NEW BOOK ‘SHARANAGATI- SURRENDER’ (Post.15,397)

WRITTEN BY S NAGARAJAN

Post No. 15,397

Date uploaded in London – 5 February 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx

SHARANAGATI

SURRENDER

LETTING GO

This valuable book has been published by http://www.Open Sky Press.com. Details available at the above site.

Mr John David, Director of Open Sky Press 

John David is a Spiritual Teacher, Author, Filmmaker, Painter, Architect, and World Traveller who has spent over 25 years guiding people towards Inner Freedom and Self-realisation. His whole life has been a journey of Awakening, a rich unfolding that he now shares to inspire others to reconnect with their True Nature.

Originally trained as a Civil Engineer and later as an Architect, John David left behind a successful career in London to follow a deep inner calling.

His search took him to Japan, where a spiritual awakening began to stir, and then to India, where he spent 15 years with his first master Osho, and later 5 years with Papaji, a direct disciple of Sri Ramana Maharshi. His interviews with Indian Masters brought him eminent friends. These profound encounters deeply shaped his understanding.

Today, John David shares his wisdom through Satsang, Books, Films, Paintings, and his thriving International Centres for Inner Transformation, Open Sky. These communities in Spain and Germany offer a powerful and supportive environment for deep Inner work, Creative expression, and Silence.

John David’s multi-facetted teaching approach is simple, direct and free of religious or ideological frameworks.

His heartfelt presence, down-to-earth nature, and humor make his teachings accessible to people from all walks of life and whatever their level of knowledge.

**

The Foreword is given by Santhanam Nagarajan for this book.

Foreword

Santhanam Nagarajan

Santhanam Nagarajan is a deeply spiritual man and devoted follower of Bhagavan Sri Ramana Maharshi. A prolific Advaita writer, he has travelled widely and authored over 230 books and 6,400 articles on spirituality and Indian culture. Regularly featured on ‘All India Radio’ and ‘Jaya TV’, his life’s work is to awaken spiritual awareness, especially among the youth, and share the timeless wisdom of Self-realisation.         

We first connected with Nagarajan while looking for a translator for the Aham Sphurana edition in Tamil. Since then, his extraordinary kindness and devotion to this project have been an invaluable support.

It is indeed a great pleasure to have this book in hand, since one can only have it because of the good deeds he has done in the past births.

To describe and explain the ways of Self Realisation is very difficult.

Bhagavan Ramana, the Sage of Arunachala, out of great karuna [compassion], made this complicated task a simple and direct one.

He showed the world that the inquiry in the form of Nan Yar – ‘Who Am I?’ – is the principal means to realise the Self. Yet again and again, through his words, his life in the Ashram, and his own shining example, he also pointed to the path of Surrender as the highest expression of that same inquiry – where the seeker, the seeking, and the sought become one.

Sri Ganapathi Aiyyer, an ardent devotee of Bhagavan, came to Ramana Ashram in July 1936. From his instant Surrender to his Master, he started recording all the conversations that took place daily in the Old Hall. From his diaries, written with love and devotion, this book presents a thoughtfully chosen selection devoted to the topic of Surrender.

But for a sincere sadhaka [spiritual aspirant], hundreds of questions arise in the mind.

The three books – Aham SphuranaVichara, and Sharanagati – born from the Aham Sphurana manuscript, provide answers to all such questions one may ask.

Bhagavan has declared categorically in the clearest possible way:

Renounce the Renouncer.

Give up the Ego. Surrender.

Here in Sharanagati [Surrender], Bhagavan teaches that the mind’s endless striving is itself the cause of restlessness. Human life, he says, is like a man swimming tirelessly against the current of a vast ocean, struggling to stay afloat in a battle that can never be won. To such a one, Bhagavan gives this compassionate instruction: ‘Stop swimming and drown! This is not death, but awakening into true life.’ (p.115)

To ‘stop swimming’ means to stop resisting the natural flow of Divine Will. The drowning Bhagavan speaks of is not physical death, but the Surrender of the false sense of individuality into the boundless ocean of Being. When the ego ceases to struggle, it is discovered that we were never separate from that ocean at all – we are That.

