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Two Tamil Kings acted as Servants of Common People!- Part 58; Purananuru Wonders -18 (Post No.15,585)


Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,585

Date uploaded in London – 6 April 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

Purananuru Wonders -18  Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia -Part 58; One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 58

Item 429

Context: Two Chozha kings were feuding.  The poet sang this to Chozhan Nedunkilli who was not politically astute, when Chozhan Nalankilli besieged Āvūr and Chozhan Nedunkilli was hiding inside his palace

Do or Die; Kshatriya Dharma

Two Choza kings were fighting with one another, and the poet Kovur Kizar asked the hiding Nedunkilli Choza to come out and fight or accept defeat. This reminds us of Bhagavad Gita where Krishna points out to Arjuna to get up and fight. That is the Kshatriya Dharma.

क्लैब्यं मा स्म गमः पार्थ नैतत्त्वय्युपपद्यते।
क्षुद्रं हृदयदौर्बल्यं त्यक्त्वोत्तिष्ठ परन्तप।।

Klaibyaṁ mā sma gamaḥ pārtha naitat tvayy upapadyate,
Kṣudraṁ hṛidaya-daurbalyaṁ tyaktvottiṣṭha parantapa. 

  • Klaibyam: Impotence/unmanliness/cowardice
  • mā sma gamaḥ: Do not yield to

“Do not yield to this degrading impotence, O son of Pṛthā! It does not become you. Give up such petty weakness of heart and arise, O chastiser of the enemy!”

***

Item 430

War time woes

We see a lot of bad things happening in the Middle East where common folk suffer more than fighters. This is what happened in ancient Tamil Nadu as well. Chera, Choza, Pandyas fought with one another.People suffered a lot, says the poet.

Women and children were suffering. Even animals could not enjoy normal life.

In the Ukraine- Russia War and the Middle East war thousands of cats and dogs were abandoned or killed. Public had to live in shelters fearing bomb explosions every hour.

Now we know that it has been going on for over 2000 years. History repeats itself.

Even in the Dharma Yuddha during the epic period, we hear how moral codes were violated. At the end of Mahabharata war, Pandavas lost all their children and grand children when three of the Kaurava survivors set fire to the Pandava army tents. Only one in the womb of a pregnant Pandava woman survived to continue the Kuru Vamsa.

பால் இல் குழவி அலறவும் – and babies without milk crying, மகளிர் – women, பூ இல் – without flowers, வறுந்தலை முடிப்பவும் – and tying hair without oil, நீர் இல் வினை புனை நல் இல் இனைகூஉக் கேட்பவும் – and hearing the sad sounds of women in finely made houses without water

***

Item 431

Courage of the Poets

Nowadays even journalists are afraid to write what is right and what is wrong. Unlike Lord Krishna, Kovur Kizar was just a poet. But in those days poets and saints acted without any fear or favour. They were not selfish like modern day journalists.

****

Puranānūru 44, Poet Kōvūr Kizhār sang to Chozhan Nedunkilli, Thinai:

1

(War time woes)

The male elephants cannot go to the huge reservoirs
to bathe with their females, nor have they been fed
mashed rice mixed with ghee, and so they lean on
their strong posts with perfect bases, bending them,
distressed, their trunks rolling on the ground as they
sigh with hot breaths and trumpet like thunder.

Babies scream without milk, women tie their bare
hair without flowers and wailing sounds are heard
from fine, well-constructed houses that have no water.
It is cruel for you to linger here,

2

(Kshatriya Dhama- Do or Die)

O Greatness with
powerful horses whose strengths are hard to measure!
If you are righteous, open the gates and tell him
that it is his.  If you live by martial laws, open and fight!


If you are without righteousness or martial courage
and just hide on one side within your high walls,
your door with sturdy headers closed, it is cause for shame!

****

புறநானூறு 44, பாடியவர்: கோவூர் கிழார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: சோழன் நெடுங்கிள்ளி, திணை: வாகை, துறை: அரச வாகை

1
இரும் பிடித் தொழுதியொடு பெருங்கயம் படியா,
நெல்லுடைக் கவளமொடு நெய்ம்மிதி பெறாஅ,
திருந்தரை நோன் வெளில் வருந்த ஒற்றி,
நில மிசைப் புரளும் கைய வெய்து உயிர்த்து,
அலமரல் யானை உருமென முழங்கவும்,  5
பால் இல் குழவி அலறவும் மகளிர்
பூ இல் வறுந்தலை முடிப்பவும், நீர் இல்
வினை புனை நல் இல் இனைகூஉக் கேட்பவும்,
இன்னாது அம்ம ஈங்கு இனிது இருத்தல்
துன்னரும் துப்பின் வயமான் தோன்றல்!  10

2
அறவை ஆயின் நினது எனத் திறத்தல்!
மறவை ஆயின் போரொடு திறத்தல்!
அறவையும் மறவையும் அல்லையாகத்,
திறவாது அடைத்த திண்ணிலைக் கதவின்
நீள் மதில் ஒரு சிறை ஒடுங்குதல்  15
நாணுத் தகவுடைத்து இது காணுங்காலே.

***

Item 432

Fearless poet Kovur Kizar points out that both kings belonged to the same Choza Vamsa/lineage. It is like two brothers fighting. This shows the condition of ancient Tamil Nadu where brotherly fighting continued for over 1500 years. In other parts of the world such a thing happened only for a few hundred years.

ஆத்தி, a garland dense with bauhinia flowers

***

Puranānūru 45, Poet Kōvūr Kizhār sang to Chozhan Nalankilli and Chozhan Nedunkilli

You are not wearing garland made with
white fronds of palm trees, or a garland
from a neem tree with black branches.
You are wearing a garland dense with āthi
flowers, and the one fighting with you also
wears a garland dense with āthi flowers.

***

புறநானூறு 45, பாடியவர்: கோவூர் கிழார், பாடப்பட்டோர்: சோழன் நலங்கிள்ளியும், நெடுங்கிள்ளியும், திணை: வஞ்சி, துறை: துணை வஞ்சி
இரும்பனை வெண்தோடு மலைந்தோன் அல்லன்,
கருஞ்சினை வேம்பின் தெரியலோன் அல்லன்,
நின்ன கண்ணியும் ஆர் மிடைந்தன்றே, நின்னொடு
பொருவோன் கண்ணியும் ஆர் மிடைந்தன்றே,
ஒருவீர் தோற்பினும் தோற்ப நும் குடியே,  5
இருவீர் வேறல் இயற்கையும் அன்றே, அதனால்,
குடிப் பொருள் அன்று நும் செய்தி, கொடித் தேர்
நும்மோர் அன்ன வேந்தர்க்கு
மெய்ம்மலி உவகை செய்யும், இவ் இகலே.

***

Item 433

Kovur Kizar also pointed out that Chozas came from North West India where the Sibi, ancestor of Chozas lived and ruled.  Again he points out the suffering of people during war times.

***

Puranānūru 46, Poet Kōvūr Kizhār sang to Chozhan Kulamutrathu Thunjiya Killivalavan, Thinai: Vanji, Thurai: Thunai Vanji 


You are the heir of him who removed not just
the anguish of a dove, but also wiped away many
other sorrows.
They descend from men who shared with others
and ate, who, fearing the poverty of wise men,
gave cool shade to them.

These children with parched heads who cried looking
at the elephant have forgotten to cry now, and eye
the new crowds with bewildered looks.  They have
this new distress.
You have heard what I had to say!  Do what you may!

புறநானூறு 46, பாடியவர்: கோவூர் கிழார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: சோழன் குளமுற்றத்துத் துஞ்சிய கிள்ளிவளவன், திணை: வஞ்சி, துறை: துணை வஞ்சி


நீயே புறவின் அல்லல் அன்றியும் பிறவும்
இடுக்கண் பலவும் விடுத்தோன் மருகனை,
இவரே புலன் உழுது உண்மார் புன்கண் அஞ்சித்
தமது பகுத்து உண்ணும் தண்ணிழல் வாழ்நர்,
களிறு கண்டு அழூஉம் அழாஅல் மறந்த  5
புன்தலைச் சிறாஅர், மன்று மருண்டு நோக்கி,
விருந்திற் புன்கண் நோவுடையர்,
கேட்டனையாயின், நீ வேட்டது செய்ம்மே.

***

Item 434

Saved another poet

Here is an interesting anecdote to show the power and influence of ancient Tamil poets. Kovur Kizar saved one poet who was dubbed as a spy of enemy king.

A poet named Ilanthathan came from Chozhan Nalankilli who was besieging Uraiyur.  Chozhan Nedunkilli thought he was a spy and was going to kill him.  Poet Kovūr Kizhār sang this and saved him

***

Item 435 Poet’s Life

To save a comrade, Kovur Kizar says what his comrades do. Here we see a beautiful description of the life and role of a Tamil Poet. They were honest, kind and selfless people.

Here is what he says about a poet,

“being happy for what is
given to them, eating without saving and giving
to others without holding back, is the sad life
of those in need.  Is this life harmful to others?”

***

Puranānūru 47, Poet Kōvūr Kizhār sang to Chozhan Nedunkilli, Thinai: Vanji, Thurai: Thunai Vanji


***

புறநானூறு 47, பாடியவர்: கோவூர் கிழார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: சோழன் நெடுங்கிள்ளி, 

வள்ளியோர்ப் படர்ந்து புள்ளின் போகி,
நெடிய என்னாது சுரம் பல கடந்து,


வடியா நாவின் வல்லாங்குப் பாடிப்,
பெற்றது மகிழ்ந்தும் சுற்றம் அருத்தி,
ஓம்பாது உண்டு கூம்பாது வீசி,  5
வரிசைக்கு வருந்தும் இப்பரிசில் வாழ்க்கை,
பிறர்க்குத் தீது அறிந்தன்றோ இன்றே, திறப்பட


நண்ணார் நாண அண்ணாந்து ஏகி,
ஆங்கு இனிது ஒழுகின் அல்லது, ஓங்கு புகழ்
மண்ணாள் செல்வம் எய்திய  10
நும்மோர் அன்ன செம்மலும் உடைத்தே.

***

Item 436

KOTHAI- Pun on the word கோதை

King’s name is Maa Kothai. Kothai has two other meanings: Garland, Woman.

Here poet Poykaiyar used it in two or three meanings

***

Item 437

Another interesting thing is the name of the poet

Poikai means a tank , a water source.

Of the 12 Alvars, Tamil Viaishnavite poets, early three were called Muthal Muuvar – First Three. One of them is Poikai Alvar. So that Alvar musrt have lived nearer to Sangam period. The reason for my guess is that we rarely find this name.

***

Item 438

Another interesting thing is the word Iraivan

The poet called his patron king Iraivan, which means God. Nowadays this is used for Gods only.

In the ancient Tamil world , words like Kovil, Iraivan were used for King, his palace etc., because Hindus considered king as God. அவன் எம் இறைவன்

Puranānūru 48, Poet Poykaiyār sang for Cheraman Kōkōthai Mārpan,

Thondi with groves has honey fragrance from the
garlands worn by Kōthai, those worn by his wives,
and the waterlilies blooming in the vast backwaters.

That is my town.  He is my king.  Think of me,
O man of ancient wisdom who seeks patrons.
If you go to him, tell him “I saw the man who sang
your praises when you were victorious in battle”.

***

புறநானூறு 48, பாடியவர்: பொய்கையார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: சேரமான் கோக்கோதை மார்பன், திணை: பாடாண், துறை: புலவராற்றுப்படை

1
கோதை மார்பின் கோதையானும்,
கோதையைப் புணர்ந்தோர் கோதையானும்,

2
மாக்கழி மலர்ந்த நெய்தலானும்,
கள் நாறும்மே கானல் அம் தொண்டி
அஃது எம் ஊரே, அவன் எம் இறைவன்,  5


அன்னோன் படர்தி ஆயின், நீயும்
எம்மும் உள்ளுமோ முதுவாய் இரவல!
அமர் மேம்படூஉம் காலை நின்,
புகழ் மேம்படுநனைக் கண்டனம் எனவே.

***

Item 439

Puram verse 49 is skipped; nothing interesting is found.

Puram verse 50 by Mosikeeranar has an interesting anecdote.

(When poet Mōsi Keeranār climbed unknowingly on the bed of the royal drum, he woke up only to find the king fanning him.  This king is the son of the Chera king Selvakkadunkō Valiyāthan for whom Kapilar wrote Pathitruppathu 61-70 and Puranānūru 8 and 14.  Pathitruppathu poems 71-80 were written by the poet Arisil Kizhār for this king.  Thakadur is modern Dharmapuri, and that is where the king defeated Athiyan Ezhini (Athiyamān Nedumān Anji).   Mōsi Keeranār wrote Puranānūru 50, 154, 155, 156 and 186)

 A poet  by name Mosikeeran was very tired when he arrived at the king’s palace. There was the palace drum decorated with flowers and fine cloths; the poet mistaking it for a bed climbed it and lied on the drum. The king came to know that someone showed disrespect to his royal symbol. When he approached the place, he was informed that person was a tired poet sleeping there. Without becoming angry and without disturbing the poet’s sleep, he fanned him with the royal fan.

In Tamil Nadu Royal Drum, Royal Tree, Royal emblems and Royal Umbrella were respected as King himself. Anyone showing disrespect to it, will lose his life.  Here we see a quite opposite action.

This will remind anyone of another incident. King Raja Raja Choza lived 1000 years ago. He built the famous Thanjavur Big Shiva Temple. While the construction was going on Rajaraja came to supervise the work. The sculptors always chew the betel leaves and supari (betel nuts) and spit the waste out. To save the sanctity of the place an attendant used to hold a cup or bowl to get the spit. When the king came, the attendant of the chief sculptor was absent for some minutes. When the sculptor wanted to spit the betel waste King Rajaraja himself held the bowl and received it. Sculptors never remove their eyes from the stone they are sculpting; so he did not even see the king. Only when hus attendant came back the chief sculptor knew it was the mighty Choza king who served as his servant for some time. He profusely apologised but the king felt very happy to see the astute care the sculptor was showing in his work.

***

Item 440

The poet finds a reason for the king’s action. Since the king was a Tamil scholar he gave that much respect to the poet. Such is the value of Tamil language.

***

Item 441

Poet Mosi Keeranar adds one more point.

Is it because
you knew that in the upper world there is room only for those
who lived in this earth with soaring fame?

Hindus believe that those who meritorious things on earth only will get a place in the heaven.

***

Puranānūru 50, Poet Mōsi Keeranār sang to Cheraman Thakadur Erintha Peruncheral Irumporai,

1
Before it was brought back from washing, the fierce, dark
wood drum, tightly tied with long leather straps, that hungers
for blood, decorated with dense, long feathers with bright spots
belonging to peacocks, sapphire strands, and flowers of
ulignai vines that have gold colored tender leaves,
I climbed on its delicate flower bed, as soft as the foam on oil,
in ignorance.
You did not chop me into pieces in anger,

2

because of your
great knowledge of fine Thamizh.  Not satisfied with that,
you came close to me and fanned me with your strong arms
that are like drums, to keep me cool.

3

What is the reason for this, O victorious king?  Is it because
you knew that in the upper world there is room only for those
who lived in this earth with soaring fame?

***

புறநானூறு 50, பாடியவர்: மோசி கீரனார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: சேரமான் தகடூர் எறிந்த பெருஞ்சேரல் இரும்பொறை, 

1


மாசற விசித்த வார்புறு வள்பின்
மைபடு மருங்குல் பொலிய, மஞ்ஞை
ஒலி நெடும் பீலி ஒண் பொறி மணித் தார்
பொலங்குழை உழிஞையொடு பொலியச் சூட்டிக்,
குருதி வேட்கை உருகெழு முரசம்  5
மண்ணி வாரா அளவை, எண்ணெய்
நுரை முகந்தன்ன மென் பூஞ்சேக்கை
அறியாது ஏறிய என்னைத் தெறுவர,
இருபால் படுக்கு நின் வாள்வாய் ஒழித்ததை

2
அதூஉம் சாலும் நற்றமிழ் முழுது அறிதல்,  10
அதனொடும் அமையாது அணுக வந்து நின்
மதனுடை முழவுத் தோள் ஓச்சித் தண்ணென
வீசியோயே, வியல் இடம் கமழ,

3
இவன் இசை உடையோர்க்கு அல்லது அவணது
உயர்நிலை உலகத்து உறையுள் இன்மை  15
விளங்கக் கேட்டமாறு கொல்,
வலம்படு குருசில் நீ ஈங்கு இது செயலே?

–Subham—

Tags- Item 441, Two anecdotes, Kings, acted as servants, Rajaraja, Mosikeeranar, Chera king, Prananuru wonders part 18, Tamil wonders paart 58

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Tiruppavai in Pictures with English Translations- Part One (Post No.15,573)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,573

Date uploaded in London – 3 April 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

When I went to the famous Uppliappan Vishnu temple near Kumbakonam on 12-3-2026, I had good and free darshan quickly. Since first two weeks in March are exam season in India, less crowd was seen in all the temples. I was very much impressed by the big wall paintings of 12 alvars, 10 Vishnu avatars and 108 Divya Kshetras of Vishnu. I took lot of pictures, yet I could not take all the shrines portrayed on the wall.

One of the 12 Alvars was Andal, the teenage poetess as well as a great saint. Her 30 Tamil verses known as Tiruppaavai used to echo in all the temple streets of Tamil Nadu in the month of Maarkazi (Margasirsa in Bhagavad Gita; Dec-January in English calendar) every year. As a person who lived Near Krishnan Kovil in North Masi Street, Madurai for quarter of a century, I knew most of the verses by heart, which were broadcast around 4-30 am. The pictures on the wall of Uppiliappan temple inspired me to go through the three different English translations of Tiruppaavai  by American Tamil Scholar Kausalya Hart, PR Ramachander and Dr Chenni Padmanabhan M D, a great devotee of Sri Sathya Sai Baba. I have collected the translations from the Project Madurai website and books. Please read them together with the Tamil original and enjoy!

Kausalya Harts’ Translation from Project Madurai

Aṇḍal.: Thiruppāvai (474 -503 of Divya Prabandham)

 

1.

மார்கழித் திங்கள் மதிநிறைந்த நன்னாளால்!

நீராடப் போதுவீர் போதுமினோ நேரிழையீர்!

சீர்மல்கும் ஆய்ப்பாடிச் செல்வச் சிறுமீர்காள்!

கூர்வேல் கொடுந்தொழிலன் நந்தகோபன் குமரன்

ஏரார்ந்த கண்ணி யசோதை இளம்சிங்கம்

கார்மேனிச் செங்கண் கதிர் மதியம் போல்முகத்தான்

நாராயணனே நமக்கே பறை தருவான்

பாரோர் புகழப் படிந்தேலோர் எம்பாவாய்

Girls waking up their friends.

474. The girls come and wake up their friends. They say,
“Today is the auspicious full moon day of Markazhi month.
O you adorned with beautiful ornaments,
let us go bathe. Come!
We are the beloved young girls of the flourishing cowherd village.
Nārāyaṇan, the son of Nandagopan,
who looks after the cows with a sharp spear,
the young lion of lovely-eyed Yashoda
with a dark body, beautiful eyes
and a face bright as the shining moon
will give us the Paṛai.
Come and let us bathe and worship our Pāvai
as the world praises him.”

***

Mr P R Ramachander’s Translation

1

In this month of Marghazhi[1]
On this day filled with the light of moon,
Come for bathing,
Oh ladies who are richly dressed,
And Oh ladies in rich homes of cowherds,
For he with the sharp spear,
He who kills his enemies without mercy,
He who is the son of Nanda gopa[2]
He who is the darling son of Yasodha[3]
Who wore scented flower garlands,
He who is a lion cub,
He who is pretty in black colour,
He who has small red eyes,
He who has a face like the well-lit moon,
And He, who is our Lord Narayana[4]
Is going to give us big drums,
So that we bathe and worship Our Goddess Pavai,
In a way that the whole world sings about.

***

Dr Chenni Padmanabhan’s Translation

It’s Margali month, moon replete and the day is proper

We shall bathe, girls of Ayarpadi prosperous

Will you move out? You wealthy adorned fine jewels,

Narayana, son of relentless Nandagopala,

Whose job wielding a spike ever alert and

The lion cub of Yasoda with eye gracious

And the lad with dark complexion, handsome eye

And face sunny bright pleasant as moon

Sure shall grant us the desire soon

To the esteem of this earth as a boon

Oblige, involve, listen and consider, our damsel.

***

2

வையத்து வாழ்வீர்காள்! நாமும் நம் பாவைக்குச்

செய்யும் கிரிசைகள் கேளீரோ!

பாற்கடலுள் பையத் துயின்ற பரமன் அடிபாடி,

நெய்யுண்ணோம்; பாலுண்ணோம்; நாட்காலை நீராடி

மையிட்டெழுதோம்; மலரிட்டு நாம் முடியோம்;

செய்யாதன செய்யோம்; தீக்குறளைச் சென்றோதோம்;

ஐயமும் பிச்சையும் ஆந்தனையும் கைகாட்டி

உய்யுமா றெண்ணி உகந்தேலோர் எம் பாவாய். (2)

475. The girls come to wake up their friends. They say,
“O people of the world!
Hear how we worship our pāvai.
We worship the feet of the highest lord
resting on the milky ocean.
We don’t eat ghee, we don’t drink milk,
we bathe early in the morning,
we don’t put kohl to darken our eyes,
we don’t decorate our hair with flowers,
we don’t do evil things, we don’t gossip.
We give alms to all beggars and sages.
Come and let us be happy and worship our Pāvai.”

***

2

Oh, people of this world,
Be pleased to hear of those penances,
That we daily do for the worship of Pavai,
We will sing of those holy feet,
Of Him who sleeps in the ocean of milk[5]
We will not take the very tasty ghee,
We will avoid the health giving milk,
We will daily bathe before the dawn,
We will not wear any collyrium[6]
We will not tie flowers in our hair,
We will not do Any act that is banned,
We will not talk ill of any to any one else,
We will give alms and do charity,
As much as we can,
And do all those acts to make others free of sorrow,
And worship our Goddess Pavai.

***

You who enjoy life on earth, listen!

The rituals for deity go through we duteous.

Chant the foot of the Supremo who had

Reposed in stealth on the ocean milky;

Bathe we early; relish not ghee or milk

Nor would kemp, nor adorn with flower beauteous;

Grace not with eyeliner; nor bids forbidden.

Nor go around ear kiss tale or malicious gossip

Help the worthy and poor utmost by giftd or alms tossed

With mind pleasant, study the chores engrossed

Listen and consider our damsel.

***

3

ஓங்கி உலகளந்த உத்தமன் பேர்பாடி

நாங்கள் நம் பாவைக்குச் சாற்றி நீர் ஆடினால்,

தீங்கின்றி நாடெல்லாம் திங்கள் மும்மாரி பெய்து

ஓங்கு பெருஞ்செந்நெநெல் ஊடு கயல் உகளப்

பூங்குவளைப் போதில் பொறிவண்டு கண் படுப்பத்,

தேங்காதே புக்கிருந்து சீர்த்த முலைபற்றி வாங்கக்

குடம் நிறைக்கும் வள்ளல் பெரும் பசுக்கள்

நீங்காத செல்வம் நிறைந்தேலோர் எம் பாவாய். (3)

476. The girls come to wake up their friends. They say,
“Let us sing and praise the name of the virtuous lord
who measured the world with his tall form
and let us decorate our Pāvai and bathe it.
If we do that, rain will fall three times a month
without fail all over our land,
paddy in the fields will flourish,
fish will frolic in the fields,
bees will sleep on the buds of the kuvaḷai blossoms
and the cows will not hide their milk
but yield generously to fill up the pots
when the cowherds milk them.
Let riches be abundant!
Come and let us bathe and worship our Pāvai.”

If we sing the praise of Him,
Who grew big and measured the world[7]
And worship our Goddess Pavai,
Then would there be at least three rains a month,
And the red paddy plants would grow big,
And in their fields would the fish swim and play,
And the spotted bees after sipping honey,
To their hearts content,
Would sleep in the flower themselves
After having their fill,
And the cows with big udder
Would fill milk pots to the brim,
And healthy cows and never diminishing wealth,
Would fill the country,
And all this I assure by worship of our Goddess Pavai.

Should we sing the name of the magnanimous

Outgrown and meted the world and assent

To bathe for deity, rain it shall, pour country over

Thrice monthly with no despair;

Shall facilitate tall growth of paddy crop

Carp to jump amidst like aquatic feet,

Spotted bee to perch on lily fair and

Donor cows to stand still, with udders thick

Allow milking to fill vessels copious

To ordain never vanishing wealth bounteous;

Listen and consider our damsel.

To be continued…………………….

Tags- Andal, Tiruppavai, in Pictures, three English Translations, Kausalya Hart, PR Ramachander, Dr Chenni Padmanabhan, Project Madurai , Uppiliappan Temple, Part one

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My Three Country Tour in January-March 2026 (Post.15,563)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,563

Date uploaded in London – 1 April 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

By God’s grace I went to three countries with my wife between January and March 2025 and spent much of the time in visiting new and unseen temples.. I have written detailed articles in Tamil about most of these places; and more articles are in the line.

During this trip, I visited Temples, archaeological monuments, gardens, Tourist spots, Shopping centres, libraries, museums and palaces.

Here is a brief tour plan I followed:

January 2, 2026- departure from London LHR.

January 2, 2026- stayed in Bengaluru.

January 3- stayed in Fortune JP Palace hotel in Mysuru.

Visited Melakote Vishnu temple, Sri Rangapatna Vishnu temple, Chamundeeswary Devi temple etc.

January 4- Mysore Palace, Somnathpur Kesava Temple/Archaeological Monument, Back to Bengaluru in the night.

January 5- Left Bengaluru for Bangkok in Thailand.

January 6, 2026- arrived in Bangkok and stayed in Villa de Kaoshanon Hotel; visited the Royal Palace.

January 7- Had darshan in Mariamman Temple in Bangkok. Did some shopping; also visited one of the oldest Buddhist temples very near out hotel.

January 8- Left for Sydney in Australia.

January 8- reached Sydney just before midnight.

Stay in Australia until 2 March 2026.

January 29- had darshan at Sri Karpaka Vinayakar Temple .

January 31- Sri Durga Kovil and Sri Shirdi Baba Mandir

March 2, 2026 – left for Chennai

March 3 – Chennai shopping

March 4- reached Sri vathsam Divine Inn hotel near Kumbakonam stayed there until 13-3-2026

March 5, 2026- Vaitheeswaran Siva temple,

Mayuranathar temple in Mayiladuthurai

Sivapuram Vedapatasala in Mayiladuthurai

Sarngapani temple, Kumbakonam

Chakrapani temple, Kumbakonam

Nageswarar temple, Kumbakonam

Kumbeswarar temple, Kumbakonam

March 6- Tiruchengattankudi Shiva/ Ganapathy temple

Tiruupugalur Appar/ Shiva temple

Srivanchiyam Shiva temple

March 9, 2026-Thiruvidaimarudur Shiva temple

Tirubhuvanam Shiva temple

Tiruvavaduthurai Shiva temple

Kanchanur Shiva temple/ sukran temple

March 10, 2026- Dharasuram Shiva temple/ Archaeological monument

Adivarahar Vishnu temple – Kumbakonam

March 12, 2026- Uppilappan Vishnu Temple

Ayyavadi Pratyankara/ Shiva temple

Tirunaraiyur Shiva temple / Sani graha shrine

Swarna akarshana Bhairava temple, Sembianvararampal near Ayyavadi

March 13, 2026- Veeranarayana Vishnu Temple, Kattumannar Koil,

Aravinda/Aurobindo Ashram at Puducherry

Manakkula Vinayakar Temple at Puducherry

Puducherry Museum

Back to Chennai in the night.

March 14- Chennai Shopping

March 15- Left Chennai by BA and reached LHR same day afternoon.

I took 500 to 600 pictures during my tour.

–subham-

Tags- My tour, Three countries, India, Australia, Thailand, Hindu temples, museums, palaces, London Swaminathan, January- March 2026., Buddhist temple

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Purananuru Wonders -16, Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia -Part 56; One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 56 (Post.15,558)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,558

Date uploaded in London – 31 March 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx 

Item 409

Sibi story from Hindu Puranas and epic is repeated here which shows Choza kings came from North West India. Even Buddhists stole this story and incorporated in the Jataka Tales which were older than Sangam Tamil  literature. But Buddhists showed Sibi as Buddha and not as Chozas.

The Sibi Chakravarthi story appears to have adopted by the Chozha kings as theirs.  It is referred to in Puranānūru 37, 39, 43 and 46. 

Chembian in Tamil is derived from Sanskrit Saibhya which is again derived from Sibi.

***

Item 410

Hanging Forts in the sky.

All Tamil interpreters skip this line without explaining.

In fact it is the story of Tripurantaka/Lord Siva.

தூங்கு எயில் எறிந்த நின் ஊங்கணோர் நினைப்பின்,
அடுதல் நின் புகழும் அன்றே; கெடுவின்று

The destruction of the three cities in the sky, known as Tripura or Tripurantaka, is a major mythological theme frequently referenced in Chola-era inscriptions and art to glorify Lord Shiva and, by extension, the Chola kings who claimed to rule under his grace. 

1. The Myth of Tripura in Chola Context

  • The Myth: Three demon sons of Taraka obtained a boon from Brahma to live in three powerful, movable aerial cities (gold, silver, and iron) created by Mayasura. They could only be destroyed when these cities aligned once every thousand years and were struck by a single arrow. Shiva (“Tripurantaka”) shot this arrow.
  • Chola Symbolism: The Chola kings identified with the strength and role of Shiva, projecting themselves as protectors of the cosmic order. The Tripurantaka form of Shiva (Destroyer of the Three Cities) was particularly popular in early Chola art and inscriptions.
  • Significance: It signifies the destruction of evil (“sins”) and the restoration of balance. 

2. Epigraphical and Artistic Evidence

  • Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram: 1500-year-old carvings show a colossal “Tripurantaka Murthi” figure. While early, this set the stage for Chola temple art.
  • Kamarathivalli Temple (Kamarasavalli): Inscriptions here highlight that the temple was heavily supported by monarchs like Rajaraja Chola I, Sundara Chola, and Vikrama Chola, who worshipped Shiva in his various forms.
  • Chola Bronzes: The Norton Simon Museum houses one of the earliest Chola bronzes depicting Shiva as Tripurantaka, highlighting the importance of this story during the early, middle, and late Chola periods. 

  • 3. Connection to Chola Rule
  • Rajaraja I and Gangaikonda Cholapuram: While building his capital, Rajaraja I was heavily influenced by Shaivite traditions. His successors, like Rajendra Chola I, adopted similar ideologies, and inscriptions often describe the king’s victory in terms of divine favor, drawing parallels to the destruction of the three forts (Tripura).
  • Kumbakonam Area: The “Thiruvanaikkaval” area (near Trichy), linked to the Kochengot Chola (a very early king), features Shiva-centered mythology, including stories of transformation and overcoming threats. 

In summary, the story of the “three cities in the sky” (Tripura) represents the triumph of divine justice and is a key ideological theme found in the inscriptions of the Chola dynasty, linking their victories directly to the prowess of Lord Shiva, particularly in his Tripurantaka form. 

***

Item 411 

Uranthai, now Uraiyur near iruchi was famous for the Justice Court that existed during Krikal Choza Time. Then it was destroyed in a sand storm.

My article written in year 2011 is reproduced here: 

Strange as it may look, British judges, magistrates and barristers follow a custom that was started by a Tamil king two thousand years ago. British judges and several others who preside over the courts of justice wear a white wig.

If we go to encyclopaedias they don’t explain why they wear it or when it was exactly started. Ancient Egyptians wore wigs for protecting their heads from the scorching sun. Then Romans and others wore different types of wigs as symbols of aristocracy.

 The British judiciary started wearing wigs from 17th century. Many of the commonwealth countries also followed it. Whenever the reason for the custom is asked many people say that it is the tradition or uniform for professional discipline or it shows experience. Actually it was started by the most famous Tamil king, Karikal Chola two thousand years ago. Crystal clear proof comes from the ancient Tamil Cankam (Sangam) literature.

Karikalan was the greatest of the Tamil kings for three reasons. He ruled vast areas of Tamil-speaking land, subjugating other Tamil kingdoms. He was the first Tamil king who went up to the Himalayas and carved his dynastic emblem there. Till today, there remains a Chola pass in the Himalayas. The second reason was he was a just king and his court of justice in Uraiyur became very famous. Tamil literature praises his justice and gives the story of wigs. And the third reason is the Grand Anaicut he built across the river Cauvery is one of the oldest dam s in the world. 

Though we did not have any historical records scholars have dated him around 1st century BC. He was a boy king – like the Egyptian Tutankhamen. He came to power while he was a teenager.

The Story of Wigs:

One day two elderly people came to his court seeking justice. They had a dispute among themselves. They decided that whatever the Uraiyur court says must be the final settlement. When they came in to court, they were shocked to see a boy sitting as the judge. They were greatly disappointed – which Karikalan felt immediately by looking at their faces. Indeed, the face is the index of the mind.

 Karikalan politely asked the elders to take seats and told them to wait for the ‘judge’ and he went in. The entire assembly was puzzled. Then came an elderly person and sat on the chair. After carefully listening to the arguments of both the sides he gave his judgement. Both of them were immensely happy to hear a fair settlement. Now the assembly wanted to know who the elderly judge was. King Karikalan removed his white hair wig (Narai Mudi in Tamil) and revealed himself.  All applauded the Wisdom of the ‘Solomon of India’.

The proof for the anecdote is in three Tamil books:

1.      Porunar Atruppadai –lines 187-188. Porunar Atruppadai is one of the ten long poems of Tamil Cankam literature dated  between 1st to 3rd century AD

2.      Manimekalai- This is one of the five Tamil epics dated 3rd century AD  

3.      Pazamozi – poem 25 translation:


Nobody can deny the fact that Karikalan was the first one to use white wig in judiciary matters.

*** 

Item 412 Himalayas

Himalayas was not only sacred to Hindus but also a symbol of victory. Chera Choza Pandya kings went up to the northern most and the highest mountain in the world to engrave their symbols. This Ws achieved with the help of Satakarnis, the mighty Satavahana kings. They were friends of the Tamil kings. Tamils of Sangam Age mentioned Himalayas, Ganga and Yamunai but never Indus River/Sindhu. It shows that they have no connection with the Harappan Civilization.

 ***

Item 413 Vanji 

Play on words. Vanji has three meanings: A plant, modern Karur town in Tamil Nadu and a girl who is slim like Vanji creeper.

Here in Puram 39, poetess used it for Vanji city, that is Karur. But she used it by saying Vanji that which will not whither. This is the style of Kalidas, the greatest of the Indian poets. He used to play on words like this.

For instance if he wants to mention the bird Chakravaka, he would saythe bird with the name of a wheel/Chakra. 

வாடா வஞ்சி வாட்டும் – you hurt strong Vanji city which is not the vanji flower that fades (வாடா வஞ்சி – வஞ்சிநகருக்கு வெளிப்படை,  வஞ்சி – இன்றைய கரூர்),

***

Puranānūru 39, Poet Mārōkkathu Nappasalaiyār sang to Chozhan Kulamutrathu Thunjiya Killivalavan 

1
O heir of Chempiyan who removed the pain of a dove by climbing
on a scale with a pointer made of white tusk of an elephant with
dark legs!  Generosity is not the reason for your fame!  

2

If we
think about your ancestors who ruined forts that are hanging high
that are strong and difficult to approach, killing in battles is
not the reason for your fame! 

3

Righteousness has been established
in the court of Uranthai of the Chozhas with martial courage, and
reigning with justice cannot increase your fame!

O Valavan who wins battles with great might, whose arms are like
the crossbars of forts, whose garland is blinding, who owns proud
horses! 

4

How can I describe you, since you have made strong Vanji
wither, and destroyed the Chera king owning tall, well-built chariots,

5

who had placed his protective bow symbol on the Himalayas
with many towering summits with gold?  How can I sing of your great acts?

**** 

புறநானூறு 39, பாடியவர்: மாறோக்கத்து நப்பசலையார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: சோழன் குளமுற்றத்துத் துஞ்சிய கிள்ளிவளவன், திணை: பாடாண், துறை: இயன் மொழி 

1

புறவின் அல்லல் சொல்லிய கறையடி
யானை வான் மருப்பு எறிந்த வெண்கடைக்
கோல் நிறை துலாஅம் புக்கோன் மருக!
ஈதல் நின் புகழும் அன்றே; 

2 

 சார்தல்
ஒன்னார் உட்கும் துன்னரும் கடுந்திறல்  5
தூங்கு எயில் எறிந்த நின் ஊங்கணோர் நினைப்பின்,
அடுதல் நின் புகழும் அன்றே; கெடுவின்று

3

மறங்கெழு சோழர் உறந்தை அவையத்து,
அறம் நின்று நிலையிற்று ஆகலின், அதனால்
முறைமை நின் புகழும் அன்றே; மறம் மிக்கு  10
எழு சமம் கடந்த எழு உறழ் திணி தோள்,
கண்ணார் கண்ணிக் கலிமான் வளவ!

4

யாங்கனம் மொழிகோ யானே, ஓங்கிய
வரை அளந்து அறியாப் பொன்படு நெடுங்கோட்டு
இமையம் சூட்டிய ஏம விற்பொறி,  15
மாண் வினை நெடுந்தேர் வானவன் தொலைய,

5
வாடா வஞ்சி வாட்டும் நின்
பீடுகெழு நோன் தாள் பாடுங்காலே.

****

Item 414 Enemy Kings’ Crowns

Two interesting points are her in Puram verse 40.

Ancient Hindu kings melted the golden crown of the enemy kings and made them their anklets (leg ornaments) or foot stools . Here the anklets are mentioned by the poet. Here we come to know more about the jewellery of ancient Tamil Nadu.

“You have made glittering warrior anklets with the
fine gold crowns of your enemies that you wear on your legs”

Item 415 

A very good description about the paddy Production is revealed in the following lines:

“country where a small space fit for a female elephant produces
food for seven male elephants!”

In fact there is a well known saying

சோழநாடு (சோறுடைத்து): Choza country is famous for rice;

பாண்டிய நாடு (முத்துடைத்து): Pandya country is famous for pearls;

சேர நாடு (வேழமுடைத்து): Chera country is famous for elephants;

தொண்டை நாடு (சான்றோருடைத்து):Thondai country is famous for Scholars

***

Puranānūru 40, Poet Āvūr Moolankizhār sang to Chozhan Kulamutrathu Thunjiya Killivalavan,

You do not respect the fortresses of your enemies who protect
them with martial courage.  You wage wars with them and ruin
them.  You have made glittering warrior anklets with the
fine gold crowns of your enemies that you wear on your legs.

O Mighty King!  We have seen you today and we wish we can
see you always.  May those who sing ill of you bow their necks
and those who sing your praises flourish!   O greatness!
May you, with sweet words be easy to approach, O lord of the
country where a small space fit for a female elephant produces
food for seven male elephants!

புறநானூறு 40, பாடியவர்: ஆவூர் மூலங்கிழார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: சோழன் குளமுற்றத்துத் துஞ்சிய கிள்ளிவளவன், 


நீயே பிறர் ஓம்புறு மறமன் எயில்
ஓம்பாது கடந்து அட்டு, அவர்
முடி புனைந்த பசும் பொன்னின்
அடி பொலியக் கழல் தைஇய
வல்லாளனை, வய வேந்தே!  5
யாமே நின் இகழ் பாடுவோர் எருத்து அடங்கப்,
புகழ் பாடுவோர் பொலிவு தோன்ற,
இன்று கண்டாங்குக் காண்குவம், என்றும்
இன் சொல் எண் பதத்தை ஆகுமதி பெரும!
ஒரு பிடி படியுஞ் சீறிடம்  10
எழு களிறு புரக்கும் நாடு கிழவோயே!

அவர் முடி புனைந்த பசும் பொன்னின் – with their crowns made of gold, அடி பொலிய – feet to be beautiful, feet to glow, கழல் தைஇய – made war anklets out of them

O Greatness, ஒரு பிடி படியும் சீறிடம் எழு களிறு புரக்கும் நாடு கிழவோயே – O lord of the country where a small space necessary for a female elephant protects (grows food for) seven male elephants .

To be continued………………..

Tags- Puranaanuru Wonders -16, Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia -Part 56, One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 56 , Sibi, Karikalan, Wigs, Uraiyur, Tamil jewellery, item 415, hanging forts, hanging cities

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by Tamil and Vedas on March 31, 2026  •  Permalink
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Posted by Tamil and Vedas on March 31, 2026

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Krishna and Balram killed 21 Demons (Post No.15,526)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,526

Date uploaded in London – 23 March 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

Lord Krishna killed numerous demons and tyrants to restore dharma, primarily during his childhood in Vrindavana and later in Mathura and Dwarka. Key demons included Putana, Trinavarta, Aghasura, Bakasura, Dhenukasura, Keshi, Vyomasura, Narakasura, and his maternal uncle, Kamsa. His elder brother Balarama also joined him in his adventurous deeds.

1

Putana (Witch): Attempted to poison Krishna with her breast milk.

Putana was a demoness sent by King Kansa to kill the infant Krishna by breastfeeding him with poisoned milk. Disguised as a beautiful woman, she entered Gokul, but Krishna sucked her life force along with the poison, killing her.

2

Trinavarta (Whirlwind): Sent by Kamsa to carry away the infant Krishna.

 Trinavarta  was a demon in the form of a whirlwind sent by King Kansa to kill infant Krishna; he kidnapped the child by creating a massive dust storm in Gokul. As he flew into the sky, Krishna became unimaginably heavy, choking the demon, causing him to crash to the ground dead. Krishna was found unharmed, playing on the demon’s body.

3

Sakatasura (Cart): A ghost inhabiting a cart, broken by infant Krishna.

The Sakatasura anecdote tells of Lord Krishna killing a cart-demon sent by Kamsa to harm him during his childhood. As a three-month-old baby, Krishna kicked over a cart (his disguises) when it tried to crush him, killing the demon.

4

Vatsasura (Calf): Disguised as a calf, killed by being thrown into a tree.

Vatsasura was a demon sent by Kamsa to kill Krishna and Balarama in Vrindavana by disguising himself as a calf. While grazing calves, Krishna recognized the demon, caught him by his hind legs and tail, and spun him to death before throwing him into a tree.

5

Bakasura (Crane Demon):

One day, Kansa called for Bakasura – a fearsome bird – and told him to go get rid of Krishna. At that time, Krishna was playing in the forest with his friends, until a massive shadow fell on them. Looking up, the kids saw a monstrous bird flying straight at them. As Bakasura swooped down with his beak wide open, Krishna grabbed the sharp beak, and jumped right into it. Bakasura’s beak cracked and broke. The pain was too much, and the demon collapsed to the ground, lifeless.

6

Aghasura (Python): Younger brother of Putana, who swallowed the cowherd boys.

Aghasura was a gigantic serpent demon and brother to Putana and Bakasura, sent by Kamsa to kill Krishna in Vrindavan. He took the form of a long snake, creating a cave-like mouth that tempted cowherd boys and calves inside. Krishna rescued them by killing the demon from within, offering him liberation.

7

Dhenukasura (Ass): Killed by Balarama, with assistance from Krishna, at the palm tree forest.

Dhenukasura was a donkey-demon who guarded the Talavana (palm forest) near Vrindavan, preventing anyone from enjoying its fruits. At the urging of cowherd friends, Lord Balarama and Krishna entered the forest, where Balarama shook the trees, provoking Dhenukasura to attack. Balarama swiftly killed the demon by whirling him around and tossing him into a tree.

8

Kaliya (Serpent): Subdued and banished from the Yamuna river.

Kaliya, a Naga (serpent), moved to the Yamuna River to flee Garuda, contaminating the water so heavily that birds and trees died and the area was rendered inhabitable, say Villains Wiki and Facebook post.

While playing, Krishna’s ball went into the river, prompting him to climb a Kadamba tree and jump in to confront the beast,

Kaliya wrapped his coils around Krishna, attempting to kill him. Krishna, as a child, grew in size and began dancing on the snake’s heads, crushing him.

Kaliya’s wives, the Nag-patnis, pleaded for mercy. Krishna granted this, ordering Kaliya to leave the Yamuna forever and return to Ramanaka Dwipa, promising him safety from Garuda.

9

Pralambasura (Fiery/Forest): Slain by Balarama (with Krishna’s aid).

Pralambasura was a powerful demon sent by King Kamsa to kill Krishna and Balarama, who disguised himself as a cowherd boy to join their games in Vrindavan. During a game of tag where losers carried winners, Pralambasura lost to Balarama and carried him, aiming to kill him, but Balarama killed him with a massive blow to the head.

10

Kesi (Horse): A horse demon who was killed by Krishna.

Keshi (also spelled Kesi or Keśī, meaning “the hairy one”) is a fearsome horse-demon who was sent by the evil King Kamsa to kill Lord Krishna.

  •  After his other demons failed to eliminate Krishna, Kamsa sent Keshi, a mighty demon capable of shapeshifting, to Vrindavan to destroy him.
  • Keshi took the form of a gigantic, ferocious horse. He created chaos in Gokula, terrifying residents, shattering the earth with his hooves, and roaring so loudly that clouds were scattered.
  • Krishna, along with his cowherd friends, challenged the horse. Keshi charged at Krishna with his mouth open, intending to devour him. Krishna, appearing unfazed, caught the demon’s legs and threw him a significant distance.
  • Reinvigorated, Keshi charged again. This time, Krishna thrust his left hand into the demon’s gaping mouth
  • Inside the demon’s throat, Krishna’s hand began to expand, choking Keshi. The demon fell to the ground dead.

11

Vyomasura (Sky/Bat): Killed while trying to hide with cowherd boys.

Vyomasura (“sky demon”) was a magical demon and son of Mayasura, sent by Kamsa to kill Krishna. While playing a game of thieves and sheep with cowherd boys on Govardhana Hill, Vyomasura disguised himself as a cowherd and kidnapped most of the boys, trapping them in a mountain cave. Krishna killed him to rescue his friend

12

Kamsa (Uncle): Tyrannical king of Mathura.

A tyrannical king of Mathura. Maternal uncle of Krishna . son of ugrasena and father of Devaki, mother of Krishna. He married twin daughters of Jarasandha named Asti and Prapti, king of Magadha. He deposed his father Ugrasena. It was foretold that a son born of Devaki should kill him. So he killed all children born to her except two. Balarama, her seventh son was smuggled out to Gokula and was brought up by Rohini. When Krishna was born as the eighth child his parents fled with him. The tyrant then gave orders to kill all vigorous male children . Kamsa persecuted Krishna and at the end Krishna killed him. Because of this he earned the enmity of Jarasandha. Kamsa was also called kalaankura, the crane.

***

13

Narakasura (Demon King): Killed for ruling with terror and imprisoning thousands of women.

Narakasura,, the son of Bhudevi (Earth Goddess) and Vishnu’s Varaha avatar, was known for his tyranny, abduction of 16,100 women, and theft of divine treasures. He was killed by Lord Krishna and Satyabhama (reincarnation of Bhudevi) to restore righteousness, with his death celebrated as Naraka Chaturdashi before Diwali. 

  • Born from the union of Vishnu’s Varaha form and Bhudevi, he was initially pious but grew arrogant and evil due to the influence of Banasura.
  • He terrorized the three worlds (heavens and earth), stole Aditi’s (mother of gods) earrings, and forced 16,100 women into captivity.
  • Due to a boon, he could only be killed by his mother. Satyabhama, Krishna’s wife and Bhudevi’s reincarnation, fought him, while Krishna killed him with the Sudarshana Chakra.
  • Legacy (Diwali): He requested that his death be celebrated as a victory of light over dark, leading to the tradition of Naraka Chaturdashi, where his effigies are burned.
  • Liberation of Wives: Following his death, Krishna married the 16,100 women rescued from captivity to restore their social honor.

14

Shishupala

Shishupala was a Chedi king in the Mahabharata born with three eyes and four arms, destined to die at Krishna’s hands. Due to a promise made to Shishupala’s mother, Krishna forgave his first 100 insults, but killed him with the Sudarshana Chakra at the Rajasuya Yajna after the 101st insult, granting him liberation.

Birth & Prophecy: Born to Damaghosha and Shrutashrava (Krishna’s aunt), his physical abnormalities vanished when placed on Krishna’s lap, confirming the prophecy.

The Promise: His mother, knowing his destined death, persuaded Krishna to pardon 100 offenses.

Enmity toward Krishna: Shishupala harbored deep hatred after Krishna married Rukmini, who was intended for him.

The Final Insult: At Yudhishthira’s Rajasuya sacrifice, Shishupala insulted Krishna when he was honored as the supreme guest. Krishna unleashed the Sudarshana Chakra after the 100th insult.

Liberation: Shishupala was a reincarnation of Jaya (a gatekeeper of Vishnu) cursed to spend three lives as Vishnu’s enemy. His death by Krishna granted his soul liberation

15

Dantavakra: Dantavakra, the King of Karusha and a cousin to Krishna, was a ferocious enemy of Krishna, acting as a mortal incarnation of Vishnu’s gatekeeper, Vijaya. Seeking to avenge the death of his friend Shishupala, he attacked Krishna alone with a mace but was killed, granting him salvation.

16

Wrestler Chanura

The fight between Chanura/Mushtika and Krishna/Balarama was a pivotal wrestling match held in Mathura, orchestrated by King Kamsa to kill Krishna. 

  • Kamsa invited Krishna and Balarama to a Dhanur Yajna (bow ceremony) intending to trap them. He set up his strongest wrestlers, Chanur and Mushtika, to fight the young brothers, hoping to end them.
  • Despite the unfair matchup, Krishna fought Chanur while Balarama took on Mushtika. The fight took place in an arena watched by Kamsa.
    • Krishna defeated and killed Chanur, showcasing his divine strength.
    • Balarama defeated and killed Mushtik.
  • Aftermath: Following the defeat of these champions, Krishna killed the tyrant king Kamsa in a subsequent confrontation in the same arena.

17

Wrestler Mushtika

18

Arishtasura (Bull Demon)

The demon Ariṣṭa wanted to kill Krishna and Balarāma, and thus he assumed the form of a huge bull with sharp horns. Everyone in Kṛishṇa’s cowherd village became terrified when Ariṣṭāsura approached it;but twhen the bull demon charged him he seized him by the horns and threw him to the ground and thrashed him like a pile of wet clothing. The demon gave up his life.

19

Kala Yavana

Kalayavana- kaalayavana

Kālayavana (कालयवन).—a kind of yavanas and enemy of Kṛṣṇa and an invincible foe of the Yādavas. Kṛṣṇa, finding it impossible to vanquish him on the field of battle, cunningly decoyed him to the cave where Muchakunda was sleeping who burnt him down.

Lord Krishna was chased by a Kala yavana and Krishna entered the cave where Mucukunda was sleeping. When Mucukunda became tired he got a boon from God to sleep undisturbed for a long time in a cave. Kalayavana also entered the cave and slapped on Mucukundan thinking that it was Krishna pretending to sleep. When Mucukunda opened his eyes, Kalayavana was burnt to ashes. Tricky Krishna came out of his hiding and blessed Mucukunda.

20

Kuvalayapeedam

The anecdote of Kuvalayapida (often referred to as Kuvalaya Peedam in Tamil contexts) concerns a massive, intoxicated royal elephant sent by the tyrant King Kamsa to kill Lord Krishna and his brother Balarama upon their arrival in Mathura. 

  • The Trap: Knowing that Krishna was destined to destroy him, Kamsa arranged a wrestling match and stationed his most feared, maddened elephant, Kuvalayapida, at the gate of the arena, managed by a skilled rider.
  • The Challenge: As Krishna and Balarama approached the entrance, the mahout ordered the elephant to attack.
  • The Victory: Krishna accepted the challenge and, showcasing superhuman strength, seized the elephant by its tusks, broke them off, and used them to instantly kill both the beast and its rider. 

21

·         The Binding (Damodara): Dama means rope, udara means belly; Krishna is named Damodara for having a rope tied around His abdomen.

·         The Turning Point: Seeing His mother tired, Krishna allows Himself to be bound, demonstrating His love for His devotees.

·         The Liberation: While tied to the mortar, Krishna drags it and topples two Arjuna trees, liberating the sons of Kubera, Nalakubara and Manigriva, who were cursed to be trees.

–-subham—

Tags- Demons, killed by, Krishna, Balarama, 21 demons, Narakasura, Diwali, 

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by Tamil and Vedas on March 23, 2026  •  Permalink
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Posted by Tamil and Vedas on March 23, 2026

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HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 43; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-43 (Post.15,519)

Krishna killing Kamsa

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,519

Date uploaded in London – 21 March 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

Words beginning with letter K continues…………………………….Tamil Version கே என்னும் ஆங்கில எழுத்தில் துவங்கும் சொற்கள்

இதன் ஆங்கில வடிவம் நேற்று பதிவிடப்பட்டது.

***

கபந்தன்

கபந்தன் அல்லது கவந்தன் (Kabandha) (कबन्ध,) கால்கள், கழுத்து, தலையும் அற்ற முண்டமும், நீண்ட கைகளும், வயிற்றில் ஒற்றைக் கண்ணும், அகண்ட வாயுடன் கூடிய ஒரு இராட்சசன். இராமாயணக் காவியத்தில் ஆரண்யகாண்டத்தில் கூறப்படும் இந்த  அரக்கனை  ராமன் கொல்கிறான். அப்போது அவன் சாபம் ஒன்றிலிருந்து விடுதலை பெற்றதற்கு நன்றி தெரிவித்துவிட்டு சுக்ரீவனுடன் நட்பு கொள்ளுமாறு சொல்லிவிட்டு இறக்கிறான்;

போர்க்களத்தில், இந்திரனுடைய கோபத்தின் விளைவாக இந்த உருவத்தை அடைந்தேன்; பிரம்மாவைக் குறித்து கடுமையான தவத்தை மேற்கொண்டேன். அவர் எனக்கு வரமாக நீண்ட ஆயுளைத் தந்தார். இந்திரனைப் போருக்கு அழைத்தேன். “போரில் வஜ்ரா யுதத்தால், என் தலை, உடலின் நடுப்பகுதியை அடைந்தது; இரு முழங்கால்களும் உடலுக்குள் புதைந்து போயின!. ‘பிரம்ம தேவரின் வரம் உண்மையாக இருக்கட்டும்’ என்று கூறி என்னை விட்டு விட்டார் இந்திரன்.” என்றான் கபந்தன்‌.

வால்மீகி அப்போது அவன் ஆறு விஷயங்களையும் சொன்னதாக எழுதி இருக்கிறார் :

ஒன்றை அறியும் விஷயத்தில் ஆறு பிரமாணங்கள் உண்டு ; எவை?

பிரத்யக்ஷம் – நாமே நேரில் காண்பது

அனுமானம் – தெரிந்த விஷயங்களைக் கொண்டு இதர தீர்மானங்களை அல்லது முடிவை அடைதல்

உபமானம் – ஒன்றை உபமானமாகக் கொண்டு அதன் மூலம் தெளிதல்

சப்தம் – வேதம் முதலிய சப்தங்களைக் கொண்டு அறிதல்

அனுபலப்தி – காணாமையால் இல்லை என்று அறிதல்

அர்த்தாபத்தி – பார்த்தவைகள், கேட்டவைகளைக் கொண்டு மற்றவைகளை ஊகித்தல்

வானில் தோன்றும் வால் நட்சத்திரம், சூரிய சந்திரனில் தோன்றும் கரும் புள்ளிகளுக்கும்  இதே பெயர்தான் என்று வராஹமிஹிரர் பிருஹத் சம்ஹிதையில் கூறியிருக்கிறார்.

***

கச்ச (தேவயானி )

தேவயானி என்ற தலைப்பில் முன்னரே விவரம் உள்ளது .

***

கத்ரு

நாகர்களின் தாய்;

காஸ்யப ரிஷிக்கு கத்ரு, வினதா என்று இரண்டு மனைவிகள்; பாம்புகளின் தாயார் கத்ரு; பாம்புகளின் எதிரியான கருடன் களுக்குத் தாயார் வினதா; இருவருக்கும் இடையே நிகழந்த பந்தயத்தில் வினதா தோற்று அடிமை ஆனாள்;

இதோ அந்தக் கதை:

காஸ்யப ரிஷிக்கும் வினதாவுக்கும் மகனாக கருடன் பிறந்தார். அவருடைய அண்ணன் பெயர் அருணன் அவளுக்கும் கத்ருவுக்கும் நடந்த போட்டியில் வினதா தோற்றுப்போகவே அடிமையானாள்;

இந்திரனின் உச்சைச்சிரவமென்னும் குதிரையின் நிறம் குறித்து, கத்ரு கேட்டதற்கு, அதன் நிறம் வெண்மை என வினதை சொன்னாள்;  கத்ரு அதன் நிறம் கருமை என்றாள்.

குதிரையின் சரியான நிறம் குறித்த போட்டியில் தோற்றவர், வென்றவர்க்கு அடிமை ஆகவேண்டும் என்பது நிபந்தனை. கத்ரு போட்டியில் வெல்ல வேண்டி ஆயிரக்கணக்கான கருநாகங்களை அழைத்து, உச்சைச்சிரவம் எனும் இந்திரனின் தேவலோக குதிரையின் உடலைச் சுற்றிக் கொள்ளுங்கள் என ஆணையிட, அவ்வாறே கருநாகங்கள் உச்சைச்சிரவம் என்ற வெண் குதிரைச் சுற்றிக் கொண்டன ;குதிரை பார்ப்பதற்கு கருநிறமாக மாறியது.

போட்டியில் தோற்றுப்போன , வினதை தன் குழந்தைகளான கருடன் மற்றும் அருணன் உடன் நாகர்களின் தாயான கத்ருவுக்கு அடிமையானாள். அவளை விடுவிக்க அவளுடைய மகன் கருடன் அமிர்தத்தின் ஒரு பகுதியை சிறிய தாய்க்கு கொண்டுவந்து கொடுத்தான் ; அவள் விடுதலை ஆனாள்.

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கைகேயி

கேகய நாட்டு மன்னன் யுதாஜித்தின் மகள் ; தசரதனின் நான்கு புதல்வர்களில் பரதனின் தாயார்; தசரதனின் மூன்று மனைவிகளில் இளையவள் ; தேவாசுர போரில் தசரதனுக்கு உதவியதால் அவர் மனம் மகிழ்ந்து இரண்டு வரங்களைக் கொடுத்தார் ; கூனி என்ற கூன் முதுகுக் காரி ராமனின் மீது கோபம் கொண்டு தீய அறிவுரைகளை வழங்கவே கைகேயி மனம் மாறுகிறாள்; ராமர் பாட்டாபிஷேக செய்தியைச் சொல்ல தசரதன் வருகிறார். கைகேயி கோபத்தோடு இருப்பதை பார்த்து அவளை சமாதானம் செய்ய, ‘ராமன் பேரில் ஆணையாக நீ எது கேட்டாலும் தருகிறேன்’ என்று வாக்களிக்கிறார்.

கைகேயி, தேவாசுர யுத்தத்தில் அவர் உயிரைக் காப்பாற்றிய போது, தனக்கு அவர் அளித்த இரண்டு வரங்களை நினைவூட்டி, ஒரு வரத்திற்கு ‘ராமனுக்கு பதிலாக பரதனுக்கு பட்டம் சூட்ட வேண்டும். இரண்டாவது வரத்திற்கு ராமன் பதினான்கு வருடங்கள் காட்டிற்கு போக வேண்டும்’ என்று கேட்கிறாள். இதைக் கேட்ட தசரதன் சிறிது நேரத்தில் இறந்துவிடுகிறார் . அவர் இறந்த பின்னரும் கைகேயி உயிர்வாழ்ந்து பின்னர் ராமனின் அன்பைப் பெறுகிறாள் .

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கைலாஷ்  , கயிலாயம்

இமயமலையில் உள்ள சிவ பெருமானின் உறைவிடம் ; இந்துக்களுக்கும் பெளத்தர்களுக்கும் புனிதமான மலைச் சிகரம் ; திபெத் என்னும் நாட்டினை சீனா கைப்பற்றியதால் இப்போது சீனாவின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ளது ஆண்டுதோறும் ஆயிரக்கணக்கான இந்துக்கள் சென்று தரிசிக்கின்றனர் வெள்ளி மலையாகவும் சூரிய ஒளியில் தங்கம் போல ஜொலிக்கும் பொன் மலையாகவும் விளங்குகிறது அருகிலுள்ள மானஸ சரோவர் ஏரிப் பகுதியில் கங்கை, சிந்து பிரம்மபுத்ரா நதிகள் உற்பத்தியாகின்றன ;  கயிலை மலையைத் தூக்க ராவணன் முயன்று, சிவனால் நசுக்கப்பட்டு  கதறி அழுத செய்தியைத் தேவாரப் பாடல் முழுதும் காணலாம்.

 21778 அடி உயரம் கொண்டது இந்த தெய்வீக சிகரம். இதைச் சுற்றி வரும் பாதை 52 கிலோமீட்டர் நீளம் கொண்டது.

இந்த தலத்திற்கு திருஞானசம்பந்தர் இரு பதிகங்களையும் திருநாவுக்கரசர் மூன்று பதிகங்களையும் சுந்தரர் ஒரு பதிகமும் அருளி உள்ளனர். அருணகிரிநாதர் ஆறு திருப்புகழ் பாடல்களைப்  பாடிப் போற்றியுள்ளார் .

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கால / ம்

நேரம் என்ற பொருளும் யமன் என்ற பொருளும் உண்டு

இந்த ஸம்ஸ்க்ருதச் சொல்லினை சங்க இலக்கியம் மற்றும் திருக்குறள் முழுதும் காணலாம் . மகரிஷி, பெண்கள் பெயராகவும் வந்திருப்பதை புராண இதிகாசங்களில் காண முடிகிறது .

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காலநேமி

திருமாலால் கொல்லப்பட்ட அரக்கன்; ‘காலச்சக்கரம்’ அல்லது ‘காலத்தை வென்றவன்’ என்றும் பொருள்.

இன்னும் ஒரு பொருள்:

மாரீசனின் மகன், ராவணனின் தந்திரமான மந்திரிகளில் ஒருவர். இராமாயண யுத்தகாண்டத்தில், இலட்சுமணனுக்குத் தேவையான சஞ்சீவினி மூலிகையை எடுத்துவர ஹனுமன் செல்லும்போது, அவரைத் தடுத்து நிறுத்த ராவணனால் அனுப்பப்படுகிறார். ஒரு முனிவர் போல வேடமிட்டு, ஆசிரமம் அமைத்து, ஹனுமனை ஆசீர்வதிப்பது போல் நடித்து, நேரத்தைக் கடத்த முயற்சித்தார். ஹனுமன் உண்மையை அறிந்து, காலநேமியின் சூழ்ச்சியை முறியடித்து, அவரை வதம் செய்தார்.

ஆரணிய காண்டத்தில் அகத்தியப் படலத்தில் வரும் ஒரு பாடலைக் காண்போம்:

சூர் அறுத்தவனும் சுடர் நேமியும்

ஊர்  அறுத்த ஒருவனும் ஓம்பினும்

ஆர் அறத்தினொடு அன்றி நின்றார் அவர்

வேர் அறுப்பென் வெருவன்மின் நீர் என்றான்

பொருள்:-

சூர் அறுத்தவன் – முருகன்

சுடர் நேமி – திருமால்

ஊர் அறுத்தவன் – சிவன்

சூரபதுமனைக் கொன்ற முருகனும், காலநேமியைக் கொன்ற ஒளிமிகுந்த சக்ராயுதம் ஏந்திய திருமாலும், திரிபுரம் எரித்த விரிசடைக் கடவுளான ருத்திரனும், அவ்வரக்கருக்குத் துணையாக வந்து காத்தாலும், எந்த அரக்கர் பாவம் செய்தவர்களோ, அவர்களை அடியோடு அழிப்பேன்; எனவே நீங்கள் அஞ்ச வேண்டாம் என்றான் ராமன்.

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கால யவனன் ( கறுப்பு நிற யவனர் )

ஒரு அசுரர் மன்னன் ; கிருஷ்ணனுக்கு மிகவும் தொல்லை கொடுத்து அவரைத் துவாரகைக்கு விரட்டியவன் ; உத்தரப்பிரதேசத்திலுள்ள மதுராவிலிருந்து குஜராத்தில் உள்ள துவாரகைக்குப் போகச்   செய்தவன் ; ஆயினும் அவனைக் கிருஷ்ணன் தந்திரமாகத் தீர்த்துக் கட்டினார்

மாந்தாதாவின் மகனான முசுகுந்தன் என்னும் சோழன் இந்திரனின் தலைநகரான அமராவதியைக் அசுரரிடமிருந்து காத்தான் என்றும் அதற்கு நன்றி தெரிவிக்கும் முகத்தான் காவல் பூதமும் ஐவகை மன்றமும் அனுப்பிவைத்தான் என்றும் சிலப்பதிகாரம் கூறுகிறது (5-65/67; 6-7/17)

இந்த முசுகுந்தனுக்கு ஒரு வரம் கிடைத்தது; நீண்ட தூக்கத்தில் ஆழ்ந்திருக்கும் இவரை யாரவது எழுப்பினால், யார் முகத்தில் விழிக்கிறாரோ அவர் எரிந்து போவார் ; கிருஷ்ணனை கால யவனன் விரட்டிக்கொண்டு வரவே , முசுகுந்தன் தூங்கிய குகையில் கிருஷ்ணன் நுழைந்து ஒளிந்துகொள்கிறார் உள்ளே நுழைந்த காலயவனன் முசுகுந்தனை கிருஷ்ணன் என்று தவறாக எண்ணி எழுந்திரு என்று உதைக்கிறார். தூக்கத்தில் இருந்து எழுந்த முசுகுந்தன் , காலயவனனனைப் பார்க்கவே அவன் எரிந்து அழிகிறான்.

புறநாநூறு சிலப்பதிகாரம் முழுதும் மாந்தாதா, முசுகுந்தன், சிபிச் சக்ரவர்த்தி ஆகியோரை சோழர்களின் முன்னோராக கூறுவதால் சோழர்கள் ஆதி காலத்தில் வடமேற்கு இந்தியாவிலிருந்து வந்ததும் உறுதியாகிறது; இந்தப் பெயர்கள் அனைத்தும் சம்ஸ்க்ருதத்தில் இருப்பதும் இதை உறுதி செய்கிறது ; இவ்வகையில் கால யவனர் – முசுகுந்தன் கதை முக்கியத்துவம் பெறுகிறது. இவன் கிருஷ்ணனின் எதிரியான ஜராசந்தனாக இருக்கலாம் என்ற கருத்தும் உண்டு.

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கல்ஹணர்

காஷ்மீரின் புகழ்பெற்ற ஸம்ஸ்க்ருத கவிஞர் கல்ஹணர்; இவரை வெள்ளைக்கார்கள் மெத்தப் புகழ்வர். புராணங்களில் 140 தலைமுறை மன்னர்களின் பெயர்கள் இருந்தாலும் வருஷம் குறிப்பிடவில்லை. கல்ஹணர்தான் முதல் முதலில் வருஷத்தைக் குறிப்பிட்டு வரலாறு எழுதினார் என வெளி நாட்டினர் விளம்புவர். ஆனால்  கல்ஹணரின் கலியுகக் கணக்கு இந்துக்கள் பஞ்சாங்கத்தில் உள்ளது போல கி.மு 3102 துவங்குவது அல்ல, இவர் கி.மு 2600 வாக்கில் என்று செப்புவார். கல்ஹணர் சுமார் ஆயிரம் ஆண்டுகளுக்கும் முன் வாழ்ந்தவர்.

கல்ஹணர் என்னும் காஷ்மீரி பிராமணர்,  ஆயிரம் ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்னர் சம்ஸ்க்ருதத்தில்  எழுதிய ராஜதரங்கிணி என்ற காஷ்மீர் வரலாற்று நூலில் சுமார் 8000 ஸ்லோகங்கள் உள்ளன .

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கல்கி அவதாரம்

விஷ்ணுவின் பத்தாவது மற்றும் இறுதி அவதாரமான கல்கி, கலியுகத்தின் முடிவில் மிலேச்சர்களை (தீயவர்களை) அழித்து தர்மத்தை நிலைநாட்ட வெள்ளை குதிரை மீது வாளுடன் தோன்றுவார். இது பாத்ரபத மாதம் (புரட்டாசி) சுக்ல பட்ச துவிதியை அன்று நிகழும் என்று பாரம்பரிய ஸ்லோகம் குறிப்பிடுகிறது, கலியுகம் முற்றும்போது தீயோர்களை அழித்து தர்மத்தை நிலைநாட்டுவார் என்று புராணங்கள் கூறுகின்றன.

மாசி பாத்ரபதே சுக்ல த்விதீயாயாம் ஜனார்தன:

ம்லேச்சாக்ராந்த கலாவந்தே கல்கிரூபோ பவிஷ்யதி

பொருள்:– கலியின் முடிவில் புரட்டாசி மாதத்தில் சுக்லபட்ச (இரண்டாம்) த்விதீயை திதியில் மிலேச்சர்களை ஒடுக்க கல்கி உருவத்தில் ஜனார்த்தனனாகிய விஷ்ணு அவதரிப்பார்.

மிலேச்சர்கள் யார்?

யவனர்களை அடியார்க்கு நல்லார், “மிலேச்சர்கள்” என்று சொல்லியது சரியே. தேசியகவி சுப்பிரமணிய பாரதியும் முஸ்லீம் மன்னர்களை ‘’வேத நூல் பழிக்கும் வெளித்திசை மிலேச்சர்’’ —- என்று வசை பாடுவதைக் காண்க. சுதந்திரப் போராட்டத் தலைவர்கள், வெள்ளைக் காரனையும் ‘’மிலேச்சன்’’ என்று இகழ்ந்ததையும் கருத்திற் கொள்க.

தமிழ் கலைக்களஞ்சியமான ‘’அபிதான சிந்தாமணி’’ யவனர் பற்றிக் கூறுவது:

அ) அரேபியா நாட்டு மிலேச்சர்

ஆ )யயாதியின் மகனான துர்வாசு மரபினர். ஒழுக்கங் குன்றி இவ்விடம் சேர்ந்து இப்பெயர் பெற்றனர்

‘மிலேச்ச’ என்ற சொல் சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் முல்லைப் பாட்டில் வருகிறது. மகாபாரதம் முதல் பல சம்ஸ்கிருத நூல்களிலும் கல்வெட்டுகளிலும் வருகிறது. எல்லா இடங்களிலும் பாரத நாட்டைச் சாராத ‘அந்நியன்’ அல்லது ‘அந்நிய மொழி’ யைப் பேசுவோன் என்ற சொல்லிலேயே புழங்கியிருக்கிறது. யவனர்கள் எனப்படும் கிரேக்கர்கள் அல்லது ரோமானியர்களை இப்படி அழைத்தனர். படை எடுத்து வந்த முஸ்லீம்களையும் பிரிட்டிஷ்காரர்களையும் இப்படி அழைத்தனர்.

பலுச்சிஸ்தான் என்ற பகுதியில் வசித்தவர்களையும் இப்படி அழைத்தனர். பலுச்சி என்பது மிலேச்ச என்று மாறியது என்று சில மொழி இயல் அறிஞர்கள் வாதிடுவர்.

சிந்து சமவெளியை மிளக்கா என்று பாபிலோனியர்கள் அழைத்தனர் என்றும் களிமண் ஏடுகளில் மிளக்கா என்பது உள்ளது என்றும் சொல்லி சிந்து வெளி ஆய்வை திசை திருப்பிய அறிஞர்களும் உண்டு. இது பலுச்சிஸ்தான் என்னும் குறுகிய நிலப்பரப்பில் வாழ்ந்த ஒரு இனத்தை மட்டும் குறித்திருக்கலாம். மலக் (மாலிக்) என்ற ஒரு தெய்வத்துக்கு இஸ்ரேலியர்கள் குழந்தைகளைப் பலி கொடுத்ததை பைபிள் இரண்டு இடங்களில் குறிப்பிடுகிறது. அவர்களும் மிலேச்சர்கள் என்ற சப்தத்துள் அடங்குவர்.

முல்லைப் பாட்டில் ரோமானிய மக்களைக் குறிக்கையில் வாய் பேசாதோர், ஊமை போன்று சைகை மொழியில் பேசுவோர் என்று மிலேச்ச என்ற சொல்லுக்குப் பொருள் கூறப்பட்டிருக்கிறது. ரிக் வேதத்திலும் கூட சிலரை வாய் பேசாதோர், மொழியே இல்லாதோர் என்றும் கூறியிருக்கின்றனர். இதன் பொருள் ‘நம் மொழியைப் பேசாதவர்’ என்பதே.

ரிக் வேதம் (5-29-10), சதபத பிராமணம் ஆகியன மிலேச்ச பாஷை பற்றிச் சொன்னதை, சிந்துவெளியில் இருந்த திராவிடர்களைப் பற்றி சொன்னது என்று சில “அறிஞர்கள்’ அழகான கதை எட்டுக் கட்டினர்.

கிரேக்கர்கள், மற்ற எல்லோரையும் காட்டுமிராண்டிகள் (பார்பாரிக்) என்றழைத்தனர். முஸ்லீம்கள் மற்ற எல்லோரையும் ‘’காபிர்கள்’’ என்றும், கிறிஸ்தவர்கள் மற்ற எல்லோரையும் ‘’பேகன்கள்’’ என்றும் மட்டம் தட்டியது போலாகும் இது. ஆகையால் சிந்து சமவெளி ஆய்வாளர்கள் சொன்னதை ஒதுக்கி விடுதல் நலம் பயக்கும்.

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காம்போஜ

வடமேற்கு இந்தியாவில் வாழ்ந்த ஒரு இனம்; பிற்காலத்தில் இவர்கள் குடியேறிய நாட்டினையோ பிரதேசத்தையோ இதே  பேரில் அழைத்தனர் ; இப்போது கம்போடியா என்னும் நாட்டிற்கும் இதே பெயர்;  ஆயினும் இந்தத் தொடர்பு பற்றி எந்தச் செய்தியும் இல்லை ; பாரத நாட்டில் வாழ்ந்த இளவரசிகளுக்கு நடந்த ஸ்வயம்வரத்தில் காம்போஜ மன்னர்களும் கலந்துகொண்டதாக நம்முமுடைய நூல்கள் கூறுகின்றன. குதிரைகளுக்கு மிகவும் புகழ்பெற்ற பிரதேசம் இது. காம்போஜ நாட்டுக் குதிரைகள் தங்களுடைய ரதங்களை இழுத்தன என்று புராண இதிஹாச மன்னர்கள் விளம்புவர் .

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கம்சன்

கம்சன் என்பவன் கிருஷ்ணரின் தாயான தேவகியின் உடன் பிறந்தவன் ; மதுராவைத் தலைநகராகக் கொண்ட  இராச்சியத்தின் மன்னன். இவனுடைய தந்தை உக்கிரசேனர், தாயார் பத்மாவதி. தந்தையையே சிறையில் போட்டுவிட்டு ஆட்சியைக் கைப்பற்றிய கொடுங்கோல் மன்னன் ; தேவகிக்குப் பிறக்கும் மகனால் இவனுக்கு சாவு ஏற்படும் என்று ஆரூடம் இருந்ததால் அவளுக்குப் பிறந்த எல்லாக் குழந்தைகளையும் பலியிட்டான்; பலராமனும் எடடாவதாகப் பிறந்த கண்ணும் தப்பினர்; இதை அறிந்தவுடன் எல்லா ஆண்குழந்தைகளையும் கொல்ல உத்தரவிட்டான்; இவன் ஏவிய எந்த அசுரர்களும் கிருஷ்ணனையோ பலராமனையோ கொல்ல முடியவில்லை; இறுதியில் கிருஷ்ணன் இவனைக் கொன்றான் .

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காஞ்சிபுரம்

“புஷ்பேஷு ஜாதி , புருஷேஷு விஷ்ணு ,

நாரீஷு ரம்பா , நகரேஷு  காஞ்சி .” என்பது பிரபலமான ஸ்லோகம்.

பூக்களில் சிறந்தது ஜாதி மல்லிகை; புருஷர்களில் சிறந்ததவர் மஹா விஷ்ணு; பெண்களில் சிறந்தவள் ரம்பை; நகரங்களில் சிறந்தது காஞ்சிபுரம்!

பல்லவர்களின் தலை நகரமாகத் திகழ்ந்த நகரம்; சென்னைக்கு அருகில் உள்ளது; காஞ்சி சங்கராசார்ய சுவாமிகளின் காமகோடி பீடம் இருப்பதாலும் 108 கோயில்கள் இருப்பதாலும் புகழ் பெற்று விளங்குகிறது ; பட்டுச் சேலைகளுக்கு பெயர்பெற்ற இடம் இது.

இந்தியாவின் ஏழு புனித நகரங்களில் (சப்த புரி) ஒன்று; , சிவகாஞ்சி மற்றும் விஷ்ணுகாஞ்சி என இரு பகுதிகளாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இது தவிர ஜைன காஞ்சி என்ற பகுதியில் சமண சமய சின்னங்கள் இருக்கின்றன .

அயோத்யா மதுரா மாயா காசி காஞ்சி அவந்திகா

புரி த்வாராவதி சைவ சப்தைதே மோக்ஷதாயிகா:

—என்ற ஏழு நகரங்களில் காஞ்சியின் பெயரும் உள்ளது.

சாக்த வழிபாட்டின் முக்கிய கோயிலான  காமாட்சி அம்மன் கோவில், ஏகாம்பரநாதர் சிவன்  கோவில் மற்றும் வரதராஜப் பெருமாள் கோவில் போன்றவை இங்கு சிறந்து விளங்குகின்றன. இது “நகரேஷு காஞ்சி” என்ற காளிதாசனின் புகழ்பெற்ற சுலோகத்தால் போற்றப்படும் தொன்மையான நகரம்.

பல்லவர்கள், சோழர்கள், விஜயநகர மற்றும் நாயக்க மன்னர்களால் ஆளப்பட்டது. காளிதாசர், சங்க இலக்கியங்கள் மற்றும் கருட புராணத்தில் காஞ்சிபுரம் பற்றிக் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளது.

To be continued……………………

Tags- கபந்தன்,கல்கி, காம்போஜ, கண்ணன் , கம்சன்,  HINDU DICTIONARY, IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 42; இந்து மத, கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-42, கபந்தன், காஞ்சிபுரம்

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by Tamil and Vedas on March 21, 2026  •  Permalink
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Posted by Tamil and Vedas on March 21, 2026

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Three Birds with One Stone in Puducherry: My Visit to Ashram, Museum and Ganesh Temple (Post.15,509)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,509

Date uploaded in London – 18 March 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

Puducherry, also called Pondicherry, was ruled by French until 1954. The French de facto left Pondicherry on November 1, 1954, transferring control to India, with the formal de jure transfer occurring on August 16, 1962. The colony officially merged with India on July 1, 1963, ending nearly 300 years of French presence. Still we can see street names in French. Many of the residents have voting rights in France. Puducherry people cast votes in French elections.

There are many attractions in Puducherry: a few museums, Bharatiyar park, Manakkulam Vinayakar Temple Aravinda/ Aurobindo Ashram

Though I have visited the famous Ganesh temple a few times, this time, during my visit to the city on 13-3-2026, I have included all the three places. From Kumbakonam we rushed to Aravinda Ashram, knowing it would close at 11-30 am for lunch break. I entered the Ashram at 11-15 and went round the  Samadhis of Sri Aravindar and Annai/Mother. One could feel the holy vibrations in the serene atmosphere. A lot of living flowering plants and a lot of flower garlands in the Samadhis are visible. But no one could stand there. Volunteers ask everyone to move forward. But you could do many rounds if here is not a long queue. Visitors touch the samadhis with both hands or their forehead to show their reverence. I spent 15 minutes there. No photography is allowed. The sentry at the entrance asks everyone to switch of their  mobile phones et.  Again, it opened at 2 pm and meditation is allowed.

The Ashram is located in the eastern part of Pondicherry, along the coast of the Bay of Bengal. It is 160 kilometres (100 miles) south of Chennai. The main Ashram building, where the Samadhi of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother is located, is open to all during visiting hours: 8.00 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. and 2.00 to 6.00 p.m. At other times, you need to have a pass in order to enter. The Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publication Department publishes the works of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother and works by disciples on their life and teachings, in over 15 languages.

The Publication Department’s distribution unit is SABDA. It has two retail outlets, Service branch inside the Sri Aurobindo Ashram main building, and Kripa branch diagonally opposite it. The head office of the Publication Department and SABDA is at 17, Rue de la Marine (next to our Kripa branch).

I did not buy any book, because my father has left us his important works.

Aurobindo (Aravinda) was a poet, freedom fighter and a philosopher. He interpreted the Vedas in a different way, instead of translating them verbatim. His Vedic glossary give new meanings to important words.

Who is Aravindar?

Sri Aurobindo (Aurobindo Ghose, 1872–1950)

Early Life & Education: Born in Calcutta, Aurobindo Ghose was educated in England (Manchester and Cambridge) from age seven, becoming proficient in Western classics and languages before returning to India in 1893.

Nationalist Fighter (1893–1910): He was a key figure in the early Indian independence movement, advocating for complete independence (Purna Swaraj) rather than colonial self-government. He was jailed in 1908 in connection with the Alipore Bomb Case.

Spiritual Transformation & Ashram (1910–1950): Following intense spiritual experiences in Alipore jail, he withdrew from politics and moved to Pondicherry to focus on spiritual practice.

Integral Yoga & Philosophy: He taught that life is a divine manifestation and that humanity can evolve beyond the mind into a “Supermind,” uniting spiritual life with worldly activity.

Works: He was a prolific writer, with major works including The Life Divine (philosophy), The Synthesis of Yoga, and the epic poem Savitri.

The Mother: He was assisted in his spiritual work by Mirra Alfassa, known as “The Mother,” who took over the management of the Ashram after his passing in 1950.

Auroville: He is the inspiration behind the experimental township of Auroville, intended to be a city of human unity.

***

MANAKKULAM VINAYAKAR TEMPLE

It is a vibrant temple with lot of devotees visiting it every minute. Big temple with lot of Ganesh shrines inside. Walls are decorated with different forms of Ganapati/Vinayakar detailing the puranic stories. Entry is free and Thayir Sadham (Curd bath) Prasad is distributed. One can finish Darshan (Viewing ) in half hour or so. It is just opposite Aurobindo Ashram. Both the places are dotted with lot of street vendors selling different things for tourists.

Bharatiyar worshipped in the temple during his stay in Puducherry. His poem on this Ganesh made him popular in Tamil Nadu. I visited the temple on 13-3-2026, for the third time.

Sri Manakula Vinayagar Temple was in existence before the French came and settled in Pondicherry i.e. before 1666. In Tamil ‘Manal’ means sand and ‘Kulam’ means pond near the sea, So the people called the god as Manal Kulathu Vinayagar means God near the pond of sand]. .The Jesuits and missionaries tried to demolish Manakula Vinayagar, but they could not demolish the temple. During 1700 French prohibited performing poojas and festivals particularly on Fridays in the temple. All the Hindus who were worshipping Lord Vinayaga objected and migrated to English Territory. Everything changed in course of time.

***

Disappointing Museum

After visiting Ashram and Temple, I visited Puducherry museum and bought Rs 10 ticket, probably the cheapest museum ticket in the whole wide world. All worn out statues are placed outside, but photography was not allowed inside.

Three things I would like to point out:

1.     The Museum has beautiful bronze, numbering over 80. But you cant take pictures and no book is available with the pictures. No picture post cards are sold. Very disappointing. All over the world museums do roaring business by selling books and picture cards and mementos. I bought picture cards even in Colombo Museum. When I asked at the reception, they told me no book was published about the artifacts in the museum.

2.     They must learn from other parts of the world. Ten rupees entry fee is dead cheap, ridiculously cheap; they must raise the fee and allow photography.

3.     One can finish the viewing in 30 minutes. It must be placed in a larger building with more information.

Following is the summary from museum website

The Puducherry Museum presents glimpses of geological, archaeological and historical periods and seeks to highlight the many facets of its arts and crafts which have now become part of Puducherry’s rich heritage.

The following galleries/sections are set up in the museum.

The French India Gallery (One)

 An issue of ‘Vijaya’ the first daily edited by Poet Subramania Bharathi is also on display there.

The Archaeology Section

The Bronze Gallery

This is the most attractive gallery.

Exquisite pieces of divine images, mostly found as treasure troves adorn the bronze gallery. The panchaloga images of the Dancing Siva (Nataraja) umamaheswara, thiripurantaka/thiripurasundari in the graceful tribhanga posture from Sorakkudi. There are specimens of bronzes of the Vijayanagar and Nayaka periods.

Display of Vehiccles (Southern Courtyard)

Sculptures (Courtyard- North and South)

A few specimen of Pallava and Chola sculptures were displayed in and around the ‘Place de Government’ since the French days.

French India Gallery (Two) Comprising

a) The Drawing Chamber/Salon (Central Hall)

b) The Dinning Chamber/Salle d’ Manger

c) The Bed Chamber/ Chambre a coucher

The Arms Gallery

Gallery of Art and Crafts (Western Wing)

Displayed in two adjacent halls respectively are a variety of hand made items and artifacts crafted by artisans in France and Puducherry.

The Geological Section (Southern Colonnade)

Puducherry Museum Visiting Hours

Opened For Public From Tuesday To Sunday

Timing: 10.00 AM To 5.00 PM(Without Lunch Break)

Monday is Weekly Holiday

Following sites show the pictures of some specimens. But the pictures are not of good quality.

·         Puducherry Museum Bronze statue collectionPDF icon(3.78MB)

·         Puducherry Museum Furniture inventoryPDF icon(9.55MB)

·         Puducherry Museum Stone Sculpture CollectionPDF icon(6.90MB)

·         Puducherry Museum PaintingPDF icon(12.03MB)

·         Puducherry Museum Photo and Map CollectionPDF icon(358.54KB)

·         Puducherry Museum Textile inventoryPDF icon(312.63KB)

That is why I ask them to allow the visitors to take pictures. They must raise the entry fee for public; concessions may be given to students. The museum needs a large venue for a better display.

–subham-

Tags: My visit, Puducherry, Museum, Manakulathu Vinayakar temple, Aurobindo Ashram, three birds, one stone

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by Tamil and Vedas on March 18, 2026  •  Permalink
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My Visit to Famous Darasuram Temple with 40,000 Sculptures (Post No.15,497)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,497

Date uploaded in Kumbakonam, India –  14 March 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx   

The temple of Airavatesvara in Darasuram (Tamil Nadu), dating from the second half of the twelfth century, is one of the four biggest temples erected by the Choza Dynasty.

I have already visited Thanjavur Big Temple and Gangaikonda Chozapuram many times. On Tenth March 2026, I visited the Darasuram temple for the first time. I took an auto from Kumbhakonam and reached the temple within half hour. I spent an hour taking pictures. The entry is free. But compared with other two temples it is less shiny. Many of the sculptures are worn out. 800 years ago, it was the capital of Choza empire with the name Rajarajeswaram. Later it became popular with the name Airavateswar Temple.

Airavatam is the white elephant and the vehicle/ Vahana of Indra. Once it came under the curse of Durvasa Muni and lost its lustre. It came and worshiped Lord Shiva here and got out of the curse. Now we can have good darshan of Lord Airavateswara in Siva Linga form and Goddess Deivanayaki. The temple com[plex maintained by the archaeological department is huge and has 40,000 sculptures. All the Vedic Gods and later gods are sculpted and occupy the niches. Beautiful decorative stone windows are in between the Gods.

Here are salient features:

The temple is constructed like a stone chariot pulled by the horses.

The entire temple complex is filled with rich carvings and inscriptions that narrate stories from ancient Indian Puranas. It  has musical steps. These 7 singing steps that lead to the altar are intricately carved and represent seven musical notes.

The reliefs all along the base of the main temple narrate the stories of the sixty three Shaiva Bhakti saints called Nayanars. These stories are found in the Periya Purana by Sekkilar.

On the outer walls of the main sanctum are sculpture niches; They show various Hindu deities, with the middle one of each side showing Shiva in different aspects.

There are variousNorthern face: Adi Chandesvara, Gangadevi, Tumburu Nardar, Vaisravana, Chandra, Maha Sata, Nagaraja, Vayu

West: Devi, Rudrani, Vaishnavi, Brahmi, Varunani, Nandidevar, Periyadevar, Santyatita Sakti, Santa devi, Vidya Sakti, Pratishta Sakti, Nivarti Sakti

Southern face: Daksha Prajapati, Yamuna devi, Rati, Kamadeva

East: Agni deva, Agastya, Sri devi, Durga devi, Devendran, Padma Nidhi, Surya, Subrahmanya, Kshetrapala, Sarasvati, Visvakarma, Isana inscriptions in the temple.

Airavatesvara Temple was added to UNESCO’s World Heritage Site list of Great Living Chola Temples in the year 2004. The American astronomer Carl Sagan visited the Airavatesvara Temple for his 1980 television documentary series, Cosmos: A Personal Voyage.

Please see the pictures taken by me to appreciate the efforts of great and dedicated sculptors.pictures speak more than words

–Subham—

Tags- Darasuram, Airavateswarar temple, My visit, Choza monument, 40000 sculptures.

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by Tamil and Vedas on March 14, 2026  •  Permalink
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Aththi varadar and Adi varahar Temples in Kumbakonam (Post No.15,491)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,491

Date uploaded in Kumbakonam, India –  12 March 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

Athi Varadar festival in Kumbakonam featuring the rare, once-in-12-years public viewing of the idol ended on tenth March 2026. Over 500,000 devotees had the darshan standing in the long queue for hours.

Here are the key details from the news reports (as of March 2026):

12-Year Cycle: Unlike the 40-year cycle in Kanchipuram, the Athi Varadar idol at the Varadharaja Perumal Temple in Kumbakonam is brought out from its underground chamber once every 12 years.

Current Event (2026): The idol was brought out for public worship in March 2026, marking the end of its 12-year seclusion.

Duration: The special darshan, which includes rituals like Thailakappu (oil anointing) and Oonjal Sevai (swing ritual), is scheduled for a limited period, often spanning about 10 days, attracting thousands of devotees.

Location: The temple is located on Brahmman Koil Street in Kumbakonam.

In a spiritually significant event, the sacred Athi Varadar idol will be brought out from the underground chamber of the Varadharaja Perumal Temple in Kumbakonam after a gap of 12 years. The rare occasion drew devotees not only from Tamil Nadu but also from Andhra, Telangana, Kerala and a few North Indian states.

The Athi Varadar idol, carved from the sacred athi (fig) tree, is preserved in a subterranean chamber within the temple premises as part of a long-standing tradition. According to temple customs, the idol is taken out only once every 12 years for a brief period of public worship. Along with the main deity, Sri Devi and Bhoodevi are also part of the ceremonial display.

During the special darshan period, which lasted for  ten days, elaborate rituals and poojas were conducted in accordance with Agama traditions. Ceremonies such as Thailakappu (oil anointing), Pushpa Alankaram (flower decoration), and Oonjal Sevai (swing ritual) were performed with devotional fervour.

Temple authorities made extensive arrangements to manage the surge in devotees, including regulated darshan timings and security measures. The event transformed Kumbakonam into a major spiritual hub, as devotees gathered to witness and participate in this rare and auspicious tradition.

Only one incident was reported ;a devotee passed away while waiting in the long queue for the darshan on March 10, 2026.

( The Athi Varadar idol in Kumbakonam is distinct from the more famous, larger Athi Varadar idol in Kanchipuram, though both are made of fig wood.)

***

Adi Varaha Perumal /Vishnu Temple

I visited Adi Varaha Perumal /Vishnu Temple (aadi varaaha perumaal) on 10th March 2026 and had good darshan. It is a small temple compared to Sarngapani and Chakrapani Vishnu temples. It is very near the famous Kumbeshwar Siva Temple.

God/Moolavar : Sri Adhi Varaha Perumal

Goddess/Thayar    : Sri Ambujavalli

It has no tall tower. but instead there is an Arch which is East facing. On top of the Welcome Arch Sri Varaha Perumal is seen along with few other Gods. There is a gold plated Dwajasthambam, a Bali Peedam and a Garudalwar who faces the Moolavar Sannadhi. It is about 800 years old.

Thayar/Goddess Ambujavalli is in a separate shrine in a sitting posture with abhaya varada hastam.

According to Sthala Purana/ local history,Demon Hiranyaksha took Bhumadevi deep inside the earth. Bhumadevi prayed to Maha Vishnu to rescue her. Maha Vishnu took the Varaha avatar, dug the earth with his nose, and brought her back. Hence, Maha Vishnu of this temple is called Adhi Varaha Perumal Temple. Varaha means boar. It I one of the Ten Avatars/Dasavatar.

This Temple is one of the five Templescelebrating  Mahamaham festival that is held once in 12 years. Inside the Sanctum Sanctorum Adhi Varaha Perumal can be seen along with His Consort Bhoomadevi on His Lap and Adisesham can be seen in a standing posture.

 This is a Vadakalai  temple with Nigamantha Desikan shrine inside the temple.

One of the special features of the temple is a rare Prasad/Food offering. A root called Korai Kizangu is used in the food offering to God here. Since the God is in the form of Boar, this is considered appropriate offering.

Korai Kizhangu, or Nut Grass (Cyperus rotundus), is a traditional Ayurvedic and Siddha tuberous root known for its diverse medicinal, skincare, and hair removal properties. It is used to treat skin infections, improve skin texture, boost immunity, and aid digestion, often consumed as a powder or used as a topical paste.

–subham—

Tags– Aththivaradar and Adivarahar Temples , Kumbakonam, Root vegetable Prasad, 12 years,Korai Kizhangu,

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by Tamil and Vedas on March 12, 2026  •  Permalink
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Two Famous Shiva Temples in Kumbakonam that I Visited (Post No.15,487)

STORY OF KUMBAKONAM IN PICTURES; ALL PHOTOS TAKEN BY LONDON SWAMINATHAN

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,487

Date uploaded in Kumbakonam, India –  11 March 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

I was fortunate to have good darshan at Kumbesshwar Shiva temple and Nageswara Shiva temple in Kumbakonam. I visited Kumbeshwar temple for the fourth time in the past four years. This time I went there specifically to thank the Lord and the priest for retrieving my lost passport. During my visit in 2025, my British passport was pickpocketed by someone. Finding no money in the passport bag, he threw it into the temple flower heap. The priest saw that while clearing the flowers and gave it to his wife to find the owner. She found me after a great effort and spending much time. After a few hours of phoning people, she googled swaminathan from London, and all my books appeared in google and amazon. Then she found the publisher Pustaka.co.in and phoned the proprietor. He is a good friend of my brother in Bengaluru. When my brother phoned me the good news, I booked a taxi to and from Chennai and reached Kumbakonam just before midnight. I thanked the priest and his wife and travelled back to Chennai to catch my flight to London. When I gave some money as a token of thanks, they refused to take it and asked me to donate it to the temple. It was almost midnight and the temple was closed. This time on 5-3-2026, I went to Kumbeshwar  temple and put the money in the temple Hundi thanking both lord Shiva and the priest family.

Kumbheswar is the God who gave the name to the town. Here are the salient features:

The Adi Kumbeswarar Temple in Kumbakonam is at least  1400-year-old Shiva temple ;it is the site for the Mahamakam Festival held every 12 years. The big Mahamakam tank is near the temple.

Temple features a unique, sand-mixed lingam created by Lord Shiva and houses a rare, ancient stone Nagaswaram

  • Deity: Lord Shiva as Adi Kumbeswarar and Parvati as Mangalambigai Amman.
  • Significance: It is the primary temple in Kumbakonam, linked to the pot of nectar in Hindu mythology.
  • Features: It showcases Chola and Nayak architecture, including a 1400-year-old legacy.
  • Cultural Reference: it has rare statue of Jvaradeva/Jurakareśvara and a stone Nagaswaram.
  • The Siva Linga is slightly tilted at the top towards left.
  • It has four towers in four directions; The tallest is the eastern tower, with 11 stories and a height of 128 feet (39 m) .
  • The sixteen-pillared hall built during the Vijayanagara period has all the 27 stars and 12 zodiacs sculpted in a single stone.
  • During cosmic dissolution, a pot containing nectar (Amirta) was floating and lord Siva came in the disguise of a hunter and pierced the pot with an arrow, thereby making the nectar to flow through it’s nostril on all sides. Hence this place is named Kudamooku (kuda – pot; mooku – nostril or tip). Kudam in Sanskrit is Kumbham. The Kumbeswarar (Linga) is on the form of conical lingam. That gave the name Kumbha konam.

***

Special Features of Nageshwar Shiva Temple

The presiding deity is revered in the 7th-century Tamil Tevaram. The temple is one of the earliest of all Chola temples. Shiva in the guise of Nagaraja, the serpent king.

Sun rays fall directly on the deity during April-May. 

WHITE FIGURE- PADAKACHERI SWAMI WHO RENOVATED THE TEMPLE IN 1920S.

 

Key Details of Nageshwar Temple, Kumbakonam:

  • Deity: Lord Shiva is worshipped as Nageswaran, Naganathar, or Koothandavar.
  • Architecture: Known as Kudandai Keezhkkottam, the temple is a masterpiece of Chola engineering, with the main sanctum constructed in the shape of a chariot.
  • Astronomy & Light: The temple is designed so that sun rays fall on the central lingam for three days in the Tamil month of Chithirai (April/May).
  • Significance: It is one of the 12 temples associated with the Mahamaham festival.
  • Legend: It is believed that the serpent king Adisesha worshipped Shiva here. Another legend features kings and sages worshipping here to overcome obstacles.
  • Specialty: It is a major spot for relieving Rahu dosham, with special prayers held on Mondays and Thursdays. 

The temple complex is famous for its intricate carvings and its role as a key historical site representing the Chola dynasty’s architectural prowess.

The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Nageswarar, Pralayamkathanathar and Periyanayagi being the most prominent..

This place has been referredto  in Tevaram written by Saint Tamil poet of 7th Century CE, Thirugnana Sambanthar. So it is older than 1400 years.

The temple had been a centre of learning as seen from the inscriptions in the temple. The inscriptions indicate specific subjects like Purvamimansa styled as Pravahakarma. There were also provisions made for feeding and maintaining for teachers and students

–subham—

Tags-  Famous Shiva Temples in Kumbakonam, Kumbeshwar, Nageshwar, Stone Nadaswara, Stone Chariot, Mahamakam Tank, Festival, Adishesan, Snake worship, PICTURES BY LONDON SWAMINATHAN

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