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Purananuru wonders-72, Tamil Encyclopaedia 112, One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 112
Pathitrup paththu (Ten Times Ten book) continued………….
Item 961- you sent the ascetic to forest
Poet Arisil Kizaar continued …
நின் வயின் முழுது உணர்ந்து ஒழுக்கும் நரை மூதாளனை வண்மையும், மாண்பும், வளனும், எச்சமும், 25 தெய்வமும் யாவதும் தவம் உடையோர்க்கு என வேறுபடு நனந்தலைப் பெயரக் கூறினை பெரும, நின் படிமையானே.
He praised the Chera king for his charity, his support to ascetics and added that you sent the old grey-haired priest to the forest. Here he used a Tamil word PADIMAIYONE படிமையானே..(line 74/28 FOR THE PRIEST/ASCETIC.
When this word came in other poems, some scholars interpreted it as Jain ascetic. But here we come across the Hindu PRIEST/ASCETIC who was sent to the forest for practising asceticism. Old commentary says it is his Prohit/priest. Hindu old men go to forest for the third stage in their life called VAANAPRASTHAM. More importantly, the Tamil word meant one who practise penance.
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Item 962- Lion that kills big elephant and tiger- line 75/2
Kings are usually praised as tigers; even Valmiki praised Rama as a tiger among men in the first sloka of Venkateswara Suprabatham; that sloka is taken from Valmiki Ramayana (Uththishta Narsaarduula).
Narsaarduula= Tiger;
Lions are rare even in North India. At present only Gir forest in Gujarat has lions. But Tamil poets, sometimes compare kings to lions to elucidate their heroism. Here poet clearly says the king is like a lion that kills a tiger and big elephant.
The word Simhasanam/lion throne and Caesarare derived from Sanskrit word Cesa Ari= haired animal. Kesari became Caesar in Rome. Because of the confusion in pronouncing letter C, kesari became Caesar/i.
So it is interesting to see a Tamil king compared with lion in this poem.
Poet gives us two very interesting details here. The king treats the wounded elephant with medicine. It shows his love towards animals. The poet says that the king himself treated them with medicine.
And then he compared it to the merchants who repair ships! Strange indeed to see ship repairing.
Elsewhere in Sangam poems we come across the big ships owned by ancient Tamis. Their travels were confirmed by the Sanskrit inscriptions of Mula Varman and Purna Varman found deep inside the virgin forest of Borneo in Indonesia. (Varman names are found in Pandyan and Pallava Kings). The inscriptions belonged to fifth century CE.
Ancient commentator says that the merchants who sell goods repaired their ships and made them stronger.
This shows the maritime trade in the western seas 2000 years ago!
You heal the battle wounds of your herds of large-trunked elephants with medicines, like the merchants who repair their ships that ply the oceans
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Item 964- Ivory cot and Gory details- lines 79-8/12
The king cut off the tusks of the enemy war elephants and left them screaming.
He made royal thrones with those ivory tusks. In those days the massacre of war elephants was praised as a heroic act. Now the world won’t accept such massacres, but strangely massacre of men in Middle East wars are accepted!
And the gory detail is that Goddess Durga in Ayirai Hills accept only Bloody Offerings!
cut off the tusks of their royal elephants as they screamed in pain, and made an ivory seat.
May your fame flourish without blemish, like Ayirai hills where the fear-causing goddess Kotravai resides, who did not accept offerings other than the blood that flowed from the chests of warriors who worethumpaiflower garlands and fought battles.
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Item 965- Good Virtues of Chera King!
Oh great king wearing flower garlands crushed by the embraces of your women wearing bangles!
You do not care for your life while fighting battles, you do not brag in the midst of suppliants about the charity you give, you honor and protect elders, and shower graces on weak people, and even in their dreams others who fear you do not want your good fame that has spread in all directions. You are truthful to your words, and courageously you have destroyed the strength of your enemies. Your majesty! You are a man with such fine virtues that cannot be measured.
Item 966- unknown poet! Intro or Epilogue of Ninth Decad (Pathikam)
Poet who had composed this decad (ten verses) gives us some interesting details about two poets. Choza king Kōpperumchōzhan had a poet by name Poththi and Pandya king Ilam Pazaiyan Māran had a poet by name Viththai . We know Poththiyar in Sangam literature. But we dont know a poet named Viththai. Late commentators treated Viththai as Vidhya (education, learning) of Sanskrit origin. But old commentators show it as the name of a poet. The sentence construction in the poem also justified old commentary.
Poet: Perunkundrūr Kizhār received 32,000 gold (coins or particles) from the Chera King. He praised the Chera king for defeating the Pandya and Choza kings. This Chera king ruled for 16 years.
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Item 967- Chatukka Bhutham Mystery- Intro of the Decad
Post Sangam Tamil epic Silappadikaram gives interesting information about magical Chathukka Bhutham meaning Squares where Bhuthas installed. According to Tamil epic
These Bhuthas kill liars, frauds, criminals, fake ascetics and those who go to bed with wives of others. Poet says this Chera king installed Chathukka Bhutham, which were brought from different locations. King did ceremonies to pacify them. We don’t know whether they really did kill wrong doers or the kings installed them to instil fear among criminals. Nowadays we install CCTV cameras and place big boards saying CCTV camera is watching you! It is doing the same work done by Chatukka Bhutham 2000 years ago.
We have to do more research on this Chatukka Bhutham. The word Bhuutham is used for five elements and ghosts or goblins.
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Item 968- Maiyur Kizaan Mystery! Intro of the Decad
The Intro of the decad mentioned Maiyur Kizaan twice, one time as the father of the queen and a second time as the minister. There is nothing remarkable. But the old commentary says minister Maiyur Kizaan was converted into a priest who facilitated many yagas. This looks strange.
Was he a Brahmin? Because later inscriptions like Velukkudi Copper Plates of Pandya king have a Brahmin priest as Korkaik Kizaan Narkorran.
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Item 969- lines 81-15/18 Gold Bars to Soldiers!
The king plundered enemy lands took the golden jewellery from them, melted them and made them into gold bars and gave it to the good soldiers!
Here we see the wealth of ancient Tamil Nadu where even soldiers got gold bars. And the king encouraged the army with such gifts.
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Item 970- Prayer to God- Lines 82-1/5
Tamils were so devoted to God that they even prayed to God that enemy kings should not attack them!
In this verse 82 the king is addressed as Nilamtharu Nediyoy நிலம்தரு திருவின் நெடியோய் நின்னே. In Tolkaapiyam Paayiram (intro) also we come across நிலந்தரு திருவிற் பாண்டியன்.(Nilam Tharu Thiruvil Pandya). So we may conclude that Nilamtharu is just an epithet that goes with many kings.
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—subham—
Tags- Purananuru wonders-72, Tamil Encyclopaedia 112, One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 112, Ship Repairing in Ancient Kerala, Gold Bars to Good Soldiers
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
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Vindhya
Vindhya (विन्ध्य).—One of the seven holy mountains (kulaparvata) situated in Bhārata, a region south of mount Meru, according to the Varāhapurāṇa chapter 85.
Apart from its mention in the Nasik eulogy, the Vindhya mountain is mentioned in eight other inicriptions. Mandsaur inscription of Yalodharman and Viṣṇuvardhana refers to a tract of land, containing many countries, From the slopes of the Vindhyaf fiows waters of River Revā.
The Vindhya mountain comprised the chains of the ranges at the source of the Narmadā and Tāptī, and though most conspicuous in Western and central India, it extends right across the Peninsula, until passing through the neighbourhood of Gaya, its easternmost spurs reach and disappear in the valley of the Gaṅgā at Rajmahalas.
Puranic Story
Name of a range of mountain which separates Hindustan proper from the Deccan or south; it is one of the seven Kulaparvatas (q. v.) and forms the southern limit of Madhyadeśa; see Manusmṛti 2.21. [According to a legend, the Vindhya mountain, being jealous of the mount Meru (or Himālaya) demanded that the sun should revolve round himself as about Meru, which the sun declined to do; whereupon the Vindhya began to rise higher and higher so as to obstruct the path of the sun and moon. The gods being alarmed sought the aid of the sage Agastya, who approached the mountain and requested that by bending down he would give him an easy passage to the south, and that he would retain the same position till his return. This Vindhya consented to do (The real meaning is that Agastya was the first one to cross the mountain and came to South India via this mountain. Rama and others used coastal routes).Agastya laid road route.
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Vishnu
He is in 2000 year old Sangam literature and early Tolkappiam as MAAYON. Also found in the name of Sangam Tamil poets as Viinan; Vinnathaayan meant Vishnu Daasan; Kannan Thaayan meant Kanna Daasan.
1) Viṣṇu (विष्णु, “all-pervading”):—One of the twenty-four forms of Viṣṇu through which Nārāyaṇa manifests himself. He is accompanied by a counterpart emanation of Lakṣmī
2.General information. Brahmā, Viṣṇu and Maheśvara are the Lords of creation, sustenance and extermination of this perishable universe. These trimūrtis (three figures) also are perishable. It is said, that one day of Brahmā will constitute thousand four-fold (catur) yugas and that during the life of Brahmā, fourteen Indras will fall down from heaven and die. This is a Brahmā age. Viṣṇu-worship in Rājasthān.—The Ghosundi Inscription of the 2nd century B.C., records the construction of a stone wall round the hall of worship of Saṅkarṣaṇa-Balarāma and Vāsudeva by Sarvatāta of Gaja family. The fact that Viṣṇu was worshipped as early as the 2nd century B. C., is known from this inscription.
Temples of Viṣṇu constructed by the Śilāhāra dynasty (r. 765-1215 A.D.).—The Śilāhāras of Koṅkaṇ were devotees of Śiva. Though they themselves built no temples of Viṣṇu, inscriptions of the age mention several shrines of the god erected by their officers and subjects. They are not, however, existing at present.
Sanskrit dictionary
Viṣṇu (विष्णु).—[viṣ vyāpane nuk Uṇādi-sūtra 3.39]
1) The second deity of the sacred Triad, entrusted with the preservation of the world, which duty he is represented to have duly discharged by his various incarnations; (for their descriptions see the several avatāras s. v. and also under avatāra); the word is thus popularly derived :यस्माद्विश्व- मिदं सर्वं तस्य शक्त्या महात्मनः । तस्मादेवोच्यते विष्णुर्विशधातोः प्रवेशनात् (yasmādviśva- midaṃ sarvaṃ tasya śaktyā mahātmanaḥ | tasmādevocyate viṣṇurviśadhātoḥ praveśanāt) ||.
2) Name of Agni; विष्णुर्नामेह योऽग्निः (viṣṇurnāmeha yo’gniḥ) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 3.221.12.
3) A pious man.
4) Name of a law-giver, author of a Smṛti called विष्णुस्मृति (viṣṇusmṛti).
5) Name of one of the Vasus.
6) The lunar mansion called Śravaṇa (presided over by Viṣṇu).
7) Name of the month चैत्र (caitra).
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Vishnu gupta
Viṣṇugupta (विष्णुगुप्त).—Name of Chāṇakya.
Viṣṇugupta (विष्णुगुप्त):—astronomer. Quoted by Varāhamihira W. p. 239. 255. Oxf. 329^a (Utpala: Cāṇakyāparanāman), by Hemādri in Vratakhaṇḍa 1, 55. 56, in Dānakhaṇḍa 117, by Bhūdhara W. p. 259, by Lakṣmīdāsa Cambr. 54, by Raghunandana in Prāyaścittatattva.
Vishnugupta is the name of an ancient Raja (king of Nepal) .
Viṣṇugupta (विष्णुगुप्त) is an example of a Vaiṣṇavite name mentioned in the Gupta inscriptions. Viṣṇugupta (विष्णुगुप्त) is mentioned as the son of Pūrṇahari in the Kanherī cave inscription of Pullaśakti. These copper plates (mentioning Viṣṇugupta) are incised in the caves at Kānherī near Bombay.
Viṣṇugupta (विष्णुगुप्त) (=Viṣṇugun) is another name for Viśāṅkhunārāyaṇa—a shrine is located approximately 20 km southeast of Kathmandu on a hill in the foothills of Mount Phulcoki.
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Viswamitra
See Vasishtha for more information.
Visvamitra is a celebrated ancient sage in Hindu literature, who transformed from a Kshatriya king into a revered Brahmarshi through rigorous penance.
Originally named Kaushika, he was a powerful Kshatriya king of Kanyakubja and the son of King Gadhi.
His intense rivalry and spiritual competition with the sage Vashistha over the divine cow Kamadhenu drove him to pursue extreme austerities. Through lifelong penance (tapas) along rivers like the Kaushiki, he progressively earned the titles of Rajarshi, Rishi, Maharshi, and ultimately Brahmarshi.
In the Ramayana, he guides and trains Prince Rama and Lakshmana, bestowing celestial weaponry (bala and ati bala) and helping them defeat demons like Tadaka before leading them to Sita’s Swayamvara. He is traditionally credited with authoring major portions of the Rigveda (such as Mandala 3) and is associated with bringing forth the sacred Gayatri Mantra. Mythological narratives across the Puranas recount his testing of King Harishchandra’s truthfulness, his encounters with celestial beings like Menaka, and surviving severe famines through extraordinary resolve.
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Viswanatha /Visalakshi
Vishvanatha is a primary manifestation of Lord Shiva as the “Lord of the World,” housed in the major jyotirlinga shrine of Kashi (Varanasi). Consort of Lord Siva in Kaasi. Viśālākṣī (विशालाक्षी) refers to “she who has wide eyes” and is used to describe Pārvatī.
The large or expansive eyes represent the Divine Mother’s all-encompassing gaze, infinite compassion, and watchfulness over all creation.
It occurs alongside names emphasizing universal motherhood and presence, such as Viswamatha (Mother of the Universe) and Jagatdhatri (Protector of the World). While forms like Kamakshi (of Kanchipuram) and Visalakshi (of Kashi) represent regional manifestations of the Goddess, the Sahasranama integrates them to show that Devi Lalitha embodies all these supreme forms of Shakti. Meenakshi (fish eyed Goddess of Madurai) Neelaayathaakshi (Blue or black eyed goddess of Nagapattinam ) are also named after her eyes.
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Vittala
Vittala, also known as Vithoba or Panduranga, is a Hindu deity worshipped mainly in the Indian states of Maharashtra and Karnataka. He is a form of Lord Vishnu or his avatar, Lord Krishna.He is shown as a dark young boy.He stands with his hands on his hips. He stands on a brick. His main consort is Rakhumai (Rukmini). His main temple is in Pandharpur, Maharashtra. Legend says he came to bless a devoted son named Pundalik. Pundalik was busy serving his parents and gave the Lord a brick to stand on while waiting. People sing his name in devotional songs and bhajans. Another famous temple of Him is Vittala Temple in Hampi.
An abhang is an unbroken, continuous form of Marathi devotional poetry sung in praise of the Hindu god Vitthal (Vithoba).: The word comes from a- (non) and bhanga (ending or breaking), meaning an uninterrupted, eternal flow of devotion. Rooted in the Varkari Bhakti movement of Maharashtra, India, starting around the 13th century. : Composed as simple, emotional verses meant for communal singing during walking pilgrimages (wari) to Pandharpur rather than silent reading. Prominent Saint-PoetsSant Tukaram: Authored over 5,000 abhangs that mixed intimate devotion with social critiques against caste injustices.Sant Dnyaneshwar: Pioneered early Marathi devotional literature alongside Sant Namdev.Sant Eknath & Sant Janabai: Advanced the tradition with powerful, accessible verses that transcended social barriers. Typically structured in short stanzas meant to be accompanied by cymbals and drums. Features call-and-response patterns, lively tempos, and emotional depth. Popularized by legendary classical and semi-classical vocalists like Pandit Bhimsen Joshi and Kishori Amonkar.
Ashadhi Ekadashi is a holy day dedicated to Lord Vitthal (Vithoba), marking the culmination of the historic Pandharpur Wari pilgrimage in Maharashtra. Celebrated on the 11th lunar day of the bright fortnight in the Hindu month of Ashadha (June–July), it is believed to be the day Lord Vishnu (Vitthal) enters Yoga Nidra (cosmic sleep), beginning the four-month holy period of Chaturmas. Lord Vitthal is worshipped here to honour the deep devotion of Pundalik, who prioritized serving his elderly parents over receiving immediate divine vision, causing the Lord to wait on a brick. Devotees believe taking a holy bath in the Chandrabhaga River at Pandharpur and seeking darshan (divine view) at the Vitthal Rukmini Temple washes away sins. Lakhs of devotees known as Varkaris walk hundreds of kilometers in organized groups called Dindis. The main processional palanquins start from the sacred shrines of Saint Dnyaneshwar in Alandi and Saint Tukaram in Dehu, eventually converging at Pandharpur on Ashadhi Ekadashi. Participants wear simple white attire, carry saffron flags (pataka), and chant soulful devotional hymns (abhangas).Rituals: Devotees observe strict day-long fasting, abstaining from grains, and break the fast the following morning (Dwadashi).