He continues, ‘“Let go,” is the secret of Realisation. By drowning yourself in pure Subjective Consciousness beyond possibility for revival or resuscitation, you will realise that imperishable Immortality which is verily your inherent nature.’ (p.115)

This is not annihilation but awakening – the end of effort and the beginning of true life. Liberation, Bhagavan reveals, is not the fruit of laborious striving, but of a single moment of complete yielding to the Divine.

‘If one would simply Surrender unconditionally, he is freed from all karma in a single stroke.’ Here, Bhagavan assures us of the transforming power of true Surrender. The law of karma binds only the doer. When the sense of doership dissolves, the entire web of bondage vanishes instantly, and the heart rests in effortless peace. (p.116)

For this, the Viharas Margam – the path of inner abiding – is the most efficient way. The inquiry ‘Who Am I?’ is the principal means.

When a devotee asked Bhagavan, ‘What if full Surrender is not possible?’, Bhagavan advised him to begin with partial Surrender. He revealed the secret that ‘some force takes charge’ (p.95) and will unfailingly guide the seeker to the Guru, who is none other than the Self.

To a householder who feared that Surrender might conflict with his worldly duties, Bhagavan speaks with deep compassion: ‘To truly Surrender is to completely cease to care. You no longer have any cares, for all your cares are now His.’ (p.11) He explains that Surrender is not withdrawal from life but release from the burden of ownership. Actions continue, but the sense of ‘I am the doer’ falls away. In that freedom, one lives and works joyfully as an instrument of the Divine.

He further taught, ‘Having Surrendered to God, leave it to Him to fulfil your needs and responsibilities in any way He sees fit, by using you as a tool.’(p.11) This, Bhagavan said, is the life of divine partnership. When one ceases to impose personal will upon the world, the Higher Power acts through that being spontaneously. Success and failure lose meaning, for the ego has yielded to the will of God.

Finally, Bhagavan declared, ‘The state of absolute Surrender, or complete relinquishment of the ego, is not any sadhana, but the goal itself.’ (p.122) Thus, he reveals the summit of all spiritual effort: complete Surrender is not a means to Realisation – it is Realisation. When the ego has wholly dissolved, there remains no seeker, no effort, and no path – only the silent radiance of the Self, timeless and complete.

This luminous jewel of a book, Sharanagati, contains many stories, also in order to understand complicated problems, giving living examples that can be understood by all.

Even the design of the book – the layout, the fonts, and the headings – has been lovingly crafted for the reader to become fully absorbed in Bhagavan’s presence and teachings.

This book is not a ‘Read and Leave’ book. This is a permanent guide for a whole lifetime till one learns the spiritual art of Surrender in its real meaning.

May Bhagavan’s grace ever shine upon all who open these pages. May He bless every reader with the courage to inquire ‘Who am I?’ and with the humility to Surrender completely into the Heart.

S.Nagarajan, Bangalore, November 2025

**

Interested persons may contact office@openskypress.com

Tel & WhatsApp +49 (0) 152 22 473 253

Purananuru Wonders 7- Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia Part 47 (Post No.15,366)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,366

Date uploaded in Sydney, Australia –  27 January 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

310

Yaga, Yajnas and Sanskrit in Sangam Age!

Poems composed by Nettimaiyar on Mudukudmi Peruvazuthi, one of the oldest Pandya kings, show that Sangam Age was full of Vedic rituals. Not only Mudukudumi, but also another Choza king did Rajasuyam, which was done by Yuthisthira in the Mahabharata Period. We have confirmation of Sangam Tamil Age as Vedic Age from Kalidasa as well. Kalidasa referred to only a Pandya king. He was introduced as a person doing lot of Yagas in Raghuvamsam. That Pandya king was associated with Agastya as well. Kalidasa lived before Sangam age or a contemporary of Sangam age kings.

***

311

Purananuru verse 13 has two interesting details.

Like Lord Siva, Choza king also wore an armour made up of Tiger skin. He was compared to Yama (for his enemies).

***

312

Second interesting thing is the similes. The king’s march on an elephant was like a ship in the ocean and moon amidst stars in the night sky. Swords of warriors are compared to the sharks in the sea.

