its depiction alongside Indra is found on seals from the Indus Valley Civilization.

He is shown with Four Heads or Four Tusks in sculptures, stamps and seals of South East Asia.

*** 

INDRANI

Wife of Indra.

***

ILVALAN

Ilvalan is a character from Hindu mythology, an Asura brother of Vatapi, known for a trap where Vatapi would turn into an animal to be eaten by Brahmins before being called out of their stomachs. The stories highlight that Sage Agastya defeated them by digesting Vatapi. Vatapi Jeerno Bhava- Let Vatapi be digested—story shows that Agastya annihilated the cannibals in the Indian forests.

***

ISVARA

A term used in the text to refer to God, indicating the supreme deity worshipped by the followers. Mostly used with Lord Siva as a suffix.

Sundareswara, Maheswara, Someswara, Rameswara , Trayambakeswara

***

ISHTADEVATA

Iṣṭadeva (इष्टदेव).—a favourite god, one’s tutelary deity. The deity one particularly likes to  aore.

Derivable forms: iṣṭadevaḥ (इष्टदेवः).

Iṣṭadeva is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms iṣṭa and deva (देव).

a chosen tutelary deity, favourite god, one particularly worshipped. Each family has a Kula Devata as well. Mostly, that God will be Ista Devata.

***

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

Tiger Goddess in Harappa 

Narabali in Harapa

The world was misled by some scholars in the case of Indus Valley Civilization. They made two or three false statements as a result of which we are unable to decipher the script until today. More than fifty different decipherments are available today and none of them is accepted by everyone. The first false statement made by the early excavators introduced the Aryan- Dravidian division into it. The second false statement introduced the Dravidian decipherment theory in the script. Both not only failed to make any progress but also prevented others to look at it from different angles.

Calling the greatest civilization of the world as “Indus” Valley Civilization itself is wrong. Most of the scholars agree on it because more than 2000 sites have been discovered since the excavation of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa on the banks of River Indus. Satellite information from space and ground water analysis by the nuclear scientists show that the mighty River Saraswati was flowing through North India long ago

Religious belief of Indus valley people remains a puzzle until today. John Marshal, Director General of Archaeology made some sweeping statements about certain objects he discovered in Mohenjo-Daro and misled the world. He was very unprofessional and forgot to mention where these objects were discovered.  

He described some objects as symbols of phallic worship. He said the circular stone objects were representations of female genital organs (Yoni) and lingam shaped objects were male organs. Those were up to two feet in height. Marshal classified these objects into three groups: Lingas, Baetylic Stones and Ring Stones. No information is published to show where they were found. Neither Mackay nor Vats (later excavators) gave any information or new finds in their reports.

 Later scholars pointed out the linga stones may be gamesmen or weights. Ring Stones might have been used to erect pillars or used for astronomical calculations. Since they did not find anything like this anywhere else in further excavations they even questioned the statement ‘’Phallic worship was an important element of Harappan religion’’.

Ghost Seal in Harappa

Sir Mortimer Wheeler was the one who made all Indians idiots! He fooled all the Indians by saying that he found a clinching evidence for the massacre of Indus people when he saw 37 skeletons scattered in disorderly manner at Mohenjodaro. “It may be no mere chance that at a late period at Mohenjodaro, men, women and children appeared to have been massacred there. On circumstantial evidence, Indra stands accused” (Wheeler 1947:82). Later, on examination G.F.Dales did find that Wheeler has misread the archaeological evidence. Neither they belonged to one and the same stratigraphical context nor were there proof of any massacre. Most of the skeletons positively showed that the persons were actually drowned in severe and sudden flood in the river Indus. Only two or three out of 37 skeletons bore cut marks and those too were found to have healed up. So he wrote a paper entitled ‘The Mythical Massacre at Mohenjo-Daro’ and exploded the myth of Aryan destruction of Harappan cities. K.M Srivatsava aptly remarks “ Indra, therefore ,stands completely exonerated”.

Indus civilization is not Indus civilization anymore. There are more sites on the banks of River Sarasvati than Indus. BB Lal says 50 major sites are on Indus river where as 177 early and 283 mature Harappan sites are on the banks of dried Saraswati river. All the early scholars were proved wrong on Indus Civilization when the scientific proof for drying of Sarasvati was dated 1700 BC. According to Kalyanaraman (2002), out of 2600 archaeological sites, over 1500 settlements were found on the Saraswati River Basin.

Horse: Use of Horse was debated for long. At first, foreigners wrote that Aryans came by horses and destroyed Indus people with iron instruments. But they could not find any iron or horse bones! They contradicted themselves! Now there are horse bones. But they are not foreign horses!

***

IYER, IYENGAR

The name “Iyer” is a title and a caste name primarily associated with a Brahmin community from the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The term “Iyer” is believed to have originated from the Sanskrit word “Arya,” signifying a person of noble or respectable lineage. Historically, Iyers have been priests, scholars, and administrators, known for their adherence to Vedic traditions and their contributions to various fields, including Carnatic music, literature, and mathematics. The name is a marker of social identity and is often used as a surname by individuals belonging to this community. Derivable or associated names are not typically found, as Iyer is more of a caste marker than a given name. Later others also used it to mean they are equal to Iyers. Even Christian preachers misused it.

There are subsects in the community like Vadama, Brahacharnam , Ashtasahsram etc.

***

The name Iyengar is a surname primarily found among the Vaishnavite Brahmin community of Tamil Nadu, India. It is a derivative of “Aiyar,” a common Brahmin surname, with the honorific suffix “-gar” added, denoting respect and status.

Tami Followers of Vishnu also are divided into sub sects like Vadakalai (northern branch) and Thenkaalai (southern branch) and Sellur Iyangars.

Iyers have Vibhuti as caste mark and Iyangars have Namam as caste mark. Thenkalai followers have Y shaped Namam (naamam). Vadakalai followers have Ushaped Namam (naamam).

To be continued ………………………..

Tags- HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL-34; இந்துமத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-34, Indra, Indus valley, Iyer, Iyengar

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Purananuru Wonders 11; Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia  Part- 51 (Post No.15,422)

Tamil Ships

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,422

Date uploaded in Sydney, Australia –  14 February 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia -Part 51; One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 51

Item 355

Ships as big as Elephants

In Puram verse 26 poet Mankudi Kizaar compared ships in the Tamil Navy to the elephants in the Tamil battle field. If one expands one’s imagination one can imagine how big the Tamil Naval ships were.

Item 356 Secret of Monsoon Wind

Tamils used the wind force to sail their ships. Since they knew the direction and the force of the monsoon winds, they were able to go from the Ganges to up to Indonesia and Philippines. Hindus knew this trick from the time of Ramayana. Surphanakha and Ravana were able to sail up to Godavari river. Mahavamsam clearly explains how the Buddhist preachers used monsoon winds to come to Patna (Pataliputra) and waited for a few months to use the returning monsoon winds to go back to Sri Lanka. One Tamil idiot Ippalan (Hippalus) taught this trick to Westerners and enabled Persian king Darius and Greek King Alexander to invade India.

***

Item 357 Battle Field = Oven Simile

Tamil poets used one simile at least in five Sangam poems

They compared the battle field to cooking in the oven. Here the poet says Pandya king Nedunchezian’s battled field looked like

Heads of Enemy kings = Oven

Enemy Hands= Ladles

Enemy Blood = Water in the Cooking Pot.

***

Item 358 Great Supporter of the For Vedas

Though the poet sang abut the victorious battle, he did not forget to mention that the king was a great supporter of Vedic Brahmins who were well versed in the Four Vedas- Rik, Yajur, Sama and Atharvana Veda.

The reference to Four Vedas is sung by the poets from Tolkappiar times. Tolkappiam got the approval from the Acharya of Tiruvithankotu  who was well versed in Four Vedas. Panamparanar gave us this information to us in the Foreword to Tolkappiam.

***

Item 359 Enemies were Lucky

Poet makes a sarcastic remark that the king’s enemies must have done some penance to be killed by him. Hindus believe that Kamsa, Sisupala, Ravana, Hiranyakasipu, Vali, Kabandhan were lucky to be killed by Vishnu. They go to heaven directly. And the fact is their names will survive as long as Vishnu’s name survive.

Nedunchelian defeated Two Kings and five chieftains. Their names also survive until this day.

***

Puranānūru 26, Poet Mānkudi Maruthanār sang to Thalaiyālankānathu Cheruvendra Nedunchezhiyan,

1
Lifting your spear with a shining blade, you went on
your elephant into the wide battlefield, splitting the
enemy army like a ship a ship driven by the wind in the


huge, ocean with great depths, attacked and killed your enemy kings, and with fame, seized their royal drums.

2

Using crowned heads as stoves, you boiled their blood,
stirring it with their braceleted hands you used as ladles.
O Chezhiyan of murderous battles!  You did perfect ritual

3
offerings in battlefields, surrounded by Brahmins of
the four Vedas, calm with the breadth of their knowledge.

4

O Ruler whose sword never fails!  Your enemies have
certainly performed penances, for once they have won the
fame of being your enemies, even though they are not
victorious, they will live forever.

***

புறநானூறு 26, பாடியவர்: மாங்குடி மருதனார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: பாண்டியன் தலையாலங்கானத்துச் செருவென்ற நெடுஞ்செழியன், திணை: வாகை, துறை: அரச வாகை

1
நளி கடல் இருங்குட்டத்து
வளி புடைத்த கலம் போலக்,
களிறு சென்று களன் அகற்றவும்,
களன் அகற்றிய வியல் ஆங்கண்
ஒளிறு இலைய எஃகு ஏந்தி,  5
அரைசு பட அமர் உழக்கி,
உரை செல முரசு வெளவி

2
முடித்தலை அடுப்பாகப்,
புனல் குருதி உலைக் கொளீஇத்,
தொடித் தோள் துடுப்பின் துழந்த வல்சியின்  10

அடு களம் வேட்ட அடு போர்ச் செழிய!

3


ஆன்ற கேள்வி அடங்கிய கொள்கை
நான்மறை முதல்வர் சுற்றமாக,
மன்னர் ஏவல் செய்ய மன்னிய
வேள்வி முற்றிய வாய்வாள் வேந்தே!  15

4
நோற்றோர் மன்ற நின் பகைவர் நின்னொடு
மாற்றார் என்னும் பெயர் பெற்று
ஆற்றார் ஆயினும் ஆண்டு வாழ்வோரே.

****

Item 360

In Puram verse 27, poet Poet Uraiyur Muthukannan Sāthanār translated Sanskrit word Satapatra Lotus as as 100 petalled flower (lotus)

சேற்று வளர் தாமரை பயந்த, ஒண் கேழ்
நூற்றிதழ் அலரின் நிறை கண்டன்ன,

Śatapatrayoni (शतपत्रयोनि) is a Sanskrit term that refers to an epithet of Brahman (the creator god in Hinduism). 

  • Meaning: It signifies one who has the “hundred-petaled” (lotus) as their source or origin.

***

Item 361 Visa Free Entry to Heaven

Hindus believe that those who live like great men praised by great poets enter into heaven. No Visa is required; Valluvar beautifully said that why Hindus believe all the Avatars and all the Saivite saints are called Gods. Arunagirinathar has Sung Saivaite saint Sambandhar is Lord Muruga himself.

He who on earth has lived in the conjugal state as he should live, will be placed among the Gods who dwell in heaven- Tirukkural Couplet 50

வையத்துள் வாழ்வாங்கு வாழ்பவன் வான்உறையும்
தெய்வத்துள் வைக்கப் படும்.—50

உலகத்தில் வாழவேண்டிய அறநெறியில் நின்று வாழ்கிறவன், வானுலகத்தில் உள்ள தெய்வமாகவே மதிக்கப்படுவான்.

This is also a reference to Kannaki and Kovalan sung by Ilango.

Here the poet says

I have heard that those whose fame is sung by poets
gain chariots that fly in the sky without charioteers.

***

Item 362 Aeronautics in Tamil

The reference to Pilotless Plane shows the advancement of Hindus in Aeronautics. Valmiki Ramayana show that Rama’s plane (Originally belonged to Kubera and seized by Ravana later) was fast and expandable and thought powered. Only now we see such Drones and pilotless planes and driverless cars  in the Western world.

Kannaki and Kovalan went to heaven by pilotless plane.

***

Item 363 Lesson from Moon 

Oriental religions only believe in rebirth and Sangam literature never knew the Abrahamic religions. Sangam Tamil poems explain only Hindu way of life.

Rebirth is in Bhagavad Gita and Bhajagonindam and the poet explains it with the waxing and waning moon.

The moon god
that roams above shows clearly even to those
who don’t understand that waning is true, waxing
is true, dying is true and being born is true.

Great Philosopher Adi Sankara said it in Bhaja Govindam

पुनरपि जननं पुनरपि मरणं

पुनरपि जननी जठरे शयनम् |

इह संसारे बहु दुस्तारे

कृपयाऽपारे पाहि मुरारे ‖ 22 ‖

punarapi jananaṃ punarapi maraṇaṃ

punarapi jananī jaṭhare śayanam |

iha saṃsāre bahu dustāre

kṛpayā’pāre pāhi murāre ‖ 22 ‖

Birth again, death again, again resting in the mother’s womb! It is indeed hard to cross this boundless ocean of saṁsāra (cycle of repeated birth and death). O Murāri! by your causeless mercy please protect me (from this transmigratory process)

Before Sankara, Lord Krishna said it Bhagavad Gita

जातस्य हि ध्रुवो मृत्युर्ध्रुवं जन्म मृतस्य च |

तस्मादपरिहार्येऽर्थे न त्वं शोचितुमर्हसि || 27||

jātasya hi dhruvo mṛityur dhruvaṁ janma mṛitasya cha

tasmād aparihārye ’rthe na tvaṁ śhochitum arhasi

Translation

BG 2.27: Death is certain for one who has been born, and rebirth is inevitable for one who has died. Therefore, you should not lament over the inevitable.

***

Item 364 Poet’s Advice to the king

Even if they have talents or not, please shower your
graces rapidly on those who come with sorrow,

This is one of the 32 Virtuous acts explained in Hindu scriptures.


 Annadhanam Pictures

AMAZING LIST OF 32 GOOD ACTIVITIES IN HINDU SCRIPTURES (Post No.7687)

March 13, 2020 9:37 am

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No.7687

Date uploaded in London – 13 March 2020

meritorious activities. Though the lists have a few changes in different texts most of them are same.

Here is the list of 32 good things with some examples:-

1.Setting up Maternity Homes

2.Providing Pre-Natal and Ante-Natal care for women

(Maternity care is provided in every culture around the world; but no one has listed it as one of the duties or as a meritorious work)

3.Piercing Ears of the Young born babies

4.Providing them Ear Studs

(Hindus have been practising acupuncture for thousands of years. I have already written how the grand old celibate of Mahabharata Bhisma lived on Arrow Bed for two months and decided the date of his departure from the earth. Hindus found out that piercing the ears in early years and wearing gold studs or at least a wooden stick will open the wisdom nerves. For women an extra piercing of nose is done when they reach teen age)

5.Giving Milk to Children

(Now we send milk powder to famine affected or economically backward countries. In the olden days provision of milk is listed as one of the 32 Dharmas (duty which earns merits).

6.Constructing Choultries

(From the period of Asoka till the Muslim and British occupation of India ,Hindu kings constructed Free Boarding and Lodging facilities for travellers, particularly pilgrims. My home town Madurai was famous for Mangamma Chattiram (choultry) very near Railway Station. About 100 years ago everyone stayed free of cost in the huge building with 100s of rooms. Very near that was a Marwari Choultry for people travelling to Rameswaram and Kanyakumari. I myself have taken 100s of pilgrims for Free lodging during the Opening Ceremony of Vivekananda Rock Memorial in Kanyakumari. Several Tamil towns still bear the suffix Chattiram/Choultry in Tamil Nadu until this day reminding us of the golden days of free lodging and free boarding service)

7.Constructing Mutts

Mutts are religious centres with one religious head where Tamil or Sanskrit hymns are taught. They provided free hostel stay for students. Like the Christian parish, each Mutt has its own catchment area.

8.Pillars for Cows

Hindus’ greatest contribution to the world is domestication of cows and horses (and Decimal System). They worshipped Cow as goddess. So they constructed pillars to cows where they can rub their bodies to relive itching. And in such places water tanks provided continuous water supply for cows, horses and birds.

9.Setting up brothels

The needs of amorous men should not affect common men. To save the family women and teenage girls, Hindus provided (or allowed) separate places for Devadasis. Sangam Tamil Literature provides the pictures of Paraththai Cheris (Para Stree became ‘Paraththai’ in Tamil and Prostitute in English; cheri is  locality)

10.Provision of Dhobis/ Laundry Service

11.Provision of Barbers

Both these services were available free of cost for mendicants and ascetics. Others supported them by giving money or all the provisions for their families.

12.Provision of Mirrors

(When Hindu women celebrate some auspicious events in their houses they always invite young and teenage girls and provide them mirrors, combs and Kunkumam. So provision of mirrors is considered one of the good things. Till this day women are doing it during Navaratri, Durga Puja and several other women only events)

13.Water Distribution from Thatched Sheds

(From Mahabharata Sallian to Apputhi Adikal of Periya Purana in Tamil, we see people setting up water distribution sheds to provide good, clean and sweet water to everyone. Even today during Hindu festivals , hundreds of such thatched sheds are constructed to distribute water, butter milk (diluted Yogurt) and Panakam (sweet liquid with jaggery, cardamom and other spices. In a tropical country like India pilgrims desperately need this. Hindus follow this custom even in London ; during Tamil Temple festivals, Hindus distribute water bottles, juice cartons and butter milk.)

14.Help to have oil bath

(India is a tropical country lashed out by two monsoons. Therefore, dust is unavoidable. Every Hindu man is supposed to have an oil bath on Saturdays and every woman on Fridays. They apply gingelly oil or coconut oil with or without herbs and take a bath. This relives the body of dirt and pain. So provision of such service to poor people is considered a great act of merit. In Madurai there was a freedom fighter(A V Vaidhyanatha Iyer) who used to provide such service to children of slum dwellers. Now a days the concept and habit of oil bath is disappearing with the advent of shampoo culture.)

15.Fodder to animals and Food for Birds

(Every Hindu is supposed to do Pancha Yagna / Five Sacrifices every day and one of them is Bhuta Yagna. That is to feed the pet animals, cow and birds in the vicinity and ants in the ground. Every housewife draws beautiful Kolams in the front of the house every morning. The Kolam/ Rangoli flour they use feed the ants. Then they cook rice and provide it to the crows. Others sprinkle grains for the birds. Feeding cows is a ritual for orthodox Hindus)

16.Cremating Dead Bodies

(If anyone who has no relatives dies, one or two take the responsibility of cremating the body with all due honours. Though it is a hard job, every town had some gooid people who did such work without expecting any money.)

17.Constructing Tanks, Lakes

(India is an agricultural country. Water is needed for irrigation. So kings constructed tanks and lakes in temples and outside the town. It helped irrigating the temple Parks called Nandavanams. It maintained the water table in every well at the back of the house. Now wells are replaced by taps. But yet tanks and lakes are needed for saving water. The town council maintain them. Sometimes they themselves construct them).

18.Saving Life

(Every day we read in news papers some stories where some people save the life of others. They become great heroes. If they survive then they get medals. Saving life is appreciated in every culture. In Tamil Nadu and neighbouring states every region has some Hero Stones for the heroes who saved the town from some dangers. Hindu epics and Puranas have lot of stories about saving even animals. Story of Sibi is in 2000 year old Sangam Tamil literature and earlier Puranas.)

19.Giving Eatables/Anna Dhanam

Providing sweets and other unavailable eatables to poor children is a good deed. During Deepavali (Diwali) sweets are distributed. Annadhanam , that is provision of food, is done in every temple.

20.Provision of Betel, Areca Nuts and Lime

Chewing betel leaves and Supari smeared with calcium hydroxide is a typical South Asian custom. This is considered one of the good things.

21.Helping the needy

It may be in the form of providing them food, attire, shoes/sheppals, specs, money. May even include psychological consultation. Consoling the bereaved.

22.Setting up Parks

Ancient Hindu literature, particularly, Buddhist Jataka Tales, give graphic accounts of big parks. Every South Indian Temple has attached Parks/ Nandavanam. People enjoyed going there. They served as rendez vous for lovers according to Sanskrit dramas. Hindus are environmentally conscious and allocated one particular tree for every temple.

23.Constructing Temples

India has over two lakh temples. Tamil Nadu alone has 45, 000 temples. They are huge architectural wonders. They serve the spiritual, religious, psychological, wander lust needs of Hindus.

24.Provision of Medicines

Jains of India set up hospitals even for birds and animals. All service is given free.  We read from inscriptions that hospitals were also constructed by Hindu Kings.

25.Food for Students

Students who studied the Vedas and its allied six subjects went round the towns and begged for food. They collect freshly cooked food and share it with their Gurus. Buddha followed this custom and banned cooking inside Viharas, monasteries etc. In Madurai, the Vedic students from Dhanappa Mudali Street and Rameswaram patasalai near River Vaigai used to come to my house for (begging) food. They must go to Brahmins houses and beg with the words Bhavati Biksham Dehi. Manu Smrti says that students of three castes must do it. Only the three words were used in different order.

26.Constructing Roads or Tom Tomming

There is a word in Tamil (araithal) which may mean constructing roads or  providing communication facilities like Tom Tom. In the olden days Orders of the Kings were communicated to people by drum beats. When I was a student, Madurai city faced Cholera disease. Then the tom tom man came and announced it by beating little drum. When ban orders under section 144 were proclaimed they did tom toming. So the word Araithal may be announcing, proclaiming or constructing roads with sand and stones.

27. Helping Prisoners with Food

Even community service to prisoners is listed as one. Tamil epic Manimekalai described the good service done to prisoners. Though they were named as criminals, Hindus never attached any taboo. Manu Smriti says the minute one undergoes punishment, the sin attached to the crime is done away.

28.  Helping Beggars

Lame, Dumb, Blind and disabled or invalids beg for food. Hindus are asked to help them.

29.Helping to get Married

Nowadays we see Costly matrimonial service. In the olden days, some good hearted men and women helped youngsters to get married. They did not stop with exchanging horoscopes. They went all the way to cook food for hundreds of people who attend the wedding ceremonies. They collected money for  the minimum gold jewels and the Mangala Sutra (Thali).

30.Feeding the Ascetics

Adi Shankara streamlined Hindu worship into six divisions; Providing them food for those is considered a great religious duty. Even Buddhis followed this. They went to monasteries and provided food to the monks.

31 and 32. In the above listing piercing ear and providing ear stud is given as one itme. But it is given as two different duties or meritorious acts in the Tamil verse. And in the same way provision of betel leaves and Lime are given as two different duties.

32 அறம்

1).வண்ணான் புன்னாவிதன் காதோலை சோலை மடந்தடம் வெண்

சுண்ணாம் பறவைப் பிணஞ்சுடற் றூரியஞ் சோறளித்தல்

கண்ணாடி யாவிற்குரிஞ்சுதல் வாயுறை கண்மருந்து

தண்ணீர் பந்தற் றலைக்கெண்ணை பெண்போகந் தரலையமே

2).மேதகுமாதுலர்க்குசாலை யேறுவிடுத்தல் கலை

யோதுவார்க் குண்டி விலங்கிற் குணவோடுயர்பிணிநோய்க்

கிதன் மருந்து சிறைச் சோறளித்தலியல் பிறரின்

மதுயற்காத்தநற்கந்நியர் தானம் வழங்கலுமே

3).கற்றவறுசமயத்தார்க் குணவு கருதும் விலை

உற்றதளித்துயிர் மீட்டல் சிறார்க்குதவனற்பான்

மற்று மகப்பெறுவித்தல் சிறாரை வளர்த்த்லெனப்

பெற்றவிவற்றினையெண்ணான்கறமெனப் பேசுவாரே

–உபமானசங்கிரஹம், இரத்தினச் சுருக்கம்

32 அறச் செயல்களின் பட்டியல்:-

1.ஆதுலர்க்குச் சாலை (ஏழைகள்=ஆதுலர்)

2.ஓதுவார்க்கு உணவு (மாணவர்களுக்கு)

3.அறுசமயத்தோர்க்கு உண்டி (உணவு)

4.பசுவிற்கு வாயுரை (உணவு)

5.சிறைக் கைதிகளுக்கு உணவு

6.ஐயமிட்டு உண் (பிச்சை போடுதல்)

7.திண்பண்டம் நல்கல் (விழாக் காலங்களில் பொங்கல், வடை)

8.அறவைச் சோறு (அன்னதானம்)

9.மகப்பெறுவித்தல் (பிள்ளை பெறுதல்)

10.மகவு வளர்த்தல் (பிள்ளைகளை வளர்த்தல்)

11.மகப்பால் வார்த்தல் (அவர்களுக்கு பால் வழங்கல்)

12.அறவைப் பிணஞ்சுடல் (அனாதைகள் இறுதிச் சடங்கு)

13.அறவைத் தூரியம் ( தூரியம்=மேள வாத்தியம்

அளித்தல்)

14.சுண்ணம் அளித்தல்

15.நோய்க்கு மருந்து வழங்கல்

16.வண்ணார்

17.நாவிதர்

18.காதோலை

19.கண்ணாடி

20.கண்மருத்து

21.தலைக்கு எண்ணெய்

22.பெண்போகம்

23.பிறர்துயர் காத்தல்

24.தண்ணீர் பந்தல்

மடம் அமைத்தல்

26.குளம் வெட்டல்

27.பூங்கா வைத்தல்

28.ஆவுறுஞ்சுதறி (பசு முதலிய பிராணிகளுக்கு நீர்)

29.விலங்கிற்குணவு

30.ஏறுவிடுத்தல் (இனப்பெருக்கத்த்துக்கு காளைகள்)

31.விலைகொடுத்துயிர்காத்தல்

32.கன்னிகாதானம்

***

Puranānūru 27, Poet Uraiyur Muthukannan Sāthanār sang to Chozhan Nalankilli,

1

When one counts those born in fine, noble families,
only a few have gained fame and songs by poets,
like a row of flowers with many petals, shining
brightly, yielded by lotus plants that grow in mud.
Many have vanished like the leaves of lotus plants.

2

I have heard that those whose fame is sung by poets
gain chariots that fly in the sky without charioteers.

3

My Lord!  O Chētchenni Nalankilli!   The moon god
that roams above shows clearly even to those
who don’t understand that waning is true, waxing
is true, dying is true and being born is true.

4

Even if they have talents or not, please shower your
graces rapidly on those who come with sorrow,
looking at their thin waists.  May those who oppose
your unspoiled strength, remain without generosity!

Ms Vaidehi Herbert’s Translation is used; thanks.

புறநானூறு 27, பாடியவர்: உறையூர் முதுகண்ணன் சாத்தனார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: சோழன் நலங்கிள்ளி, 

1

சேற்று வளர் தாமரை பயந்த, ஒண் கேழ்
நூற்றிதழ் அலரின் நிறை கண்டன்ன,


வேற்றுமை இல்லா விழுத்திணைப் பிறந்து,
வீற்றிருந்தோரை எண்ணுங்காலை
உரையும் பாட்டும் உடையோர் சிலரே,  5
மரை இலை போல மாய்ந்திசினோர் பலரே,

2
புலவர் பாடும் புகழுடையோர் விசும்பின்
வலவன் ஏவா வான ஊர்தி
எய்துப என்ப தம் செய் வினை முடித்து எனக்
கேட்பல், எந்தை சேட்சென்னி நலங்கிள்ளி!  10

3
தேய்தல் உண்மையும், பெருகல் உண்மையும்,
மாய்தல் உண்மையும், பிறத்தல் உண்மையும்,
அறியாதோரையும் அறியக் காட்டித்,
திங்கட் புத்தேள் திரிதரும் உலகத்து
வல்லார் ஆயினும் வல்லுநர் ஆயினும்,  15

4
வருந்தி வந்தோர் மருங்கு நோக்கி
அருள வல்லை ஆகுமதி, அருளிலர்
கொடாஅமை வல்லர் ஆகுக
கெடாஅத் துப்பின் நின் பகை எதிர்ந்தோரே.

 —Subham—

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HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL-32; இந்துமத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி–32 (Post No.15,414)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,414

Date uploaded in Sydney, Australia –  11 February 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

ஆங்கில எழுத்து H- ல் துவங்கும் சொற்கள்

Words beginning with the English letter ‘H’

நாளைய தினம் தமிழில் வரும்; It will be posted in Tamil Tomorrow.

***

Halayudha

1) an epithet of Balarāma.

2) Name of the author of अभिधान-रत्नमाला (abhidhāna-ratnamālā).

Derivable forms: halāyudhaḥ (हलायुधः).

Halāyudha is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms hala and āyudha (आयुध).

Halāyudha (हलायुध).—A Sanskrit poet who lived in the 10th century A.D. A mahākāvya called Kavirahasya is his most important work The hero in the great poem is Krṣṇa III. A King of the Rāṣṭrakūṭa dynasty, and poet Halāyudha was a courtier of his.

***

Hala

Hala was a satavahana king who lived around first century CE. His wife was Malayavathy, Hala started composing poems. His Prakrit poems are part of Gatha Sapta Sati. He was called Kavi Vatsala, one who was a great patron of poets. He gave them gold coins for beautiful verses like his predecessor Emperor Vikaramaditya. He imitated Vikramaditya in all his deeds. Like Vikramaditya he started an era in his name, Salivahana Shahapta, though he did not win any big wars. Like Vikramnaditya who was the patron of great poet Kalidasa he was the patron of Gunatya and others. We can see the inspiration he got from Kalidasa and Vikramaditya. Many poets of Gatha Sapta Sati have imitated Kalidasa, but they are not very popular.

***

Hampi

Hampi was the capital of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire in the 14th-century.

Set amid dramatic boulder strewn hills and the calm flow of the Tungabhadra River, Hampi is one of Karnataka’s tourist destinations. Once the capital of the powerful Vijayanagara Empire, Hampi today stands as a vast open air museum. The closest railway station is in the city of Hospet (Hosapete), 13 km away.

Hampi spreads across a large landscape, with monuments. Important places include Virupaksha Temple, Vittala Temple, Hampi Bazaar, Lotus Mahal, Elephant Stables, Matanga Hill and Tungabhadra Riverbanks.

***

Hariharan

Harihara is a composite Hindu deity representing the synthesis of Lord Vishnu (Hari) and Lord Shiva (Hara), symbolizing the ultimate unity of Vaishnavism and Shaivism. Depicted with Shiva on the right and Vishnu on the left, this form embodies the harmony between creation and destruction. It highlights that the two deities are one supreme, indivisible reality. Sankara Narayanan is another name.

***

Harijan

First recorded in 1930–35; from Neo-Sanskrit Harijana “person of Hari” (a name for Vishnu), hence, in Gandhi’s conception, a child of God. (in India) a member of a group formerly known as the untouchables.

***

Havis

Havis (Sanskrit: हविस्) primarily refers to an oblation, Cooked rice offering, or sacrifice in Hindu rituals, commonly consisting of ghee, grain, rice, or milk offered to gods in a Yagya/ Yaga/Havan. It represents items offered into fire, often used to signify dedication in sacred ceremonies. When they offer it, they say Idam na mama – It is not mine.

***

Hatha yoga

Haṭhayoga (हठयोग) pays particular attention to the acquisition of supernatural powers and the conquest of disease and death. Majority of the extant texts of Haṭhayoga are associated with the Nāth siddhas. The Tamil Siddhas of about the 10th to 15th century also wrote poems on the concepts of Haṭhayoga. Hatha-yoga is the physical aspect of the practice of yoga. There are 3 main factors involving practice of hatha-yoga: asanas (practice of postures), pranayama (breathing techniques), and dhyana (meditation).

***

Harsha vardhana ( 606 to 647 CE)

King Harshavardhana was also known as Harsha. He was the son of Prabhakar Vardhana.  He built a huge empire that extended from north & northwestern India till the Narmada in the South. His capital was Kannauj. Harsha was a great patron of the arts. He himself was an accomplished writer. He is credited with the Sanskrit works Ratnavali, Priyadarshika and Nagananda. Banabhatta was his court poet and he composed the Harshacharita which gives an account of Harsha’s life and deeds. Harsha generously supported the Nalanda University. His deeds were praised by Chinese Buddhist traveller Xuanzang in his writings.

***

Haridwar

The holy city of Haridwar (Gateway to God) in Uttarakhand is a breathtaking city, replete with temples. it is a magnet for religious pilgrims from all over the globe. Important temples include  the Har ki Pauri and the Chandi Devi Temple.

Haridwar also termed as ‘Gateway to Gods’ is known as Mayapuri, Kapila, Gangadwar as well. Haridwar is also one of the four places; where Kumbh Mela occurs after rotation of every twelve Years and Ardh Kumbh after every six years. Haridwar is one of the first towns where Ganga emerges from the mountains to touch the planes. It is one of the Seven Holy Cities of India.

***

Heramba

Heramba is five-headed and ten-armed form of the Hindu deity Ganesha, symbolizing the protector of the weak, fearful, and oppressed. Seated on a lion (simha-vahana), this form represents supreme power, fearlessness, and the removal of inner and outer obstacles. The name is derived from He (weakness/helplessness) and ramba (protection), defining him as the saviour of the meek. Heramba Ganapati is one of 32 forms of Ganesha;it is depicted with five heads (representing the five senses or elements) and ten arms holding various weapons and symbols like a noose, beads, battle axe, and a broken tusk. Unlike the traditional mouse, Heramba rides a lion, symbolizing mastery over ego and primal instincts.

***

Himalaya

Himālaya (हिमालय):—means ‘abode of snow’; the Himālaya range of mountains in the north of India has the highest elevations in the world; in mythology personified as husband of Menā or Menakā .

KALIDASA used the following name for the Himalayas:-

Himalaya ,Himadhri ,Adhrinatha ,Bhutaresvara,

Ekapingala, Gauriguru, Girichakravartin, Kuberasaila,

Nagendra, Sailaraja, Hemakuta, Kailasa, Krauncha,

Inndhamadana, Kshiddarapati, Pralayadhri

This mountain is referred to in over 150 Sanskrit books covering all subjects including herbs, medicine, gems and animals. But the references in the Vedas, Ramayana , Mahabharata , Kautilya Arthashastra , Jataka Tales and 2000 year old Sangam Tamil Literature are important.

From Sangam Tamil literature, we have the following references :

Puranaanooru – 2-24; 34-21; 39-15; 132-7; 166-33; 214-11; 369-24; 39-15

Akanaanooru – 127-4; 265-3

Paripatal 8-11; 8-12; 1-51; 5-48

Sirupan – line 48;

Natrinai – 356, 369,

Kurunt – 158;

Pathitruppaththu – 11-23; 43-7;

Perum- line 429

Kali – 38-1; 92-18; 105-75

POST SANGAM SILAPPADIKAARAM- in about 20 places

***

Hindu

1. Geographical and Historical Origin

Sindhu to Hindu: The term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu (river/Indus), which Persians changed to ‘Hindu’. They have n H in their language.

Boundaries: Ancient texts, such as the Brihaspati Agama quoted on the site, define the land of Hindus as spanning from the Himalayas to the Indian Ocean (Himalayamh samarabhya yavat indu sarovaram).

2. Definition of a Hindu (Scriptural & Cultural)

a Hindu is one who is virtuous, shuns unnecessary violence but is capable of destroying anarchic elements, and is a protector of the Vedas and cows. It is the oldest religion in the world.

Beliefs: A Hindu is defined as one who accepts the “Pranava Mantra Om and the authority of  the Vedas, believes in rebirth and Karma Theory; he worships the cow, and the River Ganga, and considers the Vedic Rishis as their Gurus.

3. “Hindu” in the Context of Tamil Culture Sangam Tamil literature has references to Hindu Gods, their flags, Vahanas, weapons, origins and their special attributes

Vedic gods, such as Raka, Muka, and Maha Maya, are worshipped in Tamil Nadu villages as Rakayee, Mukayee, and Mahamayee.

No Founder: Hinduism is emphasized as a religion without a single founder, often referred to as Sanatana Dharma (Eternal Law).

Hindu culture is unique in its consistent worship of the Goddess and high regard for women ; only religion where Women and Goddeses are worshipped till this day.

Holy Books- Vedas; Epics Ramayana , Mahabharata (Bhagavad Gita); Tamil and other vernacular language Hymns.

***

Hiranya dhana

Hiranya denotes gold, a precious metal associated with gods and prosperity, frequently mentioned in hymns praising donations (Dhana Stuthis).  It is one of the Sixten Dhanas mentioned in Hindu scriptures. Vedic literature describes the donation of gold alongside cattle and horses.

Mahādāna (महादान).—There are sixteen Mahādānas or “Great gifts”. They are: (1) Tulāpuruṣadāna, (2) Hiraṇyagarbha dāna, (3) Brahmāṇḍa dāna, (4) Kalpakavṛkṣadāna, (5) Gosahasradāna, (6) Hiraṇyakāmadhenudāna, (7) Hiraṇyāśva dāna, (8) Hiraṇyāśvaratha dāna, (9) Hemahastiratha dāna, (10) Pañcalāṅgalakadāna (11) Dhārādāna, (12) Viśvacakradāna (13) Kalpalatā dāna, (14) Saptasāgaraka dāna, (15) Ratnadhenu dāna, (16) Mahāpūtaghaṭa dāna. (Agni Purāṇa, Chapter 210). Hindu king Mulavarman of Indonesia of fourth century CE and Krishna Devaraya of 14th century did 16 Gifts Ceremony.

***

Hinayana

The term “Hinayana,” meaning “Lesser Vehicle,” is used to describe the 18 earlier schools of Buddhism, with Theravada as the main surviving branch. This tradition focuses on individual salvation through strict adherence to monastic codes and views the Buddha as a human who attained Nirvana, contrasting with Mahayana’s later development and view of the Buddha as divine.

***

Hiranyakasipu

Hiranyakashipu, a powerful Asura king and brother to the slain Hiranyaksha, sought vengeance against Vishnu by obtaining a near-invincible boon from Brahma. Consumed by pride and hatred, he banned Vishnu worship in his kingdom, but was eventually killed by Vishnu’s Narasimha (man-lion) avatar at twilight on a threshold, bypassing his boon. His son was Prahlada.

***

Homa/ havan

Homa, also known as Havan, is an ancient Vedic fire ritual performed to purify the environment, remove negative energy, and offer prayers. The ceremony typically involves preliminary and concluding rituals, utilizing specific materials and symbolic items, with fire (Agni) acting as a witness and carrier of prayers. There are 400 types of Homas. Asvamedha, Rajasuya, Soma Yaga, Vajapeyam and Maha Rudram  are some of the major Yagas. Ganapati Homam, Sudrasana Homam, Navagraha Homam are common sacrifices.

Huna

Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini. Here is his report on the cruel Huna king Mihirakula who rolled 100 elephants down the hill and enjoyed their death.

Mihirakula was the Huna king who ruled North India from 515 CE to 530 CE. He was a son of Toramana. We know that his rule extended from Afghanisatan to Madhya Pradesh. But Kalhana says that he killed 30 million people and he attacked Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu. He was a king from the race of White Hunas. He decimated Buddhism in Afghanistan, but supported Saivism in Kashmir. Earlier he was defeated by Malawa King Yasovarman or Baladitya, the last Gupta king. Then he conquered Kashmir and Afghanisatan. Kalhana’s report about his expedition to Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu is not corroborated by secondary sources.

To be continued……………………………..

Tags-HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL-௩௨, இந்துமத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி–32 

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Two more Beautiful Temples in Sydney that I Visited(Post No.15,386)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,386

Date uploaded in Sydney, Australia –  2 February 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

During my previous two trips to Sydney, I covered Shiva, Murugan (Skanda/ Kartikeya), Venkateswara, and Nantien Buddhist temples. During this third trip, I decided to cover rest of the temples. So, I went to Ganapathy (Vinayakar) temple and a Shakti temple in the past few weeks. My son told me that there are two more temples in an industrial area one next to another. Who will say we don’t want two birds in one stone. So, we rushed there in car on 31 January 2026 to get two mangoes in one stone.  We were not disappointed.

In a vast industrial area with trucks and cranes, two small temples peeped out. First, we entered the Sydney Durga temple.

Surprise! Surprise!

Wes aw Tamil poet Tiruvalluvar statue next to Sarasvati Devi statue in the temple complex. When we moved a little further, we saw Tamil poet Ilango’s statue, the author of the most famous Tamil epic Silappadikaram.

Then we climbed several steep steps to see a huge hall with Goddess Durga in the main shrine. From the temple posters we came to know that it is run by Sri Lankan Tamils. On either side of the main shrine Lord Ganesh and Lord Skanda/ Murgan occupied two small shrines.

The unique feature of the temple is the eight beautiful Lakshmi statues (Ashta Laksmi) in the corridor. Apart from them, there are Navagrahas and other minor deities. There were four priests looking after the visiting devotees. In total only 25 devotees were inside the huge Mandapa. So, we had good Darshan (viewing) of Gods. It has a divine atmosphere.

There is a canteen outside where one can buy Tamil snacks.

Shirdi Saibaba Temple

Just a few doors away, is the Shirdi Sai Temple. Again, we climbed  a number of steps to see a huge hall with Shirdi Sai baba occupying the Main shrine. A beautiful and melodious divine song was going on air. It created more divine atmosphere. About 15 people with one priest were there. Lord Ganesh, Siva and Hanuman are in smaller shrines. The unique feature of the temple is a Siva Linga where one can do Abisheka. Water pots are placed near it. We did Abishek (bathing of the God) with Mrtyunjaya Mantra from the Yajurveda.  Here also one canteen is operating.

Both the temples must be visited by the devotees. There is good scope for big Puja, ceremonies and Dhyana (meditation).

After visiting Sai Mandir, we came back to Tamil Durga temple and bought hot Idli, Vadai, Sambhar, Chutney and Masala Tea.

***

Here are the addresses of both the Temples:

Sydney Sri Durga Amman Temple

21, Rose Crescent Regents Park, NSW 2143

Phones – (02) 9644 6682, (02) 9746 n9724

www.sydneydurgatemple.org

e mail – sydneydurga@gmail.com

***

Sai Mandir Sydney

25, Rose Crescent Regents Park, NSW 2143

Phone- 1500 524 724

saimandir@gmail.com

—subham—

Tags- Sydney Sri Durga Amman Temple, Sai Mandir Sydney, Tamil statues, Tiru Valluvar, Ilango, Ashta Lakshmi statues, london swaminathan, Australia

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My Visit to Sydney Sri Karphaga Vinayakar Temple (Post.15,372)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,372

Date uploaded in Sydney, Australia –  29 January 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

We went to Sri Karphaga Vinayakar Temple in Sydney, Australia on 29-1-2026. It is a temple in one large hall with a small tower. When we went there the temple was celebrating its Annual Mango Festival. We could see about 25 devotees enjoying the Puja to the Dwaja Sthamba. About five priests were doing the decorations and the Puja.

The temple has the main shrine with Karpaka Vinayakar in the centre of the hall .On either side of the main shrine are other deities including Lord Siva, Goddess Meenakshi, Nataraja, Lord Skanda Muruga, Nava Graha etc.

Because of the festival, musicians were playing the Nayanam and Melam (Pipes and drums) that echoed in the hall. We could see a small chariot. The temple has announced that chariots and other idols will be taken along the streets.

Since the temple was located in a Sri Lankan Tamil area we saw several devotees walking towards the temple. Temple distributes free food and Prasad all through the festival days. Other days there is a canteen which sell food in the evening.

It has a good atmosphere and sanctity, and one must visit to get the blessings of Lord Ganesh.

Temple Address

123, The Crescent, Homebush West, New South Wales 2140

Phone 02 9746 9590

www.vinayakar.org.au

***

What is Mango Festival?

Mango Festival is celebrated by all the Sri Lankan temples. The story behind the festival is a popular story. Inter Galactical Space Traveller Narada is famous or notorious for creating quarrels among the celestials which always end with good results. He came with a mango fruit and gave it to Lord Siva in the Kailash with a condition that it can’t be cut when it was to given to any one. Siva’s two sons Lord Ganesh and Lord Skanda Muruga were demanding it. And Siva was in a great dilemma. Siva told them that whoever goes around the world and come back first would get it. Lord Skanda immediately flew on his peacock space rocket and circled the earth in a few minutes. But before that the big tummy boy, Lord Ganesh went round his father and mother Siva and Parvati and said they were the world. Both the parents were happy to hear it. And Siva gave the mango to him. Late comer Lord Skanda Muruga was disappointed. This is the background of the Mango festival which illustrated that father and mother are greater than the earth.

During the festival which runs up to ten days or so, the temple idols are taken around the town. The finale will be the chariot festival, and the chariot is pulled by all the people without any discrimination of rich and poor, of high and low status or man and woman or young and old. This festival celebrated by all the Hindu temples around the world inculcate social unity. Moreover God comes to everyone who could not go to a temple.

–Subham—

Tags- Sydney, Karphaga Vinayakar temple, My visit, Chariot festival, Australia

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Purananuru Wonders 7- Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia Part 47 (Post No.15,366)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,366

Date uploaded in Sydney, Australia –  27 January 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

310

Yaga, Yajnas and Sanskrit in Sangam Age!

Poems composed by Nettimaiyar on Mudukudmi Peruvazuthi, one of the oldest Pandya kings, show that Sangam Age was full of Vedic rituals. Not only Mudukudumi, but also another Choza king did Rajasuyam, which was done by Yuthisthira in the Mahabharata Period. We have confirmation of Sangam Tamil Age as Vedic Age from Kalidasa as well. Kalidasa referred to only a Pandya king. He was introduced as a person doing lot of Yagas in Raghuvamsam. That Pandya king was associated with Agastya as well. Kalidasa lived before Sangam age or a contemporary of Sangam age kings.

***

311

Purananuru verse 13 has two interesting details.

Like Lord Siva, Choza king also wore an armour made up of Tiger skin. He was compared to Yama (for his enemies).

***

312

Second interesting thing is the similes. The king’s march on an elephant was like a ship in the ocean and moon amidst stars in the night sky. Swords of warriors are compared to the sharks in the sea.

புறநானூறு 13, பாடியவர்: உறையூர் ஏணிச்சேரி முடமோசியார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: சோழன் முடித்தலைக் கோப்பெருநற்கிள்ளி

புலி நிறக் கவசம் (Tiger Armour)

களிறே முந்நீர் வழங்கு நாவாய் போலவும், (Similes)

பன் மீன் நாப்பண் திங்கள் போலவும்,

சுறவு இனத்து அன்ன வாளோர் மொய்ப்ப

***

313

Puranānūru 13, Poet Uraiyur Ēnichēri Mudamōsiyār sang for Chozhan Mudithalai Kōperunarkilli

riding an elephant, appearing like Kootruvan (Yama, God of Death),

wearing on his handsome chest an armor made with

tiger skin ……

moving like a boat plying on the ocean and like the moon

amidst many stars, swarmed by shark-like swordsmen.

****

314

One more point to be noted is the use of Navy in Tamil as Naavaay.

Tamil and Sanskrit have same root and so we find thousands of Tamil words in English.

***

315

Meat Dishes

Puram verse 14 composed by Kapilar has some information about non vegetarian food. Tamils of Sangam age were predominantly non vegetarians. There are more references to roasted meat, barbeque etc. in Sangam poems. Kapilar, thouh a brahmin, never hesitated to sing about the meat dishes

புறநானூறு 14, பாடியவர்: கபிலர், பாடப்பட்டோன்: சேரமான் செல்வக்கடுங்கோ வாழியாதன், திணை: பாடாண், துறை: இயன் மொழி

***

316

Shamudrika Lakshana

வலிய ஆகும் நின் தாள் தோய் தடக்கை

The kings hands were  long . In Sanskrit it is called Aaajaanu Baahu, arms touching the  knee. Lord Raa was praised as Aajaanubaahum aravinda lochanam (lotus like eyes)

புலவு நாற்றத்த பைந்தடி

பூ நாற்றத்த புகை கொளீஇ, ஊன் துவை

கறி சோறு உண்டு வருந்து தொழில் அல்லது, (Meat Dishes)

Puranānūru 14, Poet Kapilar sang to Cheraman Selva Kadunkō Vāzhiyāthan, Thinai: Pādān, Thurai: Iyan Mozhi

With your long hands that reach to your legs,

***

317

King is like Lord Skanda (Murugan )

In battles, your strength is like that of the vast earth.

You are like Murukan in battles.

***

318

Puram Verse 15 composed by Nettimaiyar praised the Pandya king Mudukudumi Peruvazuthi

புறநானூறு 15, பாடியவர்: நெட்டிமையார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: பாண்டியன் பல்யாகசாலை முதுகுடுமிப் பெருவழுதி, திணை: பாடாண், துறை: இயன் மொழி

***

319

Donkeys

Ploughing the land of enemies using Donkeys. This is in Karavela inscription as well. The victorious kings destroyed the palaces of their enemies and ploughed them with ploughs pulled by donkeys.

கடுந்தேர் குழித்த ஞெள்ளல் ஆங்கண்,

வெள்வாய்க் கழுதைப் புல் இனப் பூட்டிப்

பாழ் செய்தனை,

***

320

Four Vedas

Half baked people argue on the words Tri Veda and Chatur Veda. Those fools argued three Vedas mean earlier period and four Vedas mean later period. Since those people are not practising Vedic Brahmins they bluffed and bluffed. The word Tri Veda is used in the context of Vedic rituals where only three Vedas Rik, Yajus and Sama are used. The fourth Veda—Atharvana has Rig Vedic hymns in addition to secular matter. Here the poet mentioned Four Vedas.

Pure Tamil word for Yaga /Yajna is Velvi. But at the same time poet used also Yupam (Vedic post made up of wood)- a Sanskrit.

Sanskrit words

Veda, Yupam are Sanskrit words.

புரையில்

நற்பனுவல் நால் வேதத்து,

அருஞ் சீர்த்திப் பெரும் கண்ணுறை

நெய்ம்மலி ஆவுதி பொங்கப் பன் மாண்

வீயாச் சிறப்பின் வேள்வி முற்றி,  20

யூபம் நட்ட வியன் களம் பல கொல்?

***

321

Puranānūru 15, Poet Nettimaiyār sang to Pandiyan Palyākasālai Muthukudumi Peruvazhuthi, Thinai: Pādān, Thurai: Iyan Mozhi

On the streets of your enemy countries dug up by your

fast chariots, you yoked dull coloured donkeys with

white mouths, and plowed their protected vast spaces.

***

to fight against your army with shining weapons, or

the number of huge fields where you have planted columns

after performing faultless rituals prescribed by the four good

Vedas, with precious sacrificial elements and abundant ghee?

***

322

Rajasuya Yajna performed by Choza King Perunarkilli

புறநானூறு 16, பாடியவர்: பாண்டரங்கண்ணனார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: சோழன் இராசசூயம் வேட்ட பெருநற்கிள்ளி,

செல் சுடர் ஞாயிற்றுச் செக்கரின் தோன்றப்,

Puranānūru 16, Poet Pāndarankannanār sang to Chozhan Rāsasooyam Vētta Perunarkilli

***

323

In Sanskrit literature Lod Skanda is portrayed as the Chief of the Army – Senapati

Tamils also compared kings to Lord Murukan

is donned with dried sandal paste, O Lord who is as fierce as Murukan!

***

324

Tamil armies set fire to the enemy towns and plundered the towns unlike Ramayana and Mahabharata wars.

You lit bright flames in their protected lands, devastating

huge, lovely fields that knew nothing of forest but sugarcane,

tangled vallai vines, white waterlilies, cool pakandrai and

fruiting bittermelon vines.  O Lord!  Your elephants unite

and fight as one, in fierce, fine battles!

***

325

Puram Verse 17 explodes the myths of English educated idiots. Those who studied history books written by the British thought that British united India.  In fact, there were more wars and killings in Europe than in ancient India. In spite of the local wars, people considered the whole country as one holy land. People were travelling from Himalayas to Kanyakumari without Visa. Tamils have sung Himalayas and Kumari in the same poem many times. This shows the one nation concept that existed 2000  years ago. In Sanskrit also the Bharata Kanda concept is recited every day by priests and Brahmis in their daily rituals. The wonder of wonders is that they repeat every day (in Sankalpa) the historical period and geographical location where they perform their ritusls.

—subham—

Tags- Purananuru Wonders 7, Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia Part 47 ,Yaga, Yajnas and Sanskrit in Sangam Age!, Shamudrika Lakshana

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My Visit to Sydney Shakti Temple and Lisgar Gardens (Post No.15,356)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,356

Date uploaded in Sydney, Australia –  24 January 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

 My Visit to Sydney Shakti Temple and Lisgar Gardens (Post No.15,356)

During my last two visits to Australia, I covered Sydney Murugan Temple, Venkateswara temple and Nantien (Wollongong) Buddhist temple. This is my third visit and so I decided to explore new temples in New South Wales state in Australia. We went to Sydney Shakti temple, also called Durga Temple, yesterday. It is a small temple started by Hindus from Fiji Island country in the 1990s. The present temple building was constructed in 2010. Since it is in a residential area, the opening times are restricted by the local council. It is opened two hours in the morning and two hours in the evening.

In spite of restricted hours, devotees visit the temple in good numbers. I saw a constant flow of devotees entering and leaving the temple. On either side of the tall and attractive main deity Shakti, it has Lord Ganesh and Lord Skanda (Murugan in Tamil). It is a small hall which can accommodate 150 people. All the Hindu festivals are celebrated here. During weekends and festival days the opening hours are extended. It is better to consult the temple website for precise information.

Shiva linga, goddess Meenakshi are also worshipped in the main hall. Devotees come with plates filled with flowers and fruits and do the Archana through the priest there. Outside the main hall there is a shrine with Navagrahas (Nine Planets). In the outer prakara/corridor Hanuman statue is also installed. One big hall is there for Ayyappa Puja.

The temple wall is decorated with different forms of goddesss such as Bhuvaneswari, Visalakshi, Mariamman. One needs just half hour to complete the Darshan / viewing.

Following are the contact details:

Sydney Shakti Temple

271, Old Windsor Road, Old Toongbbie, NSW 2146.

Telephone- o2 9636 1171

Website – www.sydneyshakti.org

Photography is not allowed inside the temple.

***

My Visit to Lisgar Gardens

In the heart of busy shopping area in Hornsby Shire council in Sydney we have a beautiful gardens spreading over 6.5 acres.  It is very near the Westfield shopping mall. It is a woody area bought and developed by Max Cotton about 150 years ago. It is famous for two things:

70 Varieties of Camellia Plants

Water Lizards known as Eastern Dragons

Max Cotton loved camellia flowers and so he planted 70 different varieties of the plants. Now there are 300 such plants.

The day before the temple visit, we went to Lisgar Gardens. Though we saw only few flowers, the woody area with creeks, streams and small waterfalls allowed us to breath fresh air.  We could smell the fragrance of the flowers. We also saw the water lizards. The eastern water dragons grow up to 90 CMS. The Hornby Shire council bought these gardens and opened it for public. It looks like a forest and one has to go down and down. Those who are adventurous can take the loop walks and go deeper into the bushes.

The garden is closed at 5 pm and signposted to guide the visitors. A surprising thing in Australia is there are well maintained gardens and woody areas very near the cities. Public are not even allowed to cut native trees even inside their houses.

–subham—

Tags- My visit, London swaminathan, Sydney Shakti temple, Lisgar Gardens, Water Dragons, Lizards, Camellia flowers

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by Tamil and Vedas on January 23, 2026  •  Permalink
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Posted by Tamil and Vedas on January 23, 2026

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Three Beautiful Temples that I Visited in Bangkok, Thailand! (Post No.15,349)

Teenage Girls taking video film by dancing in front of the Bangkok Hindu Temple

Bangkok Buddha Temple pictures

Goddess Mother Earcth in Buddhist temple

Description of the Buddhist temple with lot of golden coloured Buddha Statues

Goddess Mother Earth worshipped in Road Junctions.

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,349

Date uploaded in Sydney, Australia –  21 January 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

Three Beautiful Temples that I Visited in Bangkok, Thailand! (Post No.15,349)

I visited three beautiful temples in Bangkok, capital city of Thailand, on 6th and 7th of January, 2026. They are

Sri Maha Mariamman Temple

Buddha Temple and

Mother Earth Temple

***

Sri Maha Mariamman Temple is a Hindu temple on Silon Road in the heart of Bangkok city. It is about 220 years old started by the Tamil Immigrants. Vaithi Padaiyachi constructed it in a shed and slowly extended it. His son expanded it and now it looks very modern with all Hindu Gods including Brahma. The main shrine accommodates Maha Mariamman, a form of Goddess Shakti. Village God Kaththavarayan, popular gods Siva, Vishnu, Uma, Lakshmi, Sarasvati, Ganesh , Muruga/Skanda and Buddha are all worshipped there.

Sri Kannappa Kurukkal of Mariamman Temple in Bangkok.

Thai Students worshipping Goddess Mari Amman/ Shakti

Two Surprises

When I entered the temple I saw a lot of Thai students in school uniform, mostly girls, worshipping with utmost devotion. Probably they are on their way to examinations. I find more Thail devotees than Tamils in the temple. They came with plates full of fruits and garlands to offer to different Gods.

Another surprise was teenage girls were taking video film with song and dance in front of the temple. They had Kunkum/tilak on their forehead establishing their identity. Probably they wanted to do a presentation about the temple or Hinduism.

Sri Kannappa Kurukkal of Vedaranyam is the chief priest there. I got his telephone number from Vellore Sri Kalyana Sundara Sivacharya, who took me around the temple and did the temple honours to me. He told me that Vedic students from Madurai, Coimbatore and Tirunelveli are appointed as priest there. They are all young.

***

Mother Earth Temple

On my way to the Grand Palace, I saw youngsters, mostly Thai, Chinese and Vietnamese gathering in front of the Goddess Mother Earth in a road junction and lighting incense sticks. I saw the same Goddess in two more places.

All the names of Mother Goddess are from Vedic Sanskrit, only the spellings are corrupted. It was an echo of Atharva Veda where we have the oldest hymn on Mother Earth in the name of Bhumi/ Prithvi Suktas. Bhumi, Prithvi, Dharani, Ma/mother, Vaudhara and Vasundhara are used in the description of Goddess Mother earth.

But Buddhists added a new story for the worship of Mother Earth through out South- East Asian countries.

When Buddha was meditating under the Bodhi tree, Maran, the evil demon, tried to distract him and foil his attempt to attain enlightenment. But Buddha summoned Mother Earth through his Bhumi Sparsa Mudra (a hand gesture) where the fingers touch or point towards Bhumi/Earth.

Immediately Mother Earth came and twisted her long hair where from the water flew and washed away the evil Maran. These Mother Earth statues are in specially erected Mandapas, or in the gardens and in the Buddhist temples. She is on the left hand and holding Kalasha.Devotees go there to offer flowers, light up incense sticks and worship.

My Comments

Hindus are the first race in the world  to describe the land, country and earth as Mother.

Since we have no reference to Mother Earth with reference to Buddha in ancient Pali scriptures, it is actually a corrupted story of Mother Ganga and Bhumi Sukta of Atharva Veda; the proof lies in the pure Sanskrit words describing the earth.

Earth in Sanskrit words

Vasundharā -Wathondare (ဝသုန္ဓရေ) or Wathondara

Sri Dharaṇī=Preah Thoroni

Anangu in Tamil Nanga in Sanskrit= Nang Thorani (นางธรณี))

Kanishta Nanga= Neang Konghing (នាងគង្ហីង)

Evil Mara= Another name of Kaama/ Desire/ Manmatha

Atharva veda says

” Mata Bhumi putroham prithivyah ”  (माता भूमि पुत्रोहं पृथिव्या🙂 Meaning “Earth is my mother I am her son”. 

There are scores of other verses that glorify Mother Earth. The hymn of these verses is known as “Prithivi Sukta ” in AtharvaVeda .In these verses, prithi is described as vasudhara or vasudha (Possessor of wealth).

***

Buddha Temple with huge Golden coloured Buddha

In the heart of Bangkok city, there is a beautiful Buddha temple with serene atmosphere.

Buddhist Temple,Wat Thepthidaram, Samran Road, Bangkok

Rama III commissioned it in honour of his elder daughter Krommameaun Apson Suda Thep

52 cast figures of female monks made from tin, in meditative pose.

It is a monastic living quarters , with village atmosphere.

Great poet Sunthorn Phu resided here.

The huge temple has a big Buddha in golden colour. On the both sides the corridors have more golden Buddhas. When I went there on 7-1-2026, about fifty Buddhist monks, young and old were reciting the Pali scriptures; it sounded like the Vedic recitation in Hindu Veda Patasalas/schools. But only five devotees were there.  Whoever enters the building will go into meditation. The complex has Mother Earth Statue as well. The walls have the paintings depicting Buddha Charita.

***

Sanskrit Everywhere

When one travels in car one can notice Sanskrit words everywhere. Indra, Sri, Nagara are very common. If one studies the names of Thai people, one would find them of Sanskrit origin. Description of Mother Earth has nothing but Sanskrit. Moreover, we find Indra Festival as water festival, Makara Sankranti and Tamil New Year day corresponding with Thai New Year day, Brahmin Priests officiating Royal Thai ceremonies, recitation of Tamil Tiruvempavai of Manikkavasagar etc in Thailand. Hindu Gods including Brahma are worshipped in different temples. Ayodhya (corrupted as Ayuthaya) was the ancient capital and Kings are named Rama. Statues of Airavata Elephant with four heads are in road junctions. All these points to Hindu origin rather than Buddhist origin of Mother Earth.

Atharvana Veda has the oldest song on Mother Earth with a long and beautiful description.

Evil Mara attacking Buddha with temptations of Desire

Mother Earth in Politics and  Water Board of Thailand

— Subham—

Tags – Bangkok, Temples, Mother Earth, Brahma, Hindu Gods, Maha Mariamman Temple,  Buddha Temple, Airavata, Sanskriit everywhere, London swaminathan visit, Thai students

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by Tamil and Vedas on January 21, 2026  •  Permalink
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Posted by Tamil and Vedas on January 21, 2026

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