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Vyasa
Vyasa is a central and revered figure in most Hindu traditions. He is the author as well as a character in the Mahabharata and considered to be the compiler of both the Vedas, and the supplementary texts such as the Puranas. Vyasa is sometimes conflated by some Vaishnavas with Badarayana, the author of the Vedanta Sutras. Vyāsa is also considered to be one of the seven Chiranjivins (long lived, or immortals), who are still in existence according to general Hindu belief.
Vyasa appears for the first time as the author of, and an important character in the Mahābhārata. He was the son of Satyavati, daughter of a ferryman or fisherman, and the wandering sage Parashara. He was born on an island in the river Yamuna. The place is named after him as Veda Vyas, possibly the modern-day town of Kalpi in the Jalaun district of Uttar Pradesh. He was dark-complexioned and hence may be called by the name Krishna (black), and also the name Dwaipayana, meaning ‘island-born’.
Vyasa was grandfather to the Kauravas and Pandavas. Their fathers, Dhritarashtra and Pandu, adopted as the sons of Vichitravirya by the royal family, were fathered by him. He had a third son, Vidura, by a serving maid.
Although the Vedas are eternal, because it was he who compiled them and divided them into four vedas.being a great organiser he entrusted the propagation of the vedas with four of his disciples. His four pupils—Paila, Vaiśampāyana, Jaimini and Sumantu.
Nārada emphasised devotion to Hari as the means of release and proceeded to narrate the story of his previous birth. When the sage left, Vyāsa retired to his hermitage Śamyāprāsa on the Sarasvatī and meditated on the Lord who appeared before him.
Vyasa Purnima- Guru Puja Day
Birth of Veda Vyasa: The day marks the birth anniversary of Maharishi Veda Vyasa, the legendary sage who compiled the four Vedas, wrote the Mahabharata (including the Bhagavad Gita), and authored the Puranas and Brahma Sutras. Guru-Shishya Tradition: It honours the sacred relationship between the guru (dispeller of darkness/ignorance) and the disciple. Alongside Hindus honouring their spiritual preceptors, Buddhists celebrate the day Lord Buddha gave his first sermon at Sarnath, and Jains mark it as the day Lord Mahavira designated his first disciple.
Chaatur Maasya Vrata- Stay put for Four Months (Chaatur= Four, Massya=Month)
Duration: Spans four lunar months from Devashayani Ekadashi (or Guru Purnima) in Ashadha until Prabodhini Ekadashi in Kartik. In Hinduism, it marks the period when Lord Vishnu enters cosmic sleep (Yoga Nidra) on the cosmic ocean. Devotees minimize material comfort and sense gratification, focusing instead on charity, prayer, scriptural study, and chanting. Ascetics and monks (Sannyasis) halt regular travel during these months to avoid accidentally harming small insects and life forms that thrive in the monsoon.
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Vijaya Dasami (Victorious Tenth Day)
Derived from Sanskrit (nava meaning nine, ratri meaning nights, and dashami meaning tenth day), it marks the day of victory following the worship of Goddess Durga. It commemorates the triumph of good over evil—specifically Lord Rama’s defeat of Ravana and Goddess Durga’s victory over the demon Mahishasura. The day is highly auspicious for starting new ventures, education, and learning.
Durga Puja- Grandest Festival in West Bengal; Vijaya Dasami (Dasara)- Grandest Festival in Mysore, Karnataka.
Vijayadaśamī (विजयदशमी).— Navaratri is celebrated for nine nights from the 1st to the 9th in the bright lunar fortnight of the month of Kanni (September-October) ; it continues up to Daśamī (the tenth night) it is called Dasra. The Hindus believe that the Vijayadaśamī (the victorious tenth) was the day on which Devī Durgā killed Mahiṣāsura and got victory. So this day is considered to be a suitable moment to begin the learning of all the arts which would enable one to carry on a successful life.
The soldier places his weapons, the man of literature his books and pen, the musician his musical instruments, at the feet of Devī Sarasvati and with devotion and worship receives them back from Devī on the Vijayadaśamī day .
This is a festival celebrated everywhere in India. In several native states this festival used to be celebrated under the sponsorship of the royal family as a State festival. As it is believed that Mahiṣāsura had lived in Mysore the celebration of Dasra in that State generally is on a grand scale. In Kerala, from olden times this festival was celebrated under the patronage of the Vañci Royal family.
To be continued……………
tags-HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL-120; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-120 ,vyasa, vittala, vindhya
Emperor of the World Narendra Modi saluting even People.
Written by London Swaminathan
Post No. 16,236
Date uploaded in London – 25 September 2026
Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com
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71Purananuru wonders-71, Tamil Encyclopaedia 111, One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 111
Item 953- You salute Brahmins only!
Pathitrup Paththu (Ten times Ten book) continued……………..
Brahmin poet Kapilar continues his accolades.
Line 63-1
You don’t bow your head to anyone other than PAARPPAAR (Brhamins).
It is interesting to compare it with Purananuru poem 6 where poet Kaari Kizaar also said the same about the greatest of the Pandya Kings Pal Yaaga Saala Mudukudumi Peru Vazuthi. Pandya king bowed his head only twice (every day); once when he went round the Temple(Madurai Siva Temple) then when Brahmins blessed him!
It is a Brahmin custom to bless people after religious ceremony with yellow rice (akshathai) and flowers.
This Pandya king was praised even by the greatest Indian poet Kalidasa. For the first time we hear about Agastya and Pandya together in Kalidasa’s Raghuvamsa. Girl friend of Princess Indumati introduces Pandya king as one who appears always with wet clothes because of Avabrutha Snana (ceremonial bath taken for Yagas and Yajnas) under the tutorship of great saint Agastya. Mudu kudumi Pandya has the epithet-Pal Yaaga Sala which means the performer of many Yagas. He is the king who enters Book of Records for performing highest number of Yagas ( Fire Ceremonies) in Sangam Age Tamil Nadu.
In lines 64-3/6 again Kapilar says his place court yard has become watery and muddy because of his donations to Brahmins. It is customary to use water to donate anything to anyone. If water is used as a witness, you don’t need any record in the registrar office. If fire is used as a witness to sign agreements or to do wedding you don’t need to go to registrar office to register it. No Pen, No paper! International Agreements Signed! We have the proof in Bogazkoy , Turkey Clay brick Inscription in Cuneiform script where Vedic Gods are quoted for an agreement . Agni=Fire is one of them. In Ramayana we see Rama and Sugreeva making an agreement in front of Fire God; Kovalan and Kannaki got married in front of Fire. No registration in any office!
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Item 954- Earth quake – In lines 63-1/7
பார்ப்பார்க்கு அல்லது பணிபு அறியலையே; (salute only Brahmins) பணியா உள்ளமொடு அணிவரக் கெழீஇ, நட்டோர்க்கு அல்லது கண் அஞ்சலையே; வணங்கு சிலை பொருத நின் மணம் கமழ் அகலம் மகளிர்க்கு அல்லது மலர்ப்பு அறியலையே; 5 நிலம் திறம் பெயரும் காலை ஆயினும், (Even if it could cause earth quakes) கிளந்த சொல் நீ பொய்ப்பு அறியலையே; Tamil Nadu or any part of South India is not prone to earthquakes; but Tamils knew very well the areas where earth quakes occurred. So, they refer to rare earthquakes in their poems.
Chera king never went back on his words even if it could cause earth quakes. He was so honest and truthful!
Kapilar is not the only poet who sang about earthquakes. We have more references.
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Item 955- History Mystery- Two Kings Defeated! Line 63-11
There is a reference about the Chera king defeating Two Great Kings.
Old commentators interpreted it as Pandya and Choza Kings.
But we have no cross references. More research is required.
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The Tian Shan range is a massive, 2,900-kilometer-long mountain system in Central Asia whose name translates from Chinese as the “Celestial Mountains” or “Mountains of Heaven!
நாமம் அறியா *ஏம வாழ்க்கை* வட புலம் வாழ்நரின் பெரிது அமர்ந்து, அல்கலும் (People living in NORTHERN LAND)
Two or three interesting references are here about toddy shops.
Toddy shops had flags! This is in Sanskrit dramas as well.
The drunkards exchanged elephant tusks for a pot of toddy. Those elephant tusks came from the elephant brigade of enemies! Wine bottle for ivory!
Kapilar says the people lived ever happy like the people of Northern Land.
Old commentators interpreted it as the UTTARA KURU.
Following is from my old article:
Uttarakuru- Strange Mythical Land
Written by London swaminthan Post No.1136; Dated 28th June 2014.
Uttarakuru has been referred to as a land of gold and immense pleasure in Tamil and Sanskrit literature. It is found in Vedic literature as well as Sangam Tamil literature. Lot of authors of classical age and writers of epics Vyasa and Valmiki also wrote about Uttarkurau. In the Vedic days it was NOT a mythical region. It existed somewhere beyond the Himalayas. Sabha Parva of Mahabharata described it as a real geographical area.
Arjuna got the Name Dhananjayan because he won the wealth of Uttarakuru (Dhanam= wealth, Jayan= one who won). Free sex was practised there.
Just before the Rajasuya Yajna of Yudhistra, Arjuna went towards North to conquer the lands. At the gates of Uttarakuru, he was stopped and told that no human being was allowed in. Even if he entered he could not see anything with human eyes. Then he insisted that they should accept Yudhistra’s sovereignty and offer tributes to him. They offered him divine garments, divine ornaments and divine hides and skins as tribute (Ref. Sabha parva of Mahabharata).
In Adhi Parva of Mahabharata ( 1—17—19) and Ramayana (4-44-88) the land of the Uttarakurus was described like a mythical country.
Sangam Tamil Literature
In Sangam Tamil literature Pathitrupathu (9-14)refers to Uttarakurus. Post Sangam Tamil epic Silappadikaram also refers to it.
Tamil poets described it as Bhogabhumi, land of pleasure. Ilango, author of Tamil epic Silappadikaram (2-10) compared the Tamil city Pumpuhar with Uttarakuru. He said that Uttarakuru was the residence of great penance performers and blessed with inexhaustible wealth.
UTTARAKURU In Vedic Literature —A Mysterious place with Gold!
The Uttarakurus, who play a mythical part in the epic and later literature are still a historical people in the Aitareya Brahmana (8—14) says the authors of the Vedic Index. They are located beyond the Himalaya. In another passage, however, the country of the Uttarakurus is stated by Vasistha Satyahavya to be a land of the gods (deva-kshetra), but Janamtapi Atyarati was anxious to conquer it, so that it is still not wholly mythical. It is reasonable to accept Zimmer’s view that the Northern Kurus were settled in Kashmir, especially as Kurukshetra is the region where tribes advancing from Kashmir might naturally be found (Vedic Index by AA Macdonell and AB Keith, page 84).
Identifying ancient lands mentioned in Puranas and Ithihasas (mythology and epics) has been a problem from the very beginning. Since the names like Kurus, Madras, Khambojans are tribal or community names and wherever they migrated that was called their land (country). In course of time, they slowly migrated to different areas, which led to lot of confusion. So nothing can be said with any certainty.
Sanskrit playwright Bhasa has referred to it in two of his dramas (Avimaraka and Svapnavasavadatta) Pliny said that the Greek author Amometus wrote a book on Attacorae (Uttarakuru), which is lost. The Uttarakuru is the seventh of the nine divisions lying to the north of Meru. Being the land of the eternal beautitude and enjoyment it came to be regarded as a heaven (Devabhumi or Bhogabumi) where the heavenly nymphs (Apsaras) dwelt.
Similar descriptions are found in Jain and Buddhist scriptures.
It is identified with Ottoro Korai of Ptolemy and Lassen places the country somewhere east of modern Kasgar– Source:Act 4 of Svapnavasavadatta of Bhasa ,translated by M R Kale.
Utopia of Thomas Moore (1516) Sir Thomas Moore wrote a book about an ideal society in an imaginary land in the Atlantic Ocean called Utopia. Probably he got the idea from Hindu Uttarakuru. Plato in his Republic wrote about a society where there are four classes of citizens (Gold, Silver, Bronze and Iron). The golden citizens are philosopher kings like Janaka of Upanishads. He might have got the idea from the Four Yugas of Hindu literature. Golden citizens are like the citizens in Krita Yuga, the Hindu Golden Age.
Tamil References (in Tamil):– Silappadikaram, 2. Manaiyarampatutha katai Uutarakuruvin oppath thodriya (2-10) See Pathitru pathu – ezam pathu lines 9-14 vatapula vaazwar= uththarakuru.
This Chera king ruled for 17 years. He defeated Athikaman and Pandya-Choza kings in Thagadur. He gave nine hundred thousand gold (particles or dust) to the poet Arisil Kizar. He also went out of the place with his wife and said to the poet “ Take it; All Yours! such a generous king!
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Item 959- Lines 73-1/4- Exemplary King!
Poet praised the king as incomparable! He is the example for others and not others his example!
The king listened to Veda and performed Yagas according to rule; his wife was like Goddess Lakshmi.
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Item 960- Strange Jewell for the Queen!
Experts searched in the mountains, sought in the hills and finally found a perfect stag with scattered spots and forked antlers that look like forked tree branches. They killed the animal, removed its skin from the flesh, and cleaned it. They cut circles of that skin and a skilled tailor with metal needles sewed bright gems and pearls on the edges, and the pieces dazzled. They tied them to the queen’s fine arms. A kite flying in the sky was confused thinking that there was raw flesh to eat.
(Vaidehi Herbert’s translation; thanks.)
It is a strange jewellery!
Birds of prey robbing gems thinking that they are meat is in many Sanskrit books too.
To be continued……………….
TAGS- 71Purananuru wonders-71, Tamil Encyclopaedia 111, One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 111, ITEM 960, Uttara kuru, Strange jewel, salute to Brahmins
Kinnara in Bangkok Palace in Thailand (my picture)
Written by London Swaminathan
Post No. 16,231
Date uploaded in London – 24 September 2026
Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com
xxxx
Purananuru wonders-70, Tamil Encyclopaedia 110, One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 110
Pathitrup Paththu (Ten Times Ten) book continued…………………..
Item 944- Kinnara music- lines 43-21/22
Poet Paranar mentioned musical Kinnaram birds with wings in this line 43-21 .
Ancient Tamils believed that the bird like Kinnaram with wings sings beautifully ; but the dancers with lute in their hands sings better than those Kinnaram birds.
I , London swaminathan, visited Bangkok palace in Thailand in January this year and saw golden coloured kinnara statue with wings along with other statues.
It is interesting to note the difference between the Kinnara with horse face in India and Kinnara with bird face in South East Asian countries. Here are the two different descriptions:
In Buddhist mythology and Hindu mythology, a kinnara is a paradigmatic lover, a celestial musician, half-human and half-horse (India) or half-bird (south-east Asia). Their character is clarified in the Adi parva of the Mahabharata, where they say:
We are everlasting lover and beloved. We never separate. We are eternally husband and wife; never do we become mother and father. No offspring is seen in our lap. We are lover and beloved ever-embracing. In between us we do not permit any third creature demanding affection. Our life is a life of perpetual pleasure.
They are also featured in a number of Buddhist texts, including the Lotus Sutra. An ancient Indian string instrument is known as the Kinnari Veena.
2) In Southeast Asian mythology, Kinnaris, the female counterpart of Kinnaras, are depicted as half-bird, half-woman creatures
Kinnara (किन्नर), like Yakṣas, are the attendants of Kubera. They are represented as mythical beings with a human figure and the head of a horse or with a horse’s body and the head of a man. They are described as celestial choristers and musicians who dwell in the paradise of Kuvera on Kailāsa. They are called Aśvamukhas, Turaṅgavaktras, “horse-faced” and Mayus.
Kinnara from Wikipedia.
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Item 945- Discovery about Sea (lines 45-18/22)
மழைகொளக் குறையாது புனல்புக நிறையாது-45/19
Tamils are great oceanographers. They studied oceans 2000 years ago.
This is evident from two descriptions about sea: 1.Tamils called it MUN NEER, meaning Three waters. One of the explanations is the sea has river water, rain water and spring water. I commented it as the ‘springs under the sea’. Oceanographers have discovered hot water springs under the sea in the past 100 years only. But Tamils knew it 2000 years ago. The reason for my comment is spring water is already part of river water and so the spring water referred to by the ancient commentator is the sub marine springs.
2.The second discovery sung by Paranar here is already in the Vedas. Hindus knew that thousands and thousands of rivers on earth pouring down millions of gallons of water into the seas every second, but yet the sea never becomes full and crosses its shores. The line also mentioned that rains/clouds take water and yet the sea dries not. Hindus knew the main source of rain is the sea. To make this comment they must have watched the three seas around India for thousands of years.
காக்கை பாடினியார் நச்செள்ளையார்;பாடப்பட்டவர்: சேர மன்னன் ஆடுகோட் பாட்டுச் சேரலாதன்
This Chera king ruled for 38 years. One of his adventures was that he marched to Dandakaranya forest and brought back mountain goats; he donated reddish brown coloured cows to brahmins. He gave the poetess one hundred thousand gold Kaanam ( gold coin or gold particles) and nine gold coins
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Item 946- mountain goats or Nilgri Tahr-cobra dance of Tamil women
It is interesting to note that Nilgri Tahr found in Nilgris in Tamil Nadu now,confirms what the poetess said. Why he did is the question that crops up in our mind. Perhaps Chera king was a man interested in nature. And the poetess also has an epithet- woman who sang about crows. Her famous poem about crows is in Kuruntokai.
Lines 51-24 in about the Himalaya where great god is, where snakes with cobra jewel/ nagaratna dances like possessed women.
We get three details here
Great God in the Great Mountain (Himalaya is Lord Siva in Kailash; Hindus were very familiar with Kailash in the Himalaya. In the previous part also, we saw Kalidasa’s Devatatma Himalaya used by Paranar.
Second point is snakes dancing with cobra jewels= nagaratna;
Third interesting detail- snakes dance like possessed women or possessed women dance like snakes.
The snake dance in Bharatanatyam is a traditional classical performance piece, most famously set to the Tamil composition “Naadhar Mudi Mel Irukkum” (or “Aadu Pambe”), meaning “dance, oh snake”
The song is composed by the 17th-century Tamil Siddha poet Pambatti Siddhar and is traditionally set to the Punnagavarali (Mishra Bilaskhani Todi) raga. The snake is a metaphor for Kundalini energy. Pannaga is the Sanskrit word for snake.
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Item 947- Mechanical devices/weapons on Forts
Poetess sung about mechanical devices in the forts which shoots arrows in line 53-7.
In other part of the poem also we come across Yantra, a Sanskrit word, used for mechanical instruments. Lord Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita (18-61) also spoke about Yantra Aarudaani.
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Item 948-Peri yaaz- big lute – lines 57-7/15
Peri yaaz பேரியாழ் is a big lute; commentators say any lute with 21 to 1000 strings come under this category. 1000 is used for a lot in Hindu literature, not necessarily 1000.
Paalai pann- tune or raga for Arid/paalai landscape
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Item 949-Maasi Month
In line 59-2, month Maasi is referred to. All the names of Tamil months are derived from Sanskrit words.
In lines 57-5/6, king is compared to sun which is common in Tamil and Sanskrit literature.
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Item 950- Seventh Decad sung by Brahmin poet Kapilar.
Kapilar is praised by many poets and he was the one who had contributed highest number of poems in Sangam Tamil Corpus.
This chera king Selvakkadunkō Vāzhiyāthan ruled for 25 years. He donated hundred thousand gold (coins or particles= Kaanam in Tamil) to poet Kapilar. He took Kapilar to the top of the Nandraa hill and said to him whatever you see belongs to you; such a generous king! He was a great Vishnu devotee who performed many Yagas.
I HAVE ALREADY POSTED THE PICTURES OF THE SIEVE IN MADRAS MUSEUM FOR SIFTING GOLDEN PARTICLES/COINS. IN ONE SIFT , IT GIVES APPROXIMATELY 400 DUST PARTICLES. it wont even take one minute to do it.
Kapilar adds one more line- The king impressed even priests with his knowledge.
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Item 951- Paari praised again-
Here we get some historic detail. Poet Kapilar visited this king after great philanthropist Paari’s death. First, he praised his dearest friend Paari and then made it very clear that he did not come there to beg money because Pari was dead. immediately he praises the Chera king saying that he never regretted after giving nor he became ecstatic after giving/donating.
Now we know he came to Chera country after Paari’s death. Earlier we saw tha he visited many kings for marrying Paari’s daughters Sangavai and Anagavai.
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Seven Suns appeared in China in 2024; Four suns appeared in Karaikal (see my blog for full information; these are rare optical illusions)
Item 952- Bhagavad Gita Echoed! Lines 62-1/9
Kapilar must have mastered Bhagavad Gita. In one of the poems in Purananuru, he said God never rejects Bhakta’s offering even if it is water , grass or leaves. Hindus offer Tulsi leaves, Vilvam leaves and Arukam grass to Gods. This is in Bhagavad Gita sloka Patram Pushpam phalam toyam…. ( I have already given the details in this Purananuru Wonder series)
Here again he talks about mysterious Vata Muka Agni (Badavaagni) = Submarine Fire = Vadavaith Thee in Tamil and many suns appearing at the same time. This is from the Viswarupa Darsana of Bhagavad Gita (11-12)
“If thousands of suns were to rise simultaneously in the sky, their radiance would still barely resemble the light of that great Supreme Lord” (This was quoted by J. Robert Oppenheimer, father of nuclear bomb, when atom bomb was tested in an American desert) here Kapilar used many suns and Vatamukhagni to compare the arson attacks of Chera king in enemy territories. The fire set by the army of the Chera king set fire in enemy territories resembled many suns blazing at the same time!
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com
xxxx
Points to be noted:
Valluvar who is famous for his brevity, wasted words in this chapter; the message is simple- Cut down desires; you will be happy and won’t have rebirth.
Kirshna and Buddha also said it:
Who is not elated, who does not hate, does not grieve, who has renounced both good and bad, he, is dear to Me.- Bhagavad Gita 12-17
XX
na kahāpaṇavassena titti kāmesu vijjati| appassādā dukhā kāmā iti viññāya paṇḍito||186|| Dhammapadam api dibbesu kāmesu ratiṃ so nādhigacchati| taṇhakkhayarato hoti sammāsambuddhasāvako||187|| Dhammapadam
186. Not by a rain of golden coins is found desires’ satiety, desires are dukkha, of little joy, thus a wise one understands.
187. Even with pleasures heavenly that one finds no delight, the perfect Buddha’s pupil delights in craving’s end.
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Go to Project Madurai website for all Tamil books; it is free and trouble free. No advertisements; no cookies!
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Following Translations are used:
1.A Aranganatha Mudaliyar – ANM+2 ( B.L. Aranganatha iyer and R. Srinivasa Desikan), Year 1933
2.S M Diaz, I G of Police- SMD, Year 2000
3.Rev.Dr.GU Pope – GUP, Year 1886
4.Suddhananda Bharathiyar- SB
5.EVS Publishers, Singapore- EVS, Year 1986
6.H A Popley – HAP (not full book; only selected couplets) Year 1931
7.Tamil Original
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Part 55- Kural Chapter 37-The Extirpation of Desire;அவாஅறுத்தல்–Curbing of desire
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361.Desire, the wise say, is the seed that always yields a never-failing crop of births to every soul that walks on earth- A Aranganatha Mudaliyar – ANM+2 ( B.L. Aranganatha iyer and R. Srinivasa Desikan), Year 1933
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361.Desire is for all beings, the seed out of which,
Is born the endless cycle of birth and death- S M Diaz, I G of Police – SMD, Year 2000
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361 The wise declare, through all the days, to every living thing. That ceaseless round of birth from seed of strong desire doth spring. (The wise) say that the seed, which produces unceasing births, at all times, to all creatures, is desire.Rev.Dr.GU Pope – GUP, Year 1886 ***
361.Desire to all, always is seed From which ceaseless births proceed. Suddhananda Bharathiyar- SB
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361.Desire is the seed for an endless chain of births for all beings at all times –EVS Publishers, Singapore – EVS, Year 1986
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361. அவாஎன்ப எல்லா உயிர்க்கும் எஞ்ஞான்றும் தவாஅப் பிறப்பீனும் வித்து.
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362.If you long for anything in life, yearn for the cessation of the round of births; and freedom from births comes of the slaying of the desires – ANM+2
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362.There is nothing worthier to be desired than release from births,
And this comes only out of the absence of all desire-– SMD
*** 362 If desire you feel, freedom from changing birth require! ‘I’ will come, if you desire to ‘scape, set free from all desire. If anything be desired, freedom from births should be desired; that (freedom from births) will be attained by desiring to be without desire.– GUP ***
362.If long thou must, long for non-birth It comes by longing no more for earth. – SB
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362.If there is one thing one should ask for, it is freedom from births, and this is gained by the annihilation of desire– EVS
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362.If aught you wish, then wish for birthlessness;
That of it will come, if wishlessness you wish-.H A Popley – HAP (not full book; only selected couplets) Year 1931
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362. வேண்டுங்கால் வேண்டும் பிறவாமை மற்றது வேண்டாமை வேண்ட வரும்.
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363.Either in the land of the living or in the region of the gods, there is no wealth precious than freedom from the fetters of desire-– ANM+2
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363.There is no wealth better than desirelessness in this world
Nor is there anything like it beyond too– SMD
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363 No glorious wealth is here like freedom from desire; To bliss like this not even there can soul aspire. There is in this world no excellence equal to freedom from desire; and even in that world, there is nothing like it.– GUP ***
363.No such wealth is here and there As peerless wealth of non-desire. – SB
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363.There is no felicity equal to desirelessness in this world or in the celestial world for which one aspires– EVS
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363.There is here no greater wealth than wishlessness;
And there, too, nothing is equal to it.-H A Popley – HAP
364.Purity of hearts springs from desirelessness: verily freedom from desire flows from the yearning of the soul that stretches its arms towards perfection-– ANM+2
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364.Purity consists in the freedom from all desires
Which comes from the relentless pursuit of Truth– SMD
*** 364 Desire’s decease as purity men know; That, too, from yearning search for truth will grow. Purity (of mind) consists in freedom from desire; and that (freedom from desire) is the fruit of the love of truth.– GUP ***
364.To nothing crave is purity That is the fruit of verity. – SB
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364.Salvation is the immaculate condition of being free from desire which results from one’s love of truth– EVS
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364.For heaven itself is freedom from desire;
And that will come from longing for the Truth –.H A Popley – HAP
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364. தூஉய்மை என்பது அவாவின்மை மற்றது வாஅய்மை வேண்ட வரும்
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365.The liberated ones are they who have wrought their freedom from the bond of desires; the rest enjoy not such light of freedom-– ANM+2
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365.Only those, who have given up all desire, have truly renounced;
The surely have not renounced adequately– SMD
*** 365 Men freed from bonds of strong desire are free; None other share such perfect liberty. They are said to be free (from future birth) who are freed from desire; all others (who, whatever else they may be free from, are not freed from desire) are not thus free.– GUP ***
365.The free are those who desire not The rest not free in bonds are caught– SB
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365.Only those free from desire are free from births; the others are not though they may be immune from certain afflictions– EVS
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365.Freed from desire, then only are we free;
Others though free from ills, are not entirely free.-H A Popley – HAP
*** 365. அற்றவர் என்பார் அவாஅற்றார் மற்றையார் அற்றாக அற்றது இலர்
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366.Guard against creeping desires, lest they should steal into your heart and smother the light of your soul-– ANM+2
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366.Desire is what cheats a man out of his birthright;
Only conquest of desire is, therefore, true virtue– SMD
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366 Desire each soul beguiles; True virtue dreads its wiles. It is the chief duty of (an ascetic) to watch against desire with (jealous) fear; for it has power to deceive (and destroy) him.– GUP ***
366.Dread desire; Virtue is there To every soul desire is snare! – SB
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366.Desire is the evil which causes deception and detracts one from ‘Mukthy’. It is therefore proper that one should beware of it and guard oneself against it– EVS
367.Immortality is at the command of the man who has banished all desires from the heart-– ANM+2
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367.If one roots out all desire fully, the soul’s ultimate yearning
For a good and spotless life, will be realised easily-– SMD
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367 Who thoroughly rids his life of passion-prompted deed, Deeds of unfailing worth shall do, which, as he plans, succeed. If a man thoroughly cut off all desire, the deeds, which confer immortality, will come to him, in the path in which he seeks them.– GUP ***
367.Destroy desire; deliverance Comes as much as you aspire hence. – SB
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367.If it were possible for one to totally annihilate desire, the asceticism necessary for freeing oneself from the affliction of births would come of itself – EVS
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7. அவாவினை ஆற்ற அறுப்பின் தவாவினை தான்வேண்டு மாற்றான் வரும்
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368.He has no grief who has no desires; but sorrow upon sorrow descends on the heart which is a prey to them-– ANM+2
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368.No grief will come to those who have eliminated all desire;
Where there is desire, endless sorrows will co-exist– SMD
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368 Affliction is not known where no desires abide; Where these are, endless rises sorrow’s tide. There is no sorrow to those who are without desire; but where that is, (sorrow) will incessantly come, more and more.– GUP ***
368.Desire extinct no sorrow-taints Grief comes on grief where it pretends. – SB
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368.There is no misery if there is no desire. If there is desire misery will recur ever-more– EVS
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8. அவாஇல்லார்க் கில்லாகுந் துன்பம் அஃதுண்டேல் தவாஅது மேன்மேல் வரும்.
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369.Even in this world of strife, man is crowned with everlasting joy, if he slays the cruel monster off desire-– ANM+2
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369.If the sorrow off al sorrows, which is desire, is destroyed,
Continuous happiness will ensue, even in this life– SMD
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369 When dies away desire, that woe of woes Ev’n here the soul unceasing rapture knows. Even while in this body, joy will never depart (from the mind, in which) desire, that sorrow of sorrows, has been destroyed.– GUP ***
369.Desire, the woe of woes destroy Joy of joys here you enjoy. – SB
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369. If desire, the greatest of afflictions, would become extinct there would be perpetual happiness even in this world – EVS
370.Be not blindly searching for immortality: she is on your very palm, the moment you have conquered the insatiable hunger of the heart-– ANM+2
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370.If desire, which is by nature a bottomless pit, be eliminated,
It will, in turn, naturally bring about lasting happiness– SMD
*** 370 Drive from thy soul desire insatiate; Straight’way is gained the moveless blissful state. The removal of desire, whose nature it is never to be satisfied, will immediately confer a nature that can never be changed.– GUP
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370.Off with desire insatiate You gain the native blissful state. – SB
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370.If desire which is of an insatiable nature could be annihilated, one would attain eternity in ‘Mukthy’– EVS
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10. ஆரா இயற்கை அவாநீப்பின் அந்நிலையே பேரா இயற்கை தரும். –subham—
Tags- Valluvar wasted Words! Tirukkural Encyclopaedia, Chapter 37, அவா அறுத்தல் ,Curbing of desire,Elimination of Desire
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com
xxxx
Purananuru wonders-68, Tamil Encyclopaedia 108, One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 108
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Item 930- God in the sky- lines 21-14/15
Hindus believed that God lives in the sky. Hindus say in day-to-day conversation “Uper wala sab dekh raha hai” – God -Up Above- is watching everything).
This Brahmin poet also confirmed it. Later day Tiru Valluvar also said it in Kural 50
He who lives his life in this world as he should, Ranks with the gods in the heaven– Kural 50
People of other religions also copied Hindus.
வையத்துள் வாழ்வாங்கு வாழ்பவன் வானுறையும்
தெய்வத்துள் வைக்கப் படும்-50
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Item 931- Excellent Advice – lines 22-1/4
In Tamil there is a proverb saying ‘Even Amrita in excess becomes poison’. Here the poet warns about excess in anything is not good for a ruler
Excesses of anger, lust, joy, fear, lying, kindness, harsh
treatment of criminals and other traits are hindrances
in this world for a just king with faultless wheel of power.
சினனே, காமம், கழி கண்ணோட்டம்,
அச்சம், பொய்ச் சொல், அன்பு மிகு உடைமை,
தெறல் கடுமையொடு பிறவும், இவ் வுலகத்து
அறம் தெரி திகிரிக்கு வழியடையாகும்;
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Item 932- Holder of Wheel= Emperor! Line 22-4-Wheel of Power
Hindus never used emperor for a great or universal ruler. They compared the ruler to Vishu who has a Boomerang like wheel. It will finish the job and returns to the sender like Australian tribal Boomerang. It is called Sudarsana Chakra (Wheel=Chakra in Sanskrit)
Chakravarti is explained as:
Chakravartin is a term used in Hindu religion for an ideal universal ruler, who rules ethically and benevolently over the entire world. Such a ruler’s reign is called sarvabhauma. It is a bahuvrīhi, literally meaning “whose wheels are moving”, in the sense of “whose chariot is rolling everywhere without obstruction”. It can also be analyzed as an ‘instrumental bahuvrīhi: “through whom the wheel is moving” in the meaning of “through whom the Dharmacakra (“Wheel of the Dharma) is turning” (most commonly used in Buddhism and Hinduism). அறம் தெரி திகிரிக்கு வழியடையாகும்;
Tamil commentator also explained whose wheel is moving. Thikiri in Tamil= Wheel. In Sanskrit they call it Ajnaa Chakra. Commanding Wheel. Strangely we have even an emperor statue holding a wheel in Indus Valley. Chakra also means Indra.
(Indra means a Ruler, a common noun, not a proper noun).
That is why all Hindus from Kashmir to Kanyakumari name their children Rajendran, Mahendran, Gajendran, Upendran, Surendran etc.
Wheel of Power is already in 14-18 as well
May you live with faultless fame like your noble ancestors who ruled this world with oceans as borders and lands that are like groves, with their wheels of justice decorated with ornaments set with gems! May you live without problems in this world!
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Item 933- lines 30-39- Offering to Royal Drums-
Tamil worshipped drums in the palace with blood offering.
“The god with rare abilities, residing in a drum, is worshipped with loud chants by a wise man who gives offerings of blood and abundant liquor. A black-eyed female ghoul trembles in fear beating her hands. Ants do not swarm on the offerings according to surprising tradition, but black-eyed ravens and kites eat them”
Even ants and female ghosts won’t touch such offering. Only carnivorous birds will eat them- says the poet.
***
Let us look at next ten verses sing by one more Brahmin Poet
பதிற்றுப்பத்து 31, *கமழ் குரல் துழாஅய்*,பாடியவர்: காப்பியாற்றுக் காப்பியனார்,பாடப்பட்டவர்: களங்காய்க்கண்ணி நார்முடிச் சேரல்,துறை: செந்துறைப் பாடாண் பாட்டு,தூக்கு: செந்தூக்கு,வண்ணம்: ஒழுகு வண்ணம்
This poet belongs to Kapya Gotra like Tol Kappiar. We have already seen the references in the Rig Veda and Bhagavad Gita Usanas Kavi who gave birth to words like Kapya, Kavya, Kavi, Kavitha etc
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Item 934- Golden donations
Chera King Kalankaay Kanni Naarmudi Cheral gave the poet 40 Lakhs gold and half of his country.
The Gold mentioned here is Gold dust. Only when I saw it in the Chennai museum I understood the meaning. Gold dust is put in a sieve with minute holes. Each time you sift, the gold dust that falls on the plate is counted. Say for example one take gives 400 gold particles it is counted as 400 gold. Then you do it the number of times to match forty hundred thousand. In short it is not golden coins, but just minute particles which can be counted. The one gold sieve I saw in the museum has 398 holes.
This king ruled for 28 years.
One more detail is available. King Nannan had a totem tree. It is Vaakai tree. Chera king cut down the tree when he defeated Nannan.
Keeping totem trees is unique to Tamil kings and chieftains.
The points to be noted are the details of gods; they are portrayed as found in Hindu puranas .
So the date of puranas must be anterior to 2000 year old Sangam literature.
Over 200 important details from puranas are referred to by Sangam poets.
Lines 1-10 of verse 31 give full details of worship of Vishnu and his appearance with Tulsi garland, wheel in hand, Lakshmi on his chest. Hindus’ fasting and holy dip in the ocean are also mentioned.
King’s wife is compared to the most chaste womanArundhati in lines 1-27/28
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Item 935- mysterious philanthropist VANDANவண்டன்
Earlier we came across a mysterious philanthropist AKKURAN; now we have one more name Vandanவண்டன். we have no information about him. Hanging castle mystery is also repeated. Those three space stations set up by three demons were destroyed by lord Siva. But here the poet attributes that heroic deed to a Choza named Thodiththol Sembian; this mystery also remains unsolved- lines 31-18/19. Did both Siva and Choza attain similar victories or did ancient believed that Choza king and Siva are one and the same?
***
Item 936- Two Important quotes echo Purananuru and Tirukkural
Two quotations are remembered here.
Verse 38- 15-16 (also 39-1/2) praised the king on two counts
1.You gather food to share it with many others;
2.You live for others; that is, you are not selfish.
This is said in Purananuru verse 182 by a Pandya king.
Even if they get Indra’s Amrita , they won’t eat it alone; they will share it. This poem beautifully summaries Hindu values. The wordIndra’s Amrita(Two Sanskrit words) in the poem show the Hindu Values.
This world exists only because some men in it, even when they might have the elixir INDRA’s AMRITA, will not drink it alone. They do not hate or fail to act even when they fear what others fear. They will give their lives for fame, but they would not take even the entire earth if it soiled their name. They are never without joy, and though they may be great, they do not use their powers for themselves but only for others. Because of them this world is. This is in the Vedas and Hindu Epics too.
Another translation of Puram 182.
“There’s a reason this world exists. Even if they get Indra’s Amrita ( the elixir of life) , they would never drink it alone; They have no hatred; They are never idle; Fearing what others fear, for righteousness, they would give their very life; However, if it’s a thing of shame, even if they were to attain the whole world with that, they would not choose that path; They are never weary; With all these glorious qualities, they are people, who spend their determined efforts not for themselves, but for others. Because such people live, this world too lives on.
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67Purananuru wonders-76, Tamil Encyclopaedia 107, One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 107
Greatest Hindu Wonder! A couple wanted to go to heaven (probably with human body). Chera king conducted ten Yagas after consulting Yaga experts. While the tenth Yaga was performed, the couple disappeared. Details are given below. We know Visvamitra failed in this space mission and his devotee Tri Shaku is still hanging in the sky as Southern Cross constellation shown on five country flags including Australia, Brazil and New Zealand.
Let us continue with the book ‘Ten times Ten’ (Pathitrup paththu in Tamil)
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Item 919- kalaznku –
In the first ten verses, 15-5 line is about Kazangu seeds. Commentators add some interesting detail here; whenever and wherever big number of things are counted, for every hundred they put a kalangu seed or bean away . At the end they count how many hundreds are there. Here the poet says the number of enemy soldiers is counted with kalangu seeds. And they are all finished; exhausted; no more kazangus are available.
In short, the number of enemy soldiers killed by the Chera king is uncountable.
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Item 920- five types of hair style- five part braids
Throughout ancient Tamil literature we come across AIMPAAL KOONTHAL- interpreters give two different explanations.
Women made five plaits or five braids in their hair. Nowadays young girls make two plaits – in Tamil irattaich sadai pinnal
But for 18-4 line AIMPAAL KOONTHAL, one commentator gives five different hair styles-surul, kuzal, panichchai, vilotham, kondai.
ஐம்பால் = சுருள், குழல், பனிச்சை, விலோதம், கொண்டை
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Item 921- Army Divisions – kooliyar
Tamil word Kooliyar has two meanings. One is ghouls (ghosts); another is an army which clears the path for the invading army. Ancient Hindus made good war preparations. The only task for Kooliar brigade is to pave the way for army to march; the interesting thing is we see it in Valmiki Ramayana as well; when Bharata came with an army to see Rama in the forest they cleared the way, so it was practised for thousands of years in the whole of india.கூளியர்
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Poems 21 – 30 were written by poet Pālai Kouthamanār for King Palyānai Selkelu Kuttuvan, the younger brother of Imayavarampan Nedunchēralāthan.
Paalai Gowthaman is also a Brahmin poet like previous Kumattur Kannan.
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Item 922- Greatest Hindu Honder-
Chera king asked the poet Paalai Gowthaman, “how can I help you?”
Immediately the Brahmin poet said I and my Brahmin wife (Paarppani in Tamil) wanted to go to heaven (Swarga in Sanskrit).
Chera King Palyānai Selkelu Kuttuvan consulted Brahmin scholars and performed Ten Maha Yajnas (Peru Velvi in Tamil) and they disappeared when the tenth Yaga was performed; the implied meaning is they went to heaven.
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Item 923- Water from two seas-
Tamil inscriptions used to boast that the king used water from four seas for his bathing. In one of my research articles, I wrote how Mayans in South America sent messages quickly. They stationed marathon runners in equal distance and they did the job quickly. Veera Pandya Kattabomman,Tamil king who fought with the British and sacrificed his life, used another method. He wanted to have his lunch every day only after the Arti done at Tiru Chendur Temple of Lord Muruga/Skanda/Kartikeya. He built Bell Towers at equal distance. Once the Tiruchendur Temple bell rang for the Mid Day Arti (ceremony) each Bell Tower worker rang his bell and passed the message. Kattabomman in Panchalankurichi had his lunch after the palace bell rang.
But here the commentator has added another detail. Chera King brought water from two seas by using elephants. They were placed in a line linking two seas. We can guess that they were stationed at equal distance between eastern and western seas. Sea water is considered holy by Hindus even today. For Temple consecration they bring water from 108 holy spots in India.
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Item 924- Vanaprastha Ashram-
Another interesting detail is added by the commentators. Chera king retired to the forest with his priest Nedumbharathayanar . First his priest went to the forest and he followed him. This is called Vanaprastham, one of the Four Stages in a Hindu’s life:
Brahmachari- Student Life;
Grahastha Aashram -married family life;
Vaanaprastham- retiring to Vana/forest to detach from family. Nowadays OAPs (Old Age Pensioners) retire to old Age People’s homes- a kind of Vaanaprastham.
Sanyasam- Fourth Ashram is to become an ascetic ; many ascetics cover themselves with saffron cloth.
**
And being a great devotee of Goddess Durga, he worshipped Durga in Ayirai Hills.
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Item 925- master of five branches
This is from Third Ten Verses from the book “Ten X Ten Verses”.
21-1 line mentioned five branches which the Vedic priests mastered who were performing yagas.
The five branches mentioned are
Praatisaakhyam- Vedic pronunciation guide;
Nirukta- etymology;
Jyotisha – astrology and astronomy;
Vedas ;
Fifth is pure heart.
Item 926-Anthanar doing six tasks
Lines 24-6/8 lists the six tasks of Brahmins .
Anti Hindu gangs question the meaning of ANTHANAR.
Their question is whether it meant Brahmins or any scholar.
But throughout Tamil literature we see naan marai or aru thozil used as epithets for Anthanar/brahmins
Naan marai= four Vedas;
Aru thozil = six tasks or duties.
Here the poet lists the six tasks and then say anthanar-
The six tasks are reciting Vedas, teaching them to others; performing fire sacrifices, and helping others to perform; accepting fees, and giving donations to others;
This is said in the context of Chera king giving respects to brahmins.
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Item 927- Planet Venus and Rain
Planet Venus is mentioned at least in 30 poems in Sangam Tamil literature. In one verse we saw that it should not go towards Mars.
Here line 24-24, poet refers to Venus and its effects on rain. Commentator gives us some new information.
If the planet appears in direct east, the rains won’t be good. If it rises in slightly north (towards North East), the rain fall will be good according to astrology books.
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Item 928- angry Muruga / skanda
In Pathitrup paththu all the gods such as Durga, Siva, Vishnu and Muruga are referred to.
Here in lines 26-12/14 lord Muruga is compared to heroic Chera king. Angry Muruga destroyed demons; Chera destroyed his enemies.
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Item 929- how to make war drums
Drums are royal symbols; no disrespect to it is allowed. Nowadays desecrating national flag is an offence in all the countries. In olden days, particularly in Tamil Nadu , war drums were worshipped. They made offerings to it. If a king plans an invasion, they move the drum and sword in the direction of enemy country, on an auspicious day. Here commentator adds some information about making drum.
Line 29-12, refers to drum with hairy skinned war drums. In Tamil mayir puthai maakkan.
If a wild bull or wild beast fights with a tiger and die after killing the tiger, then the hide of that dead bull is used for the drum without shaving off the hair on it. Hindus believed anything that shows heroism is worth respecting. Kattabomman chose Paanchalankurichi as his capital, because his hounds were chased by a heroic rabbit. He chose that place to construct his palace after seeing this. India is abounded with such stories.
Tags- Greatest Hindu Wonder! Purananuru wonders-76, Tamil Encyclopaedia 107, One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 107, item 929
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com
xxxx
Purananuru wonders-66; Tamil Encyclopaedia 106, One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 106
Let us take one more book from Eight Anthologies (Ettuth Thokai) in Sangam Tamil Literature. It is called Pathitrup Paththu in Tamil meaning 10 X 10 songs= 100. It is an anthology, dealing with all about ancient mysterious Kerala (Chera Nadu). Many of their customs are not known in other parts of Tami Nadu. This ancient land of Tamils has created a new language called Malayalam. That itself shows it is very different from other Tamil areas. But Malayalam is the closest language to modern Tamil. Malayalam is noting but a mixture of pure Tamil and pure Sanskrit with nasal accent. strangest thing is Sanskrit is studied by the lowest castes and mastered! This book is full of mysteries. The biggest mystery is a famous poet and his wife disappeared after a Yaga (Hindu Fire Ceremony). The Yaga was performed at his request who wanted to go to heaven!(probably like Trin Shanku with his own human body)! Unfortunately two of the ten songs are missing in the book. We have very interesting details about a Chera king punishing the Yavanas (Roman pirates from Italy). At last they cried and gave diamonds and gold to Chera king and got their release. And that gold and diamonds were given to poets!
In his book ‘The Eight Anthologies’, John Ralston Marr gives detailed information about the pathikams and the poems. He identifies the rivers, forests, kingdoms, kings and towns indicated in the poems.
Poems 11 – 20 were written by poet Kumattūr Kannanār for King Imayavarampan Nedunchēralāthan, son of King Uthiyan Chēral and Queen Nallini. This king is said to have defeated the Aryans and Yavanas and carved a bow–emblem on the Himalayas.
Poems 21 – 30 were written by poet Pālai Kouthamanār for King Palyānai Selkelu Kuttuvan, the younger brother of Imayavarampan Nedunchēralāthan.
Poems 31 – 40 were written by poet Kāppiyatru Kāppiyanār for King Kalangāykanni Nārmudichēral, son of Imayavarampan Nedunchēralāthan and his queen, daughter of king Pathuman.
Poems 41 – 50 were written by poet Paranar for King Kadal Pirakōttiya Chenguttuvan, son of Imayavarampan Nedunchēralāthan and the daughter of Manakkilli, a Chōzha king. King Chenguttuvan was a contemporary of Gajabāhu of Sri Lanka (A.D. 180).
Poems 51 – 60 were written by poetess Kākkai Pādiniyār Nachellaiyār for king Ādukotpāttu Chēralāthan, son of Imayavarampan Nedunchēralāthan and his queen, a daughter of a Velāvi king.
The above five kings belonged to the Chēral Uthiyan clan.
Poems 61 – 70 were written by poet Kapilar for King Selvakadungō Vāzhiyāthan, son of King Chēran Anthuvan.
Poems 71 – 80 were written by poet Arisil Kizhār for King Perunchēral Irumporai, son of King Selvakadungo Vāzhiyāthan and his queen, daughter of Velāvi king Pathuman. This king was the victor of Thakadūr. He was the greatest of the Uthiyan kings.
Poems 81 – 90 were written by poet Perunkundrūr Kizhār for King Ilanchēral Irumporai, son of King Perunchēral Irumporai and Princess Anthuvan Chellai.
The above three kings belonged to the Irumporai clan. Both clans were related through marriages.
Let us look at the wonders. Because the first song (or book ) is missing we go to Number Two song.
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item 911 -Himalayas to Tamil Nadu
Poems 11 – 20 were written by Brahmin poet Kumattūr Kannanār for King Imayavarampan Nedunchēralāthan, son of King Uthiyan Chēral and Queen Nallini. This king is said to have defeated the Aryans and Yavanas and carved a bow–emblem on the Himalayas.
There is prayer to God. It is about Lord Siva. பதிற்றுப்பத்து கடவுள் வாழ்த்து
Prayer song is taken from most famous Tamil commentator Nachchinarkiniyar. It may not be part of Pathitruppaththu. All the qualities attributed to Lord Siva is in one beautiful verse.
The first wonder is King Imayavarampan Nedunchēralāthan ruled for 58 years, according to Pathikam attached to it. He went upto the Himalayas and carved his bow symbol on it. He made cultured Aryan kings salute him. His mother was Mrs Nallini; his father was Uthiyan Cheral.
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item 912- Punished Yavana Rouges
He arrested the harsh worded Yavanas, tied their hands behind, poured oil on their head; to release them he got precious gold and diamonds and distributed them to others. Commentators interpreted others as poets, bards, dancers and army commanders.
Two points must be noted here: when the poet described Yananas negative words are used. whenAryas mentioned appreciatory words are added. Second point is he distributed Yavana gold and diamonds to others. He did not add them to his treasury. Yavanas were the Italian pirates who did bad things in the western sea what we call now as Arabian sea, a misnomer!
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item 913- Lord Skanda Muruka and Chera King- lines 1-15
Lord Murugan (Skanda/ Kartikeyan) destroyed Sura Padman, a demon. This story is enacted on the shores of Tiru Chendur coast on Skanda Sashti day every year. Million Hindus assemble there to worship Lord Murugan. So we see 2000 years continuity in Hindu beleifs.
All Tamil Kings had Trees as totem symbols. Lord Muruga is said to have cut the Mango tree of demon Sura Padman.
In the same way Chera King cut down the Kadampa tree in the island in the Arabian sea. He used the tree to make a war drum
The pirates were occupying one of the islands of Arabian sea and were robbing all the gold ladden ships.
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Map of Chera Nadu (Kerala)
item 914- Beautiful Himalayas with Aryan Sages and Dreaming Deer
Here comes beautiful lines which explode the myth that British united India. Now and then we see some comments by Hollywood and Kollywood idiots saying British united India. From Mahabharata to Sangam Tamil literature we see repeated words Himalayas to Kanyakumari ruled or controlled by a king. Here we see it in lines 17-25
Aryan= Sages; not the racial meaning given by Foreign Gangs.
Here the poet described the dream of Kavari Deer or Yaks. I have already explained Hindus are the one who repeatedly talked about animal dreams. Now western magazines are WRITING RESEARCH ARTICLES!! As if they have discovered something new! Sangam Tamil literature, Tamil epics and Tamil Bhakti literature have hundreds of dreams.
All the Himalayan descriptions in the early strata of Purananuru and Pathitru Pathu are copied from the first ten stnzas of Kalidasa’s Kumara Sambhava.
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item 915- Blood Changed the colour of the sea Red!
Like him, you struck your enemies with your blood-tipped sword, and slaughtered them to pieces on battlefields. Blood from wounds your sword caused flowed into the sapphire- colored, dark backwaters, the color changing to that of saffron dye.
We know this as an exaggeration. But the same thing said about Charmanvati river (Chambal river) on the banks of which King Ranti Deva performing Yagas with animal sacrifice, and river water turning blood red, was used by idiots .
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Cheran Senguttuvan on March
item 916- Mars and Venus-
Line 25 is about the old belief of Hindus about the position of planet Venus.
Venus does not run toward Mars, rains fall without fail in the lands where they are needed and when they are needed
The movement of Venus as seen from earth is always noted. Here poet says if Venus moves too close to planet Mars there will be drought. In 2021 and 2015 both Venus and mars were seen close to one another from earth. Though they are millions of miles away, we see them close. More research has to be done by Hindus to see how correct they are.
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item 917- Unwoven Clothes- Silk-
The kings munificence towards the bards and dancers were explained in many words. King gave them goat meat, rice, toddy, golden ornaments and clothes not woven in the normal way (from cotton). It is silk. From this we know the poverty of the bards and the wealthy life style of the cities. Silk clothes were made from the silk worms. Poet has coined a new word Noolaak Kalingam நூலாக் கலிங்கம்in Tamil.
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Statue of Yavana
item 918- Mysterious Akkuran!
In the verse 14 the king is compared to five elements and stars and planets. He is not measurable like these elements and heavenly bodies. This comparison with planes five elements is in Manu Smriti and Valmiki Ramayana . அக்குரன் அனைய கைவண்மையையே;
The king is praised as generous as Akkuran. No details of that philanthropist are available in Hindu scriptures. Karna of Mahabharata is the greatest philanthropist in Hindu literature.
In the Mahabharata and Bhagavata Purana, Akrura is a Yadava prince and the maternal uncle of Lord Krishna. He is famously known for his righteousness and for driving the chariot that brought Krishna and Balarama to Mathura. Note the difference in spellings.
Tags – Purananuru wonders-66, Tamil Encyclopaedia 106, One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 106, Item 918, Akkuran, Yavana
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com
xxxx
ஆங்கில அரிச்சுவடியின்படி வி V எழுத்தில் வரும் சொற்கள்
வாகனங்கள்
கடவுள் பவனி வரும் வாகனங்கள் உண்மையில் ஆழ்ந்த மறை பொருளை கொண்டுள்ளது; அவைகள் குணங்களின் அடையாள பூர்வ சின்னங்கள் ; இதனால்தான் எலி மீது பவனிவரும் யானை முகக்கடவுளைக் காண்கிறோம். முன் காலத்தில், உலகம் முழுதும் இந்துக்களைப்போல கடவுளரை வாக்கங்களில் காட்டியதை எகிப்து, இராக் துருக்கி ஆகிய இடங்களில் இன்றும் காணலாம் ; அனால் அந்தக் கடவுள்கள் எல்லாம் செத்துப் போய் மியூசியங்களில் முடங்கிக்கிடக்கின்றனர் . இந்துக்களின் கடவுள்களோ இன்றும் பல லட்சம் மக்கள் புடைசூழ பவனி வருகின்றனர் . முதலில் கொடியில் இருந்த சின்னங்களே பிற்காலத்தில் வாகனமாக பரிணாம வளர்ச்சி பெற்றன. இதை இலக்கியக் குறிப்புகளில் இருந்து தெளிவாகப் பெறலாம்.
காளிதாசனின் காலத்தைக் கணக்கிட சங்க இலக்கியம் எப்படி துணை செய்கிறது என்பதை ஏற்கனவே ஐந்தாறு கட்டுரைகளில் விளக்கினேன். அவன் சங்க காலத்துக்கு முன்னால் கி.மு.முதல் நூற்றாண்டில் வாழ்ந்தவன். இப்போது அவன் அளித்த வாகனக் குறிப்புகள் தமிழ் இலக்கியத்திலும் வருவது அவன் காலத்தால் முந்தியவன் என்பதை மேலும் உறுதி செய்கிறது.
புறநானூற்றின் கடவுள் வாழ்த்தில் சிவனின் வாகனமும் கொடியும் ரிஷபம் (ஏறு) என்று பாரதம் பாடிய பெருந்தேவனார் (மஹாதேவன்) பாடுகிறார்.
ரிஷபக் கொடி: காளிதாசனின் ரகு வம்சம்11-44;
விஷ்ணுவின் கருட வாகனம்: ரகு 10-13;10-61
இந்திரன் வாகனம் 4 மருப்புடைய யானை- திரு முருகாற்றுப்படை 155-159
நல்லுருத்திரன் பாடிய முல்லைக் கலியில் யமதர்ம ராஜனின் எருமை வாகனம் பாற்றிப் பாடுகிறார்- பாடல் 1- வரி 25/26
முருகப் பெருமானின் யானையை பிணிமுகம் என்று அழைப்பர்:
பிணிமுக ஊர்தி வெல்போர் இறைவன் (பரி.17-49)
பிணிமுக ஊர்தி ஒண்செய்யோன்-புறம் 56
மயில் வாகனம் : மேகதூதம் பாடல் 46 (காளிதாசன்); பாடல் 54ல் சிவ பெருமானின் விடை ஏறு (ரிஷபம்). மகாபாரதத்திலும் இதே குறிப்பு வருகிறது (8-24)
மணிமயில் உயரிய மாறாவென்றி (புறம் 56)
முருகன் மஞ்ஞையன் (முருகு 210)
விரைமயில் மேல் ஞாயிறு (பரி 18-26)
சேவலங்கொடியோன் (குறுந்தொகை கடவுள் வாழ்த்து)
சேவலங்கொடியன் (முருகு 210)
கலித்தொகையில் சிவபெருமானின் காளைவாகனம் வருகிறது (150-13; 26-5)
மதுரைக் கணக்காயனார் மகனார் நக்கீரனார் ஒரே பாடலில் (புறம் 56) நான்கு கடவுளரின் கொடி வாகனங்கள் பற்றிப் பாடிப் பரவுகிறார்.
காளிதாசனும் கொடியும் வாகனமும் சிவனுக்கு ஒன்றுதான் என்று சொல்லி வ்ருஷபத்வஜன், வ்ருஷாங்கன், வ்ருஷபாருடன் என்று ரகு வம்சம் ,குமார சம்பவம் ஆகியவற்றில் புகழ்கிறார். இதைத் தமிழ் புலவர்களும் பாடியதை மேலே கண்டோம்.
காளிதாசன் இந்திரனின் வஜ்ரக் கொடி, வாகனம் ஐராவதம் ஆகியன பற்றியும் பாடுகிறார் ( ரகு3-56; 1-36. ரகு வம்சத்தில் முருகனின் மயில் பற்றி ‘மயூரப் ப்ருஷ்ட ஆஸ்ரயினா குஹேன’ என்று சொல்கிறார்.
புறம் 58- பலராமனின் பனைக்கொடியைக் குறிக்கும், தொல்காப்பியமும் பனைக் கொடியைக் குறிப்பிடுகிறது.
ஆக கொடியையும் வாகனத்தையும் மாறி மாறி ஒரே கடவுளருக்கு தமிழ் ,சம்ஸ்கிருத இலக்கியங்கள் பகர்வதாலேயே கொடியிலிருந்து வாகனம் தோன்றியதாக நான் கூறினேன்.
பிற்காலத்தில் தோன்றிய தேவாரம், திருவாசகம், திவ்யப் பிரபந்தம் போன்ற பக்தி இலக்கியங்கள் வாகனம் பற்றிய மேலும் பல சுவையான கதைகளைக் கூறுகின்றன. திரு ஞானசம்பந்தர் தனது பதிகத்தில் துர்க்கைக்கு மான் வாகனம் இருப்பதை ‘கலையதூர்தி’ என்ற சொல்லால் விளக்குகிறார்.
“திருமகள் கலையதூர்தி செயமாது பூமி
திசை தெய்வம் ஆன பலவும்”– (பதிகம் 921, இரண்டாம் திருமுறை)
xxx
வேதத்தில் பல மிருகங்கள் குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன. புராண இதிகாசங்களில் வாகனங்கள் பற்றிய தெளிவான குறிப்புகள் இருக்கின்றன. சிந்து சமவெளியில் ஒரு முத்திரையில் யானை மீது ஒரு ஆணோ பெண்ணோ நிற்கும் காட்சி இருக்கிறது. இந்து வாகனங்கள் உலகம் முழுதும் இருந்ததற்கான சான்றுகள் இதோ:
எகிப்தில் துதன்காமுன் (கி.மு. 1333) என்ற மன்னனை கருஞ்சிறுத்தை மீது நிற்பதாகக் காட்டியுள்ளனர். எகிப்திய பாரோக்கள் (மன்னர்கள்) இறைவனுக்குச் சமமாகக் கருதப்பட்டனர். அவனுடைய தாத்தா, கொள்ளுத் தாத்தா காலத்தில் இருந்து இந்துப் பண்பாட்டில் இருந்த தொடர்பு இதற்குக் காரணமாக இருக்கக் கூடும். மிட்டன்னி (சிரியா/துருக்கி/இராக் பகுதியை ஆண்ட இந்து மன்னர்கள்) மன்னர் தசரதன், தன் பெண்களை எகிப்திய மன்னனுக்கு மணம் முத்துவிட்டு எழுதிய கடிதங்கள் இன்றும் எகிப்தில் உள்ளன. துதன்காமுனுக்குப் பின் சேதி என்ற மன்னர் ஓவியங்களிலும் வாகனத்தைப் பார்க்கலாம்.
இந்துக் கடவுள்களில் துர்க்கா தேவி, அய்யப்பன், புத்த மதத்தில் பத்மசம்பவர் ஆகியோர் புலி வாகனத்தில் செல்வதாகக் காட்டப்பட்டிருக்கின்றனர்.
சிம்ம வாகனம்
வாகனங்களில் மிகவும் பழைய வாகனம் சிம்ம வாகனம். இன்றும் துர்கா தேவியின் வாகனமாக பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது. எங்கெல்லாம் தேவி, காளி வழிபாடு இருக்கிறதோ அங்கெல்லாம் சிம்ம வாகனம் இருக்கிறது.
கதேஸ் என்று சிரியா நாட்டிலும் ஹதோர் என்று எகிப்திலும் வழிபடப்பட்ட தேவியின் வாகனம் சிங்கம். நிர்வாணமாக நிற்கும் இந்தக் கடவுளின் ஒரு கையில் பாம்பு இருக்கும். இனவிருத்திக்கான தேவதை.ஹீப்ருக்கள் வணங்கிய லிலித் என்ற தேவதை இரண்டு சிங்கங்களின் மீது நிற்பதாகக் காட்டப்படுகிறது. லிலித், முதல் மனிதன் ஆன ஆதாமின் மற்றொரு மனைவி. ஜில்காமேஷ் கதையிலும் லிலித் வருகிறாள். அவர் தாக்கியவுடன் லிலித் பாலைவனத்துக்குள் ஓடியதாக கதை.
கி.மு.எட்டாம் நூற்றாண்டு சிற்பம் ஒன்று அசீரிய காதல்-போர் அதி தேவதையான இஷ்டாரையும் சிம்ம வாகினியாகக் காட்டுகிறது.
கி.மு 133 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டைச் சேர்ந்த எழிலிகாயாவில் அரின்னா, சுர்ருமா ஆகிய தெய்வங்களும் சிம்ம வாகனத்தில் நிற்கின்றனர்.
காளை வாகனம்
காளையை இந்திரனுக்கும் ஏனைய தெய்வங்களுக்கும் உவமையாகக் கூறுவதை வேதத்தில் படிக்கிறோம். பிற்காலத்தில் காளையை சிவனுக்கு வாகனமாக்கினர்.5500 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன் சுமேரியாவில் ஒருகாளை மீது தெய்வம் உட்காரும் ஆசனம் போடப்பட்டிருக்கிறது
கி.மு.எட்டாம் நூற்றாண்டு சிற்பம் ஒன்று புயலுக்கு அதிபதியான பாபிலோனிய அதாத் என்னும் கடவுளை காளை வாகனத்தில் நிற்கும்படி செதுக்கியுள்ளது. அதாத் இந்திரன் போல கையில் வஜ்ராயுத்தை தாங்குகிறார்.
இந்திய வாகனங்களுக்கும் முற்கால வெளிநாட்டு வாகனங்களுக்கும் உள்ள பெரிய வேறுபாடு அந்த கடவுள்கள் வாகனங்கள் மீது நிற்பார்கள். இந்துக் கடவுளோவெனில் வாகனத்தில் அமந்திருப்பார்கள்.
பாபா இயாகா என்ற ஸ்லாவ் இனக் கடவுள் பன்றியின் மீது பயணம் செய்கிறார்.
இதோ முக்கிய வாகனங்களின் பட்டியல் :
1.ஸ்ரீ மஹா கணபதி—மூஞ்சுறு Ganesh/Vinayaka=Mouse
2.வேல் முருகன் —மயில் Kartikeya/Skanda/Murugan–Peacock
3.சிவ பெருமான் காளை, நந்தி Shiva=Bull/ Nandhi
4.ராஜ ராஜேஸ்வரி—சிம்மம் Raja Rajeswari= Lion
5.மஹா விஷ்ணு— கருடன் Vishnu= Garuda/Eagle
6.பைரவர்— நாய் Bhairava=Dog
7.சாஸ்தா—குதிரை Sastha= Horse
8.அய்யப்பன்— புலி Ayyappa= Tiger
9.சனைச்சரன்–காகம் Sani/Saturn= Crow
10.கல்கி—- குதிரை Kalki Avatar=Horse
11.இந்திரன்—ஐராவதம் யானை Indra= Airavata/ Elephant
12.லெட்சுமி—செந்தாமரை, ஆந்தை Lakshmi= Red Lotus, Owl
அசிதாங்க பைரவர் – அன்ன வாகனம் (Swan)ருரு பைரவர் – காளை வாகனம் (Bull / Vrushabha)சண்ட பைரவர் – மயில் வாகனம் (Peacock)குரோத பைரவர் – கருட வாகனம் (Garuda)உன்மத்த பைரவர் – குதிரை வாகனம் (Horse)கபால பைரவர் – யானை வாகனம் (Elephant)பீஷண பைரவர் (Bitchana) – பேய் / பிரேத வாகனம் (Pretha) (சில குறிப்புகளில் சிம்ம வாகனம் என்றும் கூறacknowledgeப்படுகிறது) சம்ஹார பைரவர் – நாய் வாகனம் (Dog / Swana)
Please read my other articles on Vahanas in my blogs:
Iraq: 7 Gods Procession on Vahanas
Deer Chariot: Rig Veda to Santa Claus
Hindu Vahanas around the World
Vahanas in Kalidasa and Tamil Literature
உலகம் முழுதும் இந்து தெய்வ வாகனங்கள்
சங்கத் தமிழ் இலக்கியத்தில் வாகனங்கள்
வாகனங்கள் தோன்றியது எங்கே?ஏன்? எப்போது?
எந்தக் கடவுளுக்கு என்ன வாகனங்கள்?
Who Rides What Vahanas?
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வாமன அவதாரம்
திருக்குறளிலும் சங்க இலக்கியப் பாடல்களிலும் 2000 ஆண்டுகளாகப் பாடப்பட்ட வாமன அவதாரம் விஷ்ணுவின் ஐந்தாவது அவதாரம் ஆகும்; வாமன என்றால் குள்ளம் குட்டை; அவரே மஹாபலி சக்கரவர்த்தியிடம் மூன்று அடி மண் தானம் கேட்டு ஓங்கி உலகளந்த த்ரிவிக்ரமன் ஆனார் . மஹாபலி சக்ரவர்த்தியின் கர்வத்தை அடக்க அவர் செய்த யாகத்தின்போது குள்ள பிராமணச் சிறுவனாக வந்து மூன்றே அடி மண் கேட்டபோது அந்த அசுர சக்கரவர்த்திக்கு ஆசிரியராக இருந்த பிராமண ஆசிரியர் சுக்ராச்சார்யார் அவரை எச்சகரித்தார்; அதையும் மீறி மஹாபலி தருகிறேன் என்று வாக்கு கொடுத்த போது, வானத்தையும் பூமியையும் இரண்டே அடிகளால் அளந்த வாமனன், முன்றாவது அடி எங்கே என்று கேட்டவுடன் , வந்தவர் விஷ்ணு என்றுஅறிந்து என் தலை மீது மூன்றாவது அடியை வையுங்கள் என்று காட்டினான் . அதன் மூலம் அவரை பாதாள உலகத்துக்கு அனுப்பிய விஷ்ணு , உனது பணிவு காரணமாக ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டு ம் என்னுடைய திருவோண நட்சத்திரத்தன்று இந்த பூமிக்கு வா என்று ஆசீர்வதித்தார் . இப்பொழுது கேரளத்தில் மட்டும் அந்த ஓண விழாவைப் பெரிதாகக் கொண்டாடுகிறார்கள்.
வாமன (वामन).—பாணினியின் உலகப் புகழ்பெற்ற, உலகத்தின் முதல் இலக்கண நூலான அஷ்டாத்யாயிக்கு பதஞ்சலிக்கு சுமார் ஆயிரம் ஆண்டுகளுக்கு ப்பின்னர் வாமனர் என்பவரும் ஜயாதித்ய जयादित्य (jayāditya). என்பவரும் உரை எழுதினார்கள்; அதற்கு காசிகா என்று பெயர்; இருவர் எழுதிய இந்த பாஷ்யத்தில் வாமனர் எழுதிய பகுதி எது என்று சொல்ல முடியாது இவர்களைத் தவிர காஷ்மீரில் ஒரு வாமனர் பத்தாம் நூற்றாண்டில் சில நூல்களை எழுதினார்.
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வாமாசாரம்
சிவனின் வாம / இடது பாகத்தில் இருப்பவள் சக்தி/ பார்வதி/ உமை; அவளை தாந்திர முறைகளில் வழிபடுவது வாமாசாரம் எனப்படும்; இதைப் பின்பற்றுவோர் மது, மாது, மாமிசம் என்பதையும் வழிபாட்டு முறைகளில் பயன்படுத்தி அபூர்வ சக்திகளைப் பெறுவார்கள் இவையல்லாமல் யாக யக்ஞங்களை செய்தோ அல்லது பக்தி முறையில் பூஜைகளை செய்தோ வழிபடும் முறை பழைய சம்பிரதாய முறை ஆகும் ; அவர்களை வாமாசாரத்தை ஆதரிப்பதில்லை ; பிரிட்டிஷ் நீதிபதி Arthur Avalon (the pen name of British high court judge Sir John Woodroffe) ஆர்தர் ஆவலோன் இந்த முறை பற்றியும் இதன் பின்னுள்ள தத் துவங்களைப் பற்றியும் ஆங்கிலத்தில் எழுதிய நூல்கள் பிரபலமான நூல்கள் ஆகும்.
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வரருசி
Vararuci (वररुचि).—பாணினியின் உலகப் புகழ்பெற்ற இலக்கண நூலுக்கு வார்த்திகா என்னும் குறிப்புகளை எழுதியவர் வரருசி; இவரை காத்யாயனர் என்றும் சொல்லுவார்கள். இவர் சுமார் 4000 ‘அப்டேட்’களை செய்தார்; அதாவது பாணினி எழுதியதைத் திருத்தி, தனது காலத்தில் வழங்கிய மொழியைக் காட்டினார் . இவர் விக்ரமாதித்தன் அவையில் இருந்த நவரத்தினங்களில் ஒருவர்.
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வார்த்திக
Vārtika (वार्तिक).—பாணினியின் அஷ்டாத்யாயீ நூலுக்கு வரருசி எழுதிய திருத்தங்கள் அல்லது மாற்றங்கள் இவை ; பிரபல சம்ஸ்க்ருத அறிஞர் தியோடர் கோல்ட்ஸ்டாக்கர் prominent 19th-century German Sanskrit scholar Theodor Goldstücker, மொழியியல் வல்லுநர் ஆவார்; அவருடைய கணக்குப்படி பாணினி 2700 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்னர் வாழ்ந்தார்; அவருக்கு 200 ஆழ்ந்து 300 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பின்னர் வரருசி வாழந்தார் என்பதாகும் . ஏனெனில் ஒரிஜினல் நூலில் 4000 மாற்றங்களை செய்வதானால் பாணினிக்கும் இவருக்கும் பல நூற்றாண்டு இடை வெளி இருக்க வேண்டும் தமிழிலும் தொல்காப்பியத்து க்கு அப்டேட் குறிப்புகள் எழுதிய பவணந்தி சில நூற்றாண்டுகளுக்குப் பின்னரே மாற்றங்களைச் செய்தார் .இவருக்குப்பின்னர் மஹாபாஷ்யம் எழுதியா பதஞ்சலி முனிவர் 2200 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்னர் வாழ்ந்ததை உறுதியான வரலாறு காட்டுகிறது; இந்த மூ வரையும் வணங்கும் ஸ்லோகத்தை சம்ஸ்க்ருதம் பயில்வோர் சொல்லும் ஸ்லோகம்
வாக்கியகாரஞ் வரருசிஞ் பாஷ்யகாரஞ் பதஞ்சலிம் |
பாணினிஞ் சூத்ரகாரஞ் ச ப்ரணதோஸ்மி முனித்ரயம் ||
சுலோகத்தின் பொருள்:வாக்யகாரம் வரருசிம்: பாணினியின் சூத்திரங்களுக்கு ‘வார்த்திகம்’ என்னும் விளக்க வாக்கியங்களை எழுதிய வரருசி (காத்யாயனர்).பாஷ்யகாரம் பதஞ்சலிம்: அந்த சூத்திரங்களுக்கும் வார்த்திகங்களுக்கும் ‘மஹாபாஷ்யம்’ என்னும் விரிவுரை எழுதிய பதஞ்சலி முனிவர்.பாணினிம் சூத்ரகாரம் ச: சமஸ்கிருத இலக்கணத்தின் அடிப்படையான ‘அஷ்டாத்யாயி’ சூத்திரங்களை இயற்றிய பாணினி மகரிஷி.ப்ரணதோஸ்மி முனித்ரயம்: சமஸ்கிருத இலக்கணத்தை நமக்கு அருளிய இந்த மூன்று சிறந்த முனிவர்களையும் (முனித்ரயம்) நான் வணங்குகிறேன்.
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வருணன்
வேதகால முக்கியக்கடவுளான வருணன் தமிழர்களின் நெய்தல் நிலக்கடவுள் என்று தொல்காப்பியம் கூறுகிறது பார்சி மத நூலான ஜெண்ட் அவஸ்தா வர்ண பகவானை புகழ்கிறது. துருக்கி நாட்டில் 3400 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்னர் எழுதப்பட்ட கியூனிபார்ம் களிமண் கல்வெட்டில் வருணன் புகழப்பட்டுள்ளான்; பிராமணர்கள் தினமும் செய்யும் சந்தியா வந்தன கிரியைகளில் வருணனை பயபக்தியுடன் வணங்கித் துதிக்கின்றனர் .
ரிக் வேதத்தில் வருணன் மிக முக்கியமான கடவுள். உலகம் ஒரு சட்ட நியதிக்குள் இயங்க உதவுபவர் வருணன். மேலும் கடல், நீர் நிலைகள், மழை ஆகியவற்றுக்குப் பொறுப்பானவர். இந்திரன் கிழக்கு திக்குக்கு அதிபதி, வருணன் மேற்கு திக்கிற்கு அதிபதி. மித்ரன் என்ற ஒளிக் கடவுளுடன் இவர் ஜோடியாக வைக்கப்படுகிறார். வேத மந்திரங்கள் இவரை மித்ரனுடன் சேர்த்துப் பாடுகின்றன. இது பழந் தமிழர் நம்பிக்கையுடன் மிகவும் பொருந்துகின்றன. வருணனின் வாஹனம் சுறா மீன், முதலை அல்லது கடல் மிருகம்.
மித்ரன் வருணன் ஜோடியை அறிஞர்கள் ஒளி/இருள் என்றும் சூரியன்/சந்திரன் என்றும் ஆக்க சக்தி/அழிவு சக்தி என்றும், உற்பத்தி/மறைவு=சூரிய உதயம்/அஸ்தமனம் என்றும், கிழக்கு/மேற்கு என்றும் வியாக்கியானம் செய்கின்றனர். அதாவது ஒரு மின்சார பேட்டரியில் உள்ள பாசிடிவ்/நெகடிவ் போன்றவர் மித்ர- வருணன் ஜோடி.
வருணனின் மகன் தமிழ் முனிவன் அகஸ்தியர். அந்த வகையில் வருணனும் தமிழுக்கு மிகவும் நெருங்கி வந்து விடுகிறார்
தற்காலத்தில் பிராமணர்கள் நாள் தோறும் மூன்று முறை செய்யும் சந்தியா வந்தன மந்திரத்தில் வருண வழிபாடு இருக்கிறது. மழை பெய்யாமல் வறட்சி நிலவும் காலங்களில் வருண ஜபம் என்னும் வேத மந்திரச் சடங்கு நடத்தப்படுகிறது.
தொல்காப்பிய பொருள் அதிகாரம் (1-5)
‘’ மாயோன் மேய காடுறை உலகமும்
சேயோன் மேய மைவரை உலகமும்
வேந்தன் மேய தீம்புனல் உலகமும்
வருணன் மேய பெருமணல் உலகமும்
முல்லை குறிஞ்சி மருதம் நெய்தலெனச்
சொல்லிய முறையால் சொல்லவும் படுமே’’
தொல்காப்பியர் தனது பொருளதிகார சூத்திரத்தில் கடலும் கடலைச் சார்ந்த நிலமும் ஆன நெய்தல் நில மக்களின் கடவுள் வருணன் என்று சொல்லுவார். அவர்கள் பரதவர் என்று அழைக்கப்படுவர்.
பட்டினப்பாலை என்னும் நூலில் வருண வழிபாடு பற்றிய சுவையான செய்திகள் கிடைகின்றன; வள்ளுவனும் மறைமுகமாக வருணனைப் புகழ்கிறான்:
‘’ வெண்கூதாளத்துத் தண்பூங்கோதையர்
சினைச் சுறவின் கோடு நட்டு
மனைச் சேர்த்திய வல்லணங்கினான்
மடற்றாழை மலர்மலிந்தும்
பிணர்ப்பெண்ணைப் பிழிமாந்தியும்
புன்றலை இரும் பரதவர்
பனிதழை மா மகளிரொடு
பாயிரும் பனிக்கடல் வேடஞ் செல்லா
துவவுமடிந்துண்டாடியும்’’ (பட்டினப்பாலை 85-93)
பொருள்: பரதவர்கள் சுறாமீனின் கோட்டினை மணலில் நட்டு மலர் மாலை சார்த்தி வணங்கினர். அதில் தெய்வம் ஏறியதாக நம்பினர் பவுர்ணமி நாட்களில் இதைச் செய்வர். பனங்கள்ளையும் நெற்கள்ளையும் அருந்துவர். மீனையும் இறைச்சியையும் கடவுளுக்குப் படைப்பர்.
வாரணம்= கடல் என்ற வடமொழிச் சொல்லும் வருணன்= கடல் தெய்வம் உடன் தொடர்புடையது.
மேற்கூறிய சங்க கால பட்டினப் பாலைப் பாடல் ரிக்வேத கருத்துடன் மிகவும் அணுசரணையாக இருக்கிறது: 1. பரதவர் என்போர் ரிக்வேத பரதர்களுடன் தொடர்புடையோராக இருக்கலாம் 2. வருணனின் வாகனமான மகரம் (மீன்/முதலை/சுறா), கடலோர பரதவர் வழிபாட்டில் இடம் பெற்றது 3. வருணன் ஒரு கடல் தெய்வம் என்பது ரிக்வேதத்தில் பல இடங்களில் வருகிறது; தமிழர்களும் கடல் தெய்வமாகவே வணங்கினர் 4. முழு நிலவுக்கும் இரவுக்கும் வருணனுக்கும் உள்ள தொடர்பு வேதத்திலும் உள்ளது. வருணன் என்பவன் சோமனுக்கும் அமிர்த்துக்கும் அதிபதி. சோமன், அமிர்த கிரணங்கள் என்பது சந்திரனுக்கும் சோம பானத்துக்கும் பொருந்தும் 5.தொல்காப்பியரும் வருணன் என்ற அதே வடமொழிப் பெயரைப் பயன்படுத்துகிறார்.. மழை என்பது கடலில் இருந்து மேகமாக உற்பத்தியாகி பூமியில் பெய்கிறது என்ற கருத்து வடமொழி, தமிழ் மொழி நூல்களில் நூற்றுக் கணக்கான இடங்களில் வருகிறது.
வள்ளுவன் போற்றிய வருணன்
இந்திரன் என்ற சொல்லைப் பயன்படுத்திய வள்ளுவன் , வருணன் என்ற வேத காலக் கடவுள் பெயரை நேரடியாகப் பயன்படுத்தவில்லை. ஆயினும் கடவுள் வாழ்த்துக்கு அடுத்த அதிகாரமாக வான் சிறப்பு என்ற அதிகாரத்தை வைத்து பூசனை, தானம் தவம் என்ற சம்ஸ்கிருத சொற்களால் வர்ண பகவானை வாழ்த்துகிறான் வள்ளுவன் :
‘’சிறப்பொடு பூசனை செல்லாது வானம்
வறக்குமேல் வானோர்க்கும் ஈண்டு’’ (குறள் 18)
‘’தானம் தவம் இரண்டும் தங்கா வியன் உலகம்
வானம் வழங்காது எனின்’’ (குறள் 19)
பொருள்: வானம் வறண்டு மழை இல்லாது போனால், இந்த உலகில் வானோர்க்கு எடுக்கும் திருவிழாவும் நடைபெறாது; நாள்தோறும் செய்யும் பூஜையும் நடைபெறாது;
மழை இல்லாது போனால், இந்த பரந்த உலகத்தில் தானம் கொடுத்தலும், தவம் செய்தலும் இல்லாமல் போகும்.
மேற்கூறிய இரண்டு குறட்பாக்களில் வள்ளுவன் கூறும் பூஜை என்ன? விழா (க்கள்) என்ன? வருண வழிபாடு, இந்திர, வருண விழாக்கள் என்றால் பொருத்தமாகவே இருக்கும். கடவுள் வாழ்த்துக்கு அடுத்தபடியாக வான் சிறப்பை வைத்ததற்கு இதை விட வேறு விளக்கம் என்ன இருக்க முடியும். தென் கிழக்கு ஆசிய நாடுகளில் இன்றும் இந்திர விழா பல பெயர்களில் ( நீர் விழா, மழை விழா) கொண்டாடப் படுகிறது. தமிழில் பரிபாடலில் மேலும் பல நீர் விழாச் செய்திகள் உள்ளன.
தமிழர் கலாசாரம் வேறு, ஆரியர்-திராவிடர் வேறு என்பவர்க்கு தொல்காப்பியரும் வள்ளுவரும் கொடுக்கும் பதிலைத் தவிர வேறு பதிலும் தேவையா?
ஒரு இந்துக் கடவுள் உலகில் உள்ள மிகப் பெரிய உளவு அமைப்புகளான சி.ஐ.ஏ . கே.ஜி.பி. எம் ஐ 5, எம் ஐ 6, மொசாத்.இந்தியாவின் ‘ரா (RAW=Research and Analysis Wing) ‘ உளவாளிகளையும் ஜேம்ஸ்பாண்ட், மிஸ் மார்பிள் , ஷெர்லாக் ஹோம்ஸ் ஆகியோரையும் விடப் பெரியவர்; திறமையானவர் என்று அதர்வண வேத மந்திரம் சொல்கிறது. ஏன் ?எப்படி?
இதோ கணக்கு
ஒரு மனிதன் சராசரியாக ஒரு நிமிடத்துக்கு 10 முறை கண் சிமிட்டுகிறான் (மன்னிக்கவும்; அழகான பெண்களைப் பார்த்து கண் சிமிட்டுவதையும், அவள் அழகில் மயங்கி, சொக்கிப் போய் , கண்களை சிமிட்டாமல் பார்த்துக் கொண்டே இருந்ததையும் அதர்வ வேதம் சேர்க்கவில்லை!)
சரி, அப்படியானால் ஒரு மணிக்கு ஒரு மனிதன் சராசரியாகக் கண் சிமிட்டுவது 60X 10 =600 முறை
ஒரு நாளில் அவன் 16 மணி நேரம் விழித்து இருப்பான் . அப்போது அவன் கண் சிமிட்டுவது
600x 16 மணி = 9600 முறை
உலகின் ஜனத்தொகை , இதை நான் எழுதிய போது………..
7.9 பில்லியன் , அதாவது 7,906,132,700
இதை நான் எழுதும்போது லட்சக் கணக்கில் கூடிக்கொண்டே இருக்கும்.
உலக ஜனத் தொகை கடிகாரம் என்பதை கூகுள் மூலம் பார்த்தீர்களானால் ஒவ்வொரு வினாடியும் எவ்வளவு கூடுகிறது என்பதைக் காணலாம்; வியக்கலாம் .
நம் கணக்கிற்கு 7,906,132,700 என்று வைத்துக் கொண்டால் கண் சிமிட்டுதலின் எண்ணிக்கை
9600 X 7,906,132,700 (ஒரு நாளில் மட்டும்!!!!!!!)
இதை வானத்திலிருந்து வருணன் கணக்கிட்டுக் கொண்டே இருக்கிறானாம்; இப்படிச் சொல்கிறது அதர்வண வேதம் . தள்ளிப்போன வெள்ளைக்காரப் பயல்கள் கூட, அதர்வண வேதத்துக்கு கி.மு.1000 என்று தேதி குறிக்கிறான் அதாவது இற்றைக்கு 3000 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்னர்!
இந்த வருண பகவானை தொல்காப்பியம் தமிழர் கடவுள் என்று விஷ்ணு, இந்திரன், வேல் முருகன், துர்க்கை ஆகியோருடன் பட்டியலில் சேர்த்து இருக்கிறது .
பார்ப்பனர்கள் தினமும் மாலை நேரத்தில் சொல்லும் சந்தியாவந்தன மந்திரத்தில் இவனிடம் மன்னிப்புக் கேட்கிறார்கள் ; அறிந்தும் அறியாமலும் செய்த பாவங்களை இன்று நீ பார்த்ததை நான் அறிவேன் ; ப்ளீஸ், ப்ளீஸ், மன்னிச்சுக்கோ.- என்று
துருக்கி- சிரியா எல்லையில் உள்ள பொகஸ்கொய் Bogazkoy களிமண் படிவ க்யூனிஃபார்ம் எழுத்துக் கல்வெட்டிலும் இந்திரன் மித்திரனுடன் வருணன் பெயர் உள்ளது. அதன் தேதி கி.மு 1340. அதாவது 3360 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முந்தியது. இதெல்லாம் தள்ளிப்போன உதவாக்கரை அரைவேக்காடுகள் சொன்ன தேதி. அதாவது இந்து மதத்தை நக்கல் செய்யும், இந்து மதத்தைப் பின்பற்றாத, தன மதம் ஒன்று மட்டுமே கடவுளிடம் அழைத்துச் செல்லும் என்ற குருட்டு நம்பிக்கை கொண்ட வெள்ளைத் தோல்கள் சொன்ன சேதி . நம்முடைய பஞ்சாங்கமும் தமிழ்க் கல்வெட்டும் வியாசர் என்பவர் வேதத்தை நான்காகப் பிரித்ததையும் அது கலியுகம் துவங்குவதற்கு 60, 70 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்னர் வியாசர் செய்த வேலை என்றும் சொல்கிறது. அதாவது இற்றைக்கு சுமார் 5200 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்னர்!
இப்போது அதர்வண வேத கவிதையைப் படியுங்கள்; அதற்குப் பின்னர் இன்னும் சில சுவையான செய்திகளைச் சொல்கிறேன்:–
1.அவன் பெரிய அதிகாரி; பக்கத்தில் இருந்து பார்ப்பது போல உன்னிப்பாக நம்மையே பார்க்கிறான் ; எல்லோரும் ரஹசியம் பேசுவதாக நினைத்துக் கொண்டு இருக்கிறார்கள்; அது எல்லாம் தேவர்களுக்கு நன்கு தெரியும்
2. ஒருவன் நிற்பது, உட்காருவது, வளைந்து வளைந்து கோணலாக ஓடுவது, மறைவாக ஒளிந்து கொண்டு யாருக்கும் தெரியாமல் எதையாவது செய்வது, இருவர் மட்டுமே தனி இடத்தில் அமர்ந்து கிசு கிசு பேசுவது அத்தனையும் வருணனுக்குத் தெரியும்.எப்படித் தெரியுமா? அவன் உங்கள் அருகில் மூன்றவது ஆளாக நைசாக உட்கார்ந்து பார்த்துக்கொண்டே இருக்கிறான்!!
3.இந்தப் பூமி அவனுக்கு சொந்தம்; அதற்கு மேல் நாம் பார்க்கும் வானமும் அவனுக்குச் சொந்தம் . பூமியில் உள்ள கடலும், கடல் போன்ற ஆகாயமும் அவனுடையதே.
நாலாவது மந்திரம்
4.((சப்போஸ்suppose ; நீ ஆகாயத்துக்கு அப்பால் ஸ்பேஸ் ஷட்டிலில் போகிறாய் என்று வைத்துக்கொள்வோம்)). அப்போதும் நீ அவன் எல்லைக்கு அப்பால் சென்றதாக நினைத்துவிடாதே . அவனுடைய ஒற்றர்கள் அங்கிருந்துதான் பூமிக்கே வருகிறார்கள் . அவர்களுக்கு 1000 கண்கள். பூமியை பார்த்துக கொண்டே இருக்கிறார்கள் (அதாவது அவர்கள் ஸிஸிடி வி CCTV காமெராக்கள்; கூகுள் மேப் GOOGLE MAP )
ஐந்தாவது மந்திரம்
வருணன் பெரிய ராஜா ; பூமி, ஆகாயம், அதற்கு இடையிலுள்ள அந்தரம், வானத்துக்கும் அப்பால் உள்ள இடம் அத்தனையையும் பார்க்கிறார்.இந்த ஜனங்களின் இமைச் சிமிட்டுகளையும் அவன் எண்ணியுள்ளான். சூதாடுபவன் காய்களை உன்னிப்பாக எண்ணுவது போல அவன் எண்ணிக்கொண்டே இருக்கிறான்!!!!
ஆறாவது மந்திரம்
6.ஏ வருணா ! பொய் சொல்ற பயல்களை 3X 7= 21 பாஸக் கயிற்றால் கட்டி, அடித்து விட்டு விளாசு; ஆனால் உண்மை பேசுவோரைத் தொடாதே
ஏழாவது மந்திரம் 7.
ஏ வருணா ! விடாதே; அவர்களை 100 பாசக்கயிற்றால் கட்டு ; மனிதர்களைக் கவனிக்கும் வருணா! பொய் சொல்ற பயல்களை நல்லாக் கட்டு. ((நீ அடிக்கிற அடியிலே )) அவன் வயிறு தொங்கி மஹோதர நோயுள்ளவன் (போல) ஆகட்டும்
எட்டாவது மந்திரம்
8.நீயே அகலம்; நீயே நீளம்; நீயே மனிதன் , நீயே தெய்வமாக நிற்கிறாய் நீ முன்னைப் பழமைக்கும் பழமையானவன். பின்னைப் புதுமைக்கும் புதுமையானவன்
ஒன்பதா வது மந்திரம்
9.இன்னாரே ! நான் அந்த எல்லாப் பாசங்களுடன் உன்னைக் கட்டுகிறேன்.இந்த இந்த குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்தவனே ! இந்த இந்தத் தாயின் மகனே ! அவர்களின் அனைவரையும் உனக்கு நான் அனுகூலமாய் நான் ஆக்ஞாபிக்கிறேன்.
ஜெர்மானியன் வான் ராத் VON ROTH வியக்கிறான் : வேதத்தில் கடவுளைப் பற்றிய கவிதையில் இதை வீட உன்னதமான கவிதையை கண்டதே இல்லை. இறைவன் சர்வ வியாபி, எல்லாம் வல்லவன் , எங்கும் நிறைந்தவன் , எல்லாம் அறிந்தவன் என்பதை இந்த அளவுக்கு விளக்கும் கவிதையை நான் கண்டதே இல்லை; இதில் கடைசி மந்திரம் எதிரிகளுக்கு எதிரான சாபம் போல இருப்பது ஒன்று மட்டுமே குறை.
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லண்டன் சுவாமிநாதன் வியாக்கியானம்
இது ஒரு அற்புதமான கவிதை; வருணனைப் பற்றிய வருணணைகள் அனைத்தும் ரிக் வேதத்தில் இதே தொனியில் அமைந்திருப்பது உண்மையே. ஆனால் இங்கே புலவர் வருணிக்கும் மூன்று விஷயங்கள் வேறு எங்கும் இல்லை
1.அவன் மனிதனின் கண் சிமிட்டல்களையும் எண்ணிக்கொண்டே இருக்கிறான். அதாவது NASA நாஸா , PENTAGON பெண்டகன் முதலிய இடங்களில் உள்ள சூப்பர் கம்பியூட்டர்களை விட வருணன் பெரிய கம்ப்யூட்டர். அவன் சிசி டிவி CCTV காமெரா போல பார்த்துக் கொண்டிருப்பதோடு பாவ புண்ணியங்களை கணக்குப் போ ட்டுக் கொண்டே இருக்கிறான். இதனால் தினமும் மாலை வேளை மந்திரத்தில் பிராமணர்கள் வருண பகவானிடம் பாவ மன்னிப்பு கேட்கின்றனர் .
2.அவனுடைய தூதர்கள் உளவாளிகள் ; அவர்களுக்கு ஆயிரம் கண்கள் . இப்போது கூகிள் மேப் GOOGLE MAP மூலம் நாம் யார் வீட்டின் வாசலில் யார் நிற்கிறார் என்பதைக் காண முடியும். அமெரிக்காவின் வெள்ளை மாளிகைக்குள் யார் நுழைகிறார், வெளியே வருகிறார் என்று காண முடியும். இதை வருணன் ஒற்றர்கள் பல்லாயிரம் ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்னரே செய்துள்ளனர். செய்து வருகின்றனர்.
3. வருணன் இன்விஸிபிள் மேன் ; அதாவது நாம் இருவர் மட்டுமே ரஹசியம் பேசுகிறோம் என்று நினைக்கிறோம். புலவர் சொல்கிறார்; டேய் மக்கு, மடையா; உன் பின்னால் வருணனும் உனக்குத் தெரியாமல் கேட்டுக் கொண்டு இருக்கிறாண்டா. என்று
இறைவனின் மஹிமையை இதைவிட எவனாவது வருணிக்க முடியுமா ?
பாரதியார் சொன்னார் சுவை புதிது, பொருள் புதிது, சோதிமிக்க நவ கவிதை; எந்நாளும் அழியாதா மா கவிதை என்று ; அந்த வரிகள் இந்தக் கவிதைக்கு நன்கு பொருந்தும்.
மாணிக்க வாசகர் இறைவனை வருணிக்கையில் முன்னைப் பழமைக்கும் பழமை, புதுமைக்கும் புதுமை என்றார் ; அற்புதமான வாசகம்; அதுவும் இந்த துதியில் தொனிக்கிறது
நோய்கள் வருவது ஒருவருடைய பூர்வ ஜென்ம பாவத்தால் என்பது இந்துக்களின் கருத்து. இதை ஏற்காத வான் ராத் அதை ஒரு குறையாக கருதுகிறார். ஏனெனில் பாவம் செய்தொரின் மகா உதர (மஹோதர = பெரு வயிறு) நோய் பற்றி வருகிறது.
பொய் சொல்வோரை கட்டி அடித்து நொறுக்கு; உண்மை சொல்வோரைக் காப்பாற்று என்பது அற்புதமான கருத்து. கந்த சட்டி கவசத்தில் வரம் வரிகளை நினைவு படுத்துகிறார் புலவர் (கட்டி உருட்டி கால் முறியக்கட்டு, குத்துக் குத்துக் கூர் வடிவேலால்)
மந்திரம் ஆறில் மூவேழ் 3x 7=21 என்ற எண் வருகிறது புற நானூற்றின் 166 ஆவது பாடலிலும் இது வருகிறது..
கடவுள் என்பவன் வானத்தில் ஒரு மாளிகையில் உட்காரவில்லை எங்கும் நிறைந்தவன் என்பதை வருணனே நீ இறைவன் நீ மனிதன் என்ற மந்திரம் காட்டுகிறது.
–சுபம்—–
Tags- HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL-116 ; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-116, வசிஷ்டர், வாகனங்கள், வருணன் , வரருசி வார்த்திக , வாமன
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com
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Vahana
Mounts of Gods or Vehicles of Hindu Gods
They are actually the symbols of Gods; they appear on their flags as well. They have symbolic meaning. That will explain why an elephant (god Ganesh) riding on a mouse
Following is the first list of Hindu Vahanas:
1.Ganesh/Vinayaka=Mouse
2.Kartikeya/Skanda/Murugan–Peacock
3.Shiva=Bull/ Nandhi
4.Raja Rajeswari= Lion
5.Vishnu= Garuda/Eagle
6.Bhairava=Dog
7.Sastha= Horse
8.Ayyappa= Tiger
9.Sani/Saturn= Crow
10.Kalki Avatar=Horse
11.Indra= Airavata/ Elephant
12.Lakshmi= Red Lotus, Owl
13.Sarasvati=White Lotus, Swan
14.Ganga Devi= Crocodile
15.Manamatha & Rathi= Parrot
16.Kubera= Man,Parrot or Horse
17.Vishnu= 7 headed Snake/ Sesha
18.Krishna=Banyan leaf
19.Brahma= Swan
20.Kartikeya=Rhino (Vietnam)
21.Chandi= Pig
22.Sindhi saint= Fish
23.Ganda Beranda Bird= Mannarkudi Rajagopalswamy
24.Varuna= Makara (Shark or Crcodile)
25.Agni / Fire= Ram
26.Durga= Antelope
27.Marut= Deer
28.Lakshmi in Nepal=Turtle, In Bengal=owl
29.Durga= Lion or Tiger
30.Chamundi- Owl
31.Asvini Devas= Donkey (also for Indra and Agni)
32.Dead Body= Niruthi
33.Sun= 7 Horse Chariot
34.Rahu/ Shasti= Cat
35.Rathi= Pigeon
Following Vahanas are used by different temples in Tamil Nadu
36.Surya Prabha (SUN)= Northern Districts of Tamil Nadu
37.Chandra Prabha (MOON)= Northern Districts of Tamil Nadu
3.Vahana Order in Temples: 6th Day=Gaja, 8th Day=Horse Vahana
Temple Vahanas are taken out in a particular order. The Agama Shastras have stipulated some rules regarding this. For instance Ani Thirumanjana Festival at Chidamabaram Shiva Temple is celebrated in the following order:
First Day: Dwaja Arohanam (Flag Hoisting),In the night Pancha murthy procession in Manjam
Second day: Silver ChandraPrabha Vahana
Third day: Gold Surya Prabha Vahana
Fourth day: Silver Bhutavahana
Fifth Day: Silver Rishaba Vahana
Sixth day: Silver Elephant Gaja Vahana
Seventh day: Gold Kailash Vahana
Eighth day: Bhikshadanar in Gold Chariot
Ninth Day: Rathothsavam (Ratham= Big Chariot)
Tenth day: Maha Abhishekam
Eleventh day: Muthu Pallakku ( Pearl Palanquin)
Saivaite temples do elephant vahana on the sixth day of festival.
Tirupati-Tirumala Brahmorchavam Calendar:
First Day-Dwajarohan: Flag of Eagle hoisted, Pedda Sesha Vanam/many headed snake vahana;
9th day: Chakra snanam/lord’s disc is immersed in the tank and flag is lowered.
This is typical of North Tamil Nadu and Andhra temples. Surya and Chandra Prabha vahanas are absent in Southern Tamil Nadu. They replace it with other Vahanas. But 8th day is allocated for Kuthirai/Aswa/Horse vahana.
Amarasimhan’s Amarakosha (First Dictionary of Synonyms in the World) gives Vahana names as other names for Gods. This shows people were very familiar with all Vahanas and flags 2000 years ago.
Hamsa Vahana means Brahma (Swan Vehicle)
Garudadwaja means Vishnu (Eagle Flag)
Vishnuratha means Garuda (chariot of Vishnu)
Vrushadwaja means Shiva (Bull Flag)
Siki Vahana means Lord Kartikeya (Peacock Vehicle)
Megha Vahana means Indra (Cloud as Vehicle)
Havya Vahana means Agni (Fire takes all Havis/food in Yagas)
Picture of Ashta Matrika with Vahanas
5.Unusual Vahanas
Some temples have lotus (India’s national flower) as vahana for goddess Devi. Tulsi (Holy Basil plant) also used as a Vahana. Alwartirunagari near Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu, has a strange vahana –Tamarind Tree (Imli in Hindi). This is used for one of the twelve Alvars known as Nammalvar. He attained wisdom under a tamarind tree. Another unusual vahana associated with this town is Parangi Narkali (Foreign Chair).The origin of this vahana is shrouded in mystery.
Chandi Devi in Sujanaghat has got varaha (pig) as vahana which is unusual.
6.Vahanas of Ganesh
Dhumaketu (kaliyuga): Horse Vahana
Vinayakar (Kritayuga):Simha Vahana
Mayuresar (Treta yUga):Mayura Vahana
Gajananar (Dwapara Yuga): Mushika Vahana
7.Buddhist Vahanas
Buddists also have vahanas for their gods:
Vairochana- Dragon Vahana
Ratna Sambhava- Lion/simha
Amitabha—Mayura/peacock
Amoka siddhi-Eagle
Ashosabya-Elephant
8.Strange Vahanas of Temples
Several temples have unusual vahanas. It is a long list of strange things. Let us look at a few:
In the next part we will look at the Vahanas on ancient Indian coins.
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Vahana in Egypt
Also read my earlier posts:
1.Iraq: 7 Gods Procession on Vahanas
2.Deer Chariot: Rig Veda to Santa Claus
3.Hindu Vahanas around the World
4.Vahanas in Kalidasa and Tamil Literature
5.Who Rides What Vahanas?
6.உலகம் முழுதும் இந்து தெய்வ வாகனங்கள்
7.சங்கத் தமிழ் இலக்கியத்தில் வாகனங்கள்
8.வாகனங்கள் தோன்றியது எங்கே?ஏன்? எப்போது?
9.எந்தக் கடவுளுக்கு என்ன வாகனங்கள்?
10.Interesting Facts on Vahanas
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Vamana
Vāmana (वामन).—An incarnation of Mahāviṣṇu. There are ten main incarnations of Mahāviṣṇu. Of these, the incarnation of Vāmana is the fifth.
Avatar of Viṣnu. Vamana, the dwarf, appeared in the Treta Yuga. The fourth descendant of Hiranyakashyap, Bali, with devotion and penance was able to defeat Indra, the god of firmament. This humbled the other deities and extended his authority over the three worlds. The gods appealed to Vishnu for protection and he descended as the dwarf Vamana. During a yajna of the king, Vamana approached him in the midst of other Brahmins. Bali was happy to see the diminutive holy man, and promised whatever he asked. His Brahmin teacher Shukracharaya warned him not to entertain him. But Bali ignored his advice. Vamana asked for three paces of land. Bali agreed, and the dwarf then changed his size to that of a giant. He stepped over heaven in his first stride, and the netherworld with the second. Bali realized that Vamana was Vishnu incarnate. In deference, the king offered his head as the third place for Vamana to place his foot. The avatar did so and thus granted Bali immortality. Then in appreciation to Bali and his grandfather Prahlada, Vamana made him ruler of Pathala, the netherworld. Bali is believed to have ruled Kerala and Tulunadu. He is still worshiped there as the king of prosperity and recalled before the time of harvest.
Tamil Sangam literature and later Tirukkural refers to Vamana Avatara.
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Vāmana (वामन).—Name of one of the joint authors of the well-known gloss or वृत्ति (vṛtti) upon the Sutras of Panini, who lived in the seventh century A. D. It cannot be ascertained which portion of the Kasika was written by Vamana and which by his colleague जयादित्य (jayāditya). There was another famous scholar of Kashmir by name Vamana who flourished in the tenth century and who wrote an independent grammar treatise विश्रान्तविद्याधर (viśrāntavidyādhara), together with उणादि-सूत्रवृत्ति (uṇādi-sūtravṛtti) and लिङ्गानुशासन (liṅgānuśāsana).
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Vamachara
Worship of female energy. Goddess is on the left side of Lord Siva. Left belongs to Devi or Shakti.
Vāmācāra (वामाचार).—the left-hand ritual or doctrine of the Tantras; the doctrine of resorting to मांस, मद्य, मत्स्य, मैथुन (māṃsa, madya, matsya, maithuna) and मुद्रा (mudrā).
Vāmācāra (वामाचार):—[from vāma] m. the left-hand practices or doctrines of the Tantras (id est. the worship of the Śakti or Female Energy personified as the wife of Śiva, as opposed to dakṣiṇācāra .
These practices are often generally considered to be Tantric in orientation. The converse term is dakṣiṇācāra “Right-Hand Path”, which is used to refer to “orthodox” (Āstika) sects .
Arthur Avalon (the pen name of British high court judge Sir John Woodroffe) wrote and edited several seminal books on Tantric worship and Shakta philosophy. His most notable books focusing on Tantric worship, doctrine, and ritual practices include: The_Serpent_Power, Shakti and Shakta.
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Vararuchi
Vararuci (वररुचि).—A reputed ancient grammarian who is identified with Katyayana, the prominent author of the Varttikas on the Sutras of Panini. Both the names वररुचि (vararuci) and कात्यायन (kātyāyana) are mentioned in commentary works in connection with the Varttikas on the Sutras of Panini, and it is very likely that Vararuci was the individual name of the scholar, and Katyayana his family name.
Name of a grammarian (also a poet, lexicographer, and writer on medicine, sometimes identified with Kātyāyana, the reputed author of the Vārttikas or supplementary rules of Pāṇini; he is placed by some among the nine gems of the court of Vikramāditya, and by others among the ornaments of the court of Bhoja.
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Vartika
Vārtika (वार्तिक).—An additional statement which is as much authoritative as the original one to which it is appended for the purposes of correction, completion of explanation. Kātyāyana wrote about 4000 Vārttikas on the sūtras of Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī.
According to the prominent 19th-century German Sanskrit scholar Theodor Goldstücker, the Vartika (Vāttika) of Kātyāyana was composed around the 4th century BCE. Goldstücker established this chronology by analyzing the significant linguistic and structural evolution of the Sanskrit language between the periods of the great grammarians. Goldstücker placed Pāṇini (the author of the Aṣṭādhyāyī) in the 7th century BCE (or late 8th century BCE). He argued that Kātyāyana lived at least 300 years after Pāṇini. Goldstücker argued that during the 300-year interval, grammatical forms current in Pāṇini’s time had become obsolete or incorrect, and words had assumed entirely new meanings, forcing Kātyāyana to write the Vartika to rectify and complete the rules.
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Varuna
Brahmins worship him in the daily ritual Sandhyavandana with reverential fear.
Oldest Tamil book Tolkappiam has named Varuna as the god of the Tamil community living in the coastal area.
Zoaroaster has praised him as an Asura in Zend Avesta
VEDIC GOD VARUNA is described as a spy in the Vedas. The implied meaning is ‘nothing can happen without his knowledge’. His description beats all the spies from RAW, Mossad, CIA, KGB, FBI, MI 5, MI 6, Scotland Yard and James Bond Films. After reading the Atharva Veda hymn on Varuna, even anti Hindu German Indologist Von Roth said this was The Best Description of a God in the Vedas. His omnipresence and Omnipotence are described beautifully and powerfully.
Varuna is said to count the batting of eyelids of every human being. That means he is the most advanced Super Computer; because he counts 75840 billion every day.
Following is my calculation:
Average 10 blinks per minute; X 60 minutes= 600 per hour
600X16 hours (eight hour sleep deleted from 24 hours a day)= 9600 blinks per day per person X 7.9 billion =75840 billon blinks per day in the whole world
In numbers 75840 ,000, 000,000 PER DAY
IN SHORT
VARUNA IS THE CCTV OF THE WORLD
VARUNA IS THE SUPER SPY WITH 1000 EYES
VARUNA IS THE MOST ADVANCED SUPER COMPUTER WITH BILLIONS OF CALCULATIONS EVERY MINUTE
VARUNA IS EVERY WHERE ‘UP ABOVE THE WORLD SO HIGH’ AND BOTTOM OF THE MARIANA TRENCH IN PACIFIC OCEAN, DEEPEST POINT in ocean
VARUNA IS HUMAN AND DIVINE
VARUNA IS IN EVERY WATER DROP.
HE IS THE INVISIBLE THIRD MAN IN EVERY SECRET MEETINGS.
HE HAS THE NOOSE WHICH WILL BIND EVERYONE.
HE PUNISHES ALL THE EVIL DOERS.
HE IS IN CHARGE OF THE LAW DEPARTMENT OF THE UNIVERSE
HE IS THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURSE OF THE UNIVERSE.
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ALL BRAHMINS WORSHIP VARUNA EVERYDAY IN THE SANDHYA VANDANA MANTRA. THEY SALUTE HIM WITH SPEACIAL MANTRA EVERY EVENING. HE IS MENTIONED IN THE BOGAZKOY INSCRIPTION DATED 1340 BCE (in Turkey)
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Here is the hymn from Atharva Veda; though there are hymns on Varuna in Rig Veda , this is the best. Not only that, it shows how powerful Hindu Gods are.
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HYMN XVI, CANTO 4, ATHARVA VEDA
On the omnipresence and omniscience of Varuna
1)The mighty Ruler of these worlds beholds as though from close
at hand,
The man who thinks he acts by stealth: all this the Gods
perceive and know.
2)If a man stands or walks or moves in secret, goes to his lying-
down or his uprising,
What two men whisper as they sit together, King Varuna knows:
he as the third is present.
3)This earth, too, is King Varuna’s possession, and the high
heaven whose ends are far asunder.
The loins of Varuna are both the oceans, and this small drop of
water, too, contains him. p. a124
4)If one should flee afar beyond the heaven, King Varuna would
still be round about him.
Proceeding hither from the sky his envoys look, thousand-eyed,
over the earth beneath them.
5)All this the royal Varuna beholdeth, all between heaven and
earth and all beyond them.
The twinklings of men’s eyelids hath he counted. As one who
plays throws dice he settles all things.
6)Those fatal snares of thine which stand extended, threefold,
O Varuna, seven by seven,
May they all catch the man who tells a falsehood, and pass un-
harmed the man whose words are truthful.
7)Varuna, snare him with a hundred nooses! Man’s watcher! let
not him who lies escape thee.
There let the villain sit with hanging belly and bandaged like a
cask whose hoops are broken.
8)Varuna sends, and drives away, diseases: Varuna is both native
and a stranger,
Varuna is celestial and is human.
9)I bind and hold thee fast with all these nooses, thou son of such
a man and such a mother.
All these do I assign thee as thy portion.
Von Roth said
There is no hymn in the whole Vedic literature which express the divine omniscience in such forcible (forceful) terms as this .
Hindus believe diseases come to one who does sinful activities in previous births. So we find diseases in this mantra.
Griffith points out that there is one statement in the Bible (Psalms 139-2-3 which can be compared to one line here in Mantra 2.
Griffith gives references in RV1-25-13; 7-87-3; 7-89-2
Mantra 7 has reference to 7,7,7=21 which is in Tamil Sangam Purananuru 166.
Six foreigners have translated this hymn:- Muir, Max Muller, Von Roth, Ludwig, Grill and Kaegi
This can be compared with Bharatiyar’s description of his poem
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Vasishtha
Brahmins worship him thrice a day in their Sandhyavandana ritual.
His wife Arundhati is worshipped by all Hindus and mentioned in 2000 year old Sangam Tamil literature many times.
Viewing Arundhati star in the night is done on the first day of a Hindu’s marriage.
Vasishtha (Sanskrit: वसिष्ठ, vasiṣṭha) is a revered Vedic sage . He is one of the Saptarishis (seven great Rishis) of India. Vasishtha is credited as the chief author of Mandala 7 of Rigveda. Vasishtha and his family are mentioned in Rigvedic verse 10.167.4, other Rigvedic mandalas and in many Vedic texts.
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POWER OF BRAHMINS IS GREATER THAN THE POWER OF RULERS: SANGAM TAMIL LITERATURE AND MAHABHARATA
The clash between the great two Vedic Rishis Vasishta and Viswamitra is a well known story. It established the supremacy of Brahmins. Both rishis/seers figure in the oldest book in the world- The Rig Veda (RV). People who are pure at heart and selfless are more powerful than the AK 47 wielding Clint Eastwoods!
This message is in both the Mahabharata, the longest epic in the world and Purananuru, the oldest anthology in 2000 year old Sangam Tamil literature.
First let us look at Mahabharata (Adi Parva, the first of the 18 Books in the Mahabharata):_
Once upon a time great king Viswamitra went out on a hunting expedition. When he and his retinue were tired, they visited the great saint Vasistha. His ashramam (House of Saints; hermitage) was in the middle of the forest. He had a beautiful cow named Nandini. It had the power of fulfilling anyone’s wishes like Kamadhenu.
Vasistha received him with great honour. He gave to Viswamitra precious jewels which were obtained from his wonder working cow Nandini. Viswamitra wondered how come this sage in the middle of the forest , could feed all his retinue and give him precious gifts. Vasishta explained that his holy cow can give anything he wished for. Viswamitra asked Vasishta to give him the cow in exchange for hundred million cows or even his kingdom. When Vasishta refused to comply with his demand Viswamitra threatened to use force. He dragged the cow and pushed it hither and thither, but she would not move. She became angry and in order to punish Viswamitra and his army, she created Pahlavas , Dravidas, Sakas,Yavanas , Kiratas and other tribes. The words of the poet Vyasa are
Shame on a Kshatriya’s strength. The strength of a Brahmins lustre is strength indeed. Determining what is strength and what is weakness, we see that, penance is the greatest strength.
This legend is found in Valmiki Ramayana as well .
Later Viswamitra went for doing Tapas(penance), but failed in first two attempts because of ego and women (Trisanku Episode and Menaka episode). When he won at the third attempt, Vasishta himself called him “Hello Mr Brahmin” (Brahma Rishi). That has become a phrase in Hindusim equal to ‘From the horse’s mouth’ in English.
The power of penance is in Purananuru, oldest portion of 2000 year old Sangam Tamil literature and later moral book Tirukkural of Tiru Valluvar
Here is the verse from Purananuru:-
Vanmiki , similar to Valmiki, the Ramayana author, has penned the verse 358 in Purananuru. Though there are very interesting information in these seven lined verse, I will highlight only one point here. If you weigh the earth and the penance, penance is so big that earth will look like an iota. Earth means earthly life that is family life, but penance is far greater than the family life. Tamil poet Vanmiki use the Sanskrit word Tavam. Tapo in Sanskrit is tamilized Tavam (P=V). here we are concerned only about the greatness of penance. It is a repetition of what is said in Mahabharat. True Brahmins are doing penance even when they are in family life. So the word Antanar is used for anyone who is inward looking, ie. God searching. Brahmin also meant the same, i.e. Brahmam seeking. So it is an echo of Mahabharata lines. Even a kshatriya like Viswamitra is called Brahmin when he competed his penance successfully.
Tiruvalluvar also elucidated the power of saints. If any one does any harm to a saint the empire will crumble like dust, he says.
“If those of rigorous penance become enraged, even Indra will crash from power and position” – Kural 899
Venthan is the Tamil word used in this couplet. It means King or Indra. Tolkaappiam used the word for Indra.
The next couplet emphasizes this point,
“Though possessed of great support, they who are exposed to the wrath of persons of exceeding penance will perish”- Kural 900.
Brahma tejo balam balam!!
Curses of Vasistha (RV 7-104)
1.Indra and Soma, burn and destroy the demon foe. Annihilate the fools, slay them and burn them up. Send downward who adds gloom to gloom. Chase them away. Pierce the voracious ones.
2.Let sin around the wicked boil like as a cauldron set amid the flames of fire. Against the foe of prayer, devourer of raw flesh, the vile fiend fierce of eye, keep your perpetual hate against cruel eyed .
My comments
This is a curse against anti god, anti -prayer gangs. The very interesting point is to throw them into cauldron in the middle of fire. Later day pictures of hell show this. Even 1400 years ago, Saivite saint Appar was thrown into a burning Lime kiln but he was saved by Lord Siva.
Another interesting point is that anti Hindu gangs were cannibals. Like Chinese eat scorpions, lizards, rats and snakes today, like the East Europeans eat horses today, there was a gang of cannibals in Vedic period. Even the Rakshasas of Sri Lanka ate human flesh. Story of Agastya show that Vatapi and Ilvalan ate human flesh. And the same story show that the forest was full of human skeletons of seers.
So the curses were thrown against the barbaric tribes.
Cruel eyed : commentators say spy or gossip mongers.
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RV.7-104-3
Indra and Soma , plunge the wicked in the depth, yes, cast them into darkness that has no support. So that none of them may ever return.
7-104-4
Hurl your deadly crushing bolt down on the wicked fiend from heaven and earth. Burn them to death
7-104-5
Let them sink without a sound.
7-104-6
Indra and Soma, I offer these prayers with wisdom. Accept my prayers; let both of you be united like two horses in the chariot.
Mantra 7
Slay the treacherous fiends; let the wicked have no bliss who evermore assails us with malignity.
Mantra 8
I pursue my way with guileless spirit; whoever accuses me with words of falsehood, may the speaker of untruth be crushed like water in the hand.
Mantra 9
Those who harm the righteous must be given to snakes or to Nirruti (Hindu goddess personifying death, decay and destruction)
Mantra 10
May he a thief or a robber, sink to destruction; both himself and offspring.
Mantra 11
May he be swept away himself and children; may all the three earths press him down beneath them.
Mantra 12
A wise man can easily distinguish the true and false.
Soma protects the true and honest
My comments
This is a good quotation. A prudent man can easily find out who is honest. Several Hindu stories in the Vikram and Vetal and Katha sarit sagara stand examples for this.
But Sayana, commentator, gives the story of Kalmashapada here. I give the story from Who is Who in the Mahabharata by Subash Mazumdar
“ Kalmashpada was a king of Ikshwaku dynasty. He once encountered Shakti, son of sage Vasistha, on a narrow forest path. The question of relative priority as to who should pass first and who should give way, led to heated argument until the king losing his temper started mercilessly whipping \shakti in a demonic raage. Thereupon Shakti collecting his spiritual strength, cursed the king would become a Rakshasa hungering for human flesh wandering the forest for 12 years.
At this juncture Visvamitra who had earlier been bested by Vaishtha and therefore wanted to please Shakti, arranged for a Rakshasa called Kinkara to enter the body of Kalmashapada. Later this curse upon the king was redoubled in force by the pronouncement of a brahmana who was erroneously served human by orders of the king.(It is in Adi Parva of Mahabharata).
The king in his rakshasa form initiated his consumption of human flesh by killing and devouring Shakti himself. Later he also killed Vaishtha’ss other sons.
Once Kalmasha pada , while in Rakshasa form, saw a brahmin couple enjoying conjugal pressure. He killed and ate the Brahmana. Thereupon the brahmana cursed that the king would also die if he ever attempted to enjoy conjugal bliss with his queen.
Years later when he wanted to kill and eat Adashyanti, widow of Shakti, Vasishta sprinkled holy water on him and the curse having ended the king expressed his lifelong indebtedness to Vasishta .
There are 25 mantras . I have covered only 12 out of 25.
To be continued……………………..
Tags- Vahana, Varuna, Vasistha, Vararuchi, Vamana, HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL ; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-115
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