புறநானூறு 13, பாடியவர்: உறையூர் ஏணிச்சேரி முடமோசியார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: சோழன் முடித்தலைக் கோப்பெருநற்கிள்ளி

புலி நிறக் கவசம் (Tiger Armour)

களிறே முந்நீர் வழங்கு நாவாய் போலவும், (Similes)

பன் மீன் நாப்பண் திங்கள் போலவும்,

சுறவு இனத்து அன்ன வாளோர் மொய்ப்ப

***

313

Puranānūru 13, Poet Uraiyur Ēnichēri Mudamōsiyār sang for Chozhan Mudithalai Kōperunarkilli

riding an elephant, appearing like Kootruvan (Yama, God of Death),

wearing on his handsome chest an armor made with

tiger skin ……

moving like a boat plying on the ocean and like the moon

amidst many stars, swarmed by shark-like swordsmen.

****

314

One more point to be noted is the use of Navy in Tamil as Naavaay.

Tamil and Sanskrit have same root and so we find thousands of Tamil words in English.

***

315

Meat Dishes

Puram verse 14 composed by Kapilar has some information about non vegetarian food. Tamils of Sangam age were predominantly non vegetarians. There are more references to roasted meat, barbeque etc. in Sangam poems. Kapilar, thouh a brahmin, never hesitated to sing about the meat dishes

புறநானூறு 14, பாடியவர்: கபிலர், பாடப்பட்டோன்: சேரமான் செல்வக்கடுங்கோ வாழியாதன், திணை: பாடாண், துறை: இயன் மொழி

***

316

Shamudrika Lakshana

வலிய ஆகும் நின் தாள் தோய் தடக்கை

The kings hands were  long . In Sanskrit it is called Aaajaanu Baahu, arms touching the  knee. Lord Raa was praised as Aajaanubaahum aravinda lochanam (lotus like eyes)

புலவு நாற்றத்த பைந்தடி

பூ நாற்றத்த புகை கொளீஇ, ஊன் துவை

கறி சோறு உண்டு வருந்து தொழில் அல்லது, (Meat Dishes)

Puranānūru 14, Poet Kapilar sang to Cheraman Selva Kadunkō Vāzhiyāthan, Thinai: Pādān, Thurai: Iyan Mozhi

With your long hands that reach to your legs,

***

317

King is like Lord Skanda (Murugan )

In battles, your strength is like that of the vast earth.

You are like Murukan in battles.

***

318

Puram Verse 15 composed by Nettimaiyar praised the Pandya king Mudukudumi Peruvazuthi

புறநானூறு 15, பாடியவர்: நெட்டிமையார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: பாண்டியன் பல்யாகசாலை முதுகுடுமிப் பெருவழுதி, திணை: பாடாண், துறை: இயன் மொழி

***

319

Donkeys

Ploughing the land of enemies using Donkeys. This is in Karavela inscription as well. The victorious kings destroyed the palaces of their enemies and ploughed them with ploughs pulled by donkeys.

கடுந்தேர் குழித்த ஞெள்ளல் ஆங்கண்,

வெள்வாய்க் கழுதைப் புல் இனப் பூட்டிப்

பாழ் செய்தனை,

***

320

Four Vedas

Half baked people argue on the words Tri Veda and Chatur Veda. Those fools argued three Vedas mean earlier period and four Vedas mean later period. Since those people are not practising Vedic Brahmins they bluffed and bluffed. The word Tri Veda is used in the context of Vedic rituals where only three Vedas Rik, Yajus and Sama are used. The fourth Veda—Atharvana has Rig Vedic hymns in addition to secular matter. Here the poet mentioned Four Vedas.

Pure Tamil word for Yaga /Yajna is Velvi. But at the same time poet used also Yupam (Vedic post made up of wood)- a Sanskrit.

Sanskrit words

Veda, Yupam are Sanskrit words.

புரையில்

நற்பனுவல் நால் வேதத்து,

அருஞ் சீர்த்திப் பெரும் கண்ணுறை

நெய்ம்மலி ஆவுதி பொங்கப் பன் மாண்

வீயாச் சிறப்பின் வேள்வி முற்றி,  20

யூபம் நட்ட வியன் களம் பல கொல்?

***

321

Puranānūru 15, Poet Nettimaiyār sang to Pandiyan Palyākasālai Muthukudumi Peruvazhuthi, Thinai: Pādān, Thurai: Iyan Mozhi

On the streets of your enemy countries dug up by your

fast chariots, you yoked dull coloured donkeys with

white mouths, and plowed their protected vast spaces.

***

to fight against your army with shining weapons, or

the number of huge fields where you have planted columns

after performing faultless rituals prescribed by the four good

Vedas, with precious sacrificial elements and abundant ghee?

***

322

Rajasuya Yajna performed by Choza King Perunarkilli

புறநானூறு 16, பாடியவர்: பாண்டரங்கண்ணனார், பாடப்பட்டோன்: சோழன் இராசசூயம் வேட்ட பெருநற்கிள்ளி,

செல் சுடர் ஞாயிற்றுச் செக்கரின் தோன்றப்,

Puranānūru 16, Poet Pāndarankannanār sang to Chozhan Rāsasooyam Vētta Perunarkilli

***

323

In Sanskrit literature Lod Skanda is portrayed as the Chief of the Army – Senapati

Tamils also compared kings to Lord Murukan

is donned with dried sandal paste, O Lord who is as fierce as Murukan!

***

324

Tamil armies set fire to the enemy towns and plundered the towns unlike Ramayana and Mahabharata wars.

You lit bright flames in their protected lands, devastating

huge, lovely fields that knew nothing of forest but sugarcane,

tangled vallai vines, white waterlilies, cool pakandrai and

fruiting bittermelon vines.  O Lord!  Your elephants unite

and fight as one, in fierce, fine battles!

***

325

Puram Verse 17 explodes the myths of English educated idiots. Those who studied history books written by the British thought that British united India.  In fact, there were more wars and killings in Europe than in ancient India. In spite of the local wars, people considered the whole country as one holy land. People were travelling from Himalayas to Kanyakumari without Visa. Tamils have sung Himalayas and Kumari in the same poem many times. This shows the one nation concept that existed 2000  years ago. In Sanskrit also the Bharata Kanda concept is recited every day by priests and Brahmis in their daily rituals. The wonder of wonders is that they repeat every day (in Sankalpa) the historical period and geographical location where they perform their ritusls.

—subham—

Tags- Purananuru Wonders 7, Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia Part 47 ,Yaga, Yajnas and Sanskrit in Sangam Age!, Shamudrika Lakshana

Three Beautiful Temples that I Visited in Bangkok, Thailand! (Post No.15,349)

Teenage Girls taking video film by dancing in front of the Bangkok Hindu Temple

Bangkok Buddha Temple pictures

Goddess Mother Earcth in Buddhist temple

Description of the Buddhist temple with lot of golden coloured Buddha Statues

Goddess Mother Earth worshipped in Road Junctions.

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,349

Date uploaded in Sydney, Australia –  21 January 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

Three Beautiful Temples that I Visited in Bangkok, Thailand! (Post No.15,349)

I visited three beautiful temples in Bangkok, capital city of Thailand, on 6th and 7th of January, 2026. They are

Sri Maha Mariamman Temple

Buddha Temple and

Mother Earth Temple

***

Sri Maha Mariamman Temple is a Hindu temple on Silon Road in the heart of Bangkok city. It is about 220 years old started by the Tamil Immigrants. Vaithi Padaiyachi constructed it in a shed and slowly extended it. His son expanded it and now it looks very modern with all Hindu Gods including Brahma. The main shrine accommodates Maha Mariamman, a form of Goddess Shakti. Village God Kaththavarayan, popular gods Siva, Vishnu, Uma, Lakshmi, Sarasvati, Ganesh , Muruga/Skanda and Buddha are all worshipped there.

Sri Kannappa Kurukkal of Mariamman Temple in Bangkok.

Thai Students worshipping Goddess Mari Amman/ Shakti

Two Surprises

When I entered the temple I saw a lot of Thai students in school uniform, mostly girls, worshipping with utmost devotion. Probably they are on their way to examinations. I find more Thail devotees than Tamils in the temple. They came with plates full of fruits and garlands to offer to different Gods.

Another surprise was teenage girls were taking video film with song and dance in front of the temple. They had Kunkum/tilak on their forehead establishing their identity. Probably they wanted to do a presentation about the temple or Hinduism.

Sri Kannappa Kurukkal of Vedaranyam is the chief priest there. I got his telephone number from Vellore Sri Kalyana Sundara Sivacharya, who took me around the temple and did the temple honours to me. He told me that Vedic students from Madurai, Coimbatore and Tirunelveli are appointed as priest there. They are all young.

***

Mother Earth Temple

On my way to the Grand Palace, I saw youngsters, mostly Thai, Chinese and Vietnamese gathering in front of the Goddess Mother Earth in a road junction and lighting incense sticks. I saw the same Goddess in two more places.

All the names of Mother Goddess are from Vedic Sanskrit, only the spellings are corrupted. It was an echo of Atharva Veda where we have the oldest hymn on Mother Earth in the name of Bhumi/ Prithvi Suktas. Bhumi, Prithvi, Dharani, Ma/mother, Vaudhara and Vasundhara are used in the description of Goddess Mother earth.

But Buddhists added a new story for the worship of Mother Earth through out South- East Asian countries.

When Buddha was meditating under the Bodhi tree, Maran, the evil demon, tried to distract him and foil his attempt to attain enlightenment. But Buddha summoned Mother Earth through his Bhumi Sparsa Mudra (a hand gesture) where the fingers touch or point towards Bhumi/Earth.

Immediately Mother Earth came and twisted her long hair where from the water flew and washed away the evil Maran. These Mother Earth statues are in specially erected Mandapas, or in the gardens and in the Buddhist temples. She is on the left hand and holding Kalasha.Devotees go there to offer flowers, light up incense sticks and worship.

My Comments

Hindus are the first race in the world  to describe the land, country and earth as Mother.

Since we have no reference to Mother Earth with reference to Buddha in ancient Pali scriptures, it is actually a corrupted story of Mother Ganga and Bhumi Sukta of Atharva Veda; the proof lies in the pure Sanskrit words describing the earth.

Earth in Sanskrit words

Vasundharā -Wathondare (ဝသုန္ဓရေor Wathondara

Sri Dharaṇī=Preah Thoroni

Anangu in Tamil Nanga in Sanskrit= Nang Thorani (นางธรณี))

Kanishta Nanga= Neang Konghing (នាងគង្ហីង)

Evil Mara= Another name of Kaama/ Desire/ Manmatha

Atharva veda says

” Mata Bhumi putroham prithivyah ”  (माता भूमि पुत्रोहं पृथिव्या🙂 Meaning “Earth is my mother I am her son”. 

There are scores of other verses that glorify Mother Earth. The hymn of these verses is known as “Prithivi Sukta ” in AtharvaVeda .In these verses, prithi is described as vasudhara or vasudha (Possessor of wealth).

***

Buddha Temple with huge Golden coloured Buddha

In the heart of Bangkok city, there is a beautiful Buddha temple with serene atmosphere.

Buddhist Temple,Wat Thepthidaram, Samran Road, Bangkok

Rama III commissioned it in honour of his elder daughter Krommameaun Apson Suda Thep

52 cast figures of female monks made from tin, in meditative pose.

It is a monastic living quarters , with village atmosphere.

Great poet Sunthorn Phu resided here.

The huge temple has a big Buddha in golden colour. On the both sides the corridors have more golden Buddhas. When I went there on 7-1-2026, about fifty Buddhist monks, young and old were reciting the Pali scriptures; it sounded like the Vedic recitation in Hindu Veda Patasalas/schools. But only five devotees were there.  Whoever enters the building will go into meditation. The complex has Mother Earth Statue as well. The walls have the paintings depicting Buddha Charita.

***

Sanskrit Everywhere

When one travels in car one can notice Sanskrit words everywhere. Indra, Sri, Nagara are very common. If one studies the names of Thai people, one would find them of Sanskrit origin. Description of Mother Earth has nothing but Sanskrit. Moreover, we find Indra Festival as water festival, Makara Sankranti and Tamil New Year day corresponding with Thai New Year day, Brahmin Priests officiating Royal Thai ceremonies, recitation of Tamil Tiruvempavai of Manikkavasagar etc in Thailand. Hindu Gods including Brahma are worshipped in different temples. Ayodhya (corrupted as Ayuthaya) was the ancient capital and Kings are named Rama. Statues of Airavata Elephant with four heads are in road junctions. All these points to Hindu origin rather than Buddhist origin of Mother Earth.

Atharvana Veda has the oldest song on Mother Earth with a long and beautiful description.

Evil Mara attacking Buddha with temptations of Desire

Mother Earth in Politics and  Water Board of Thailand

— Subham—

Tags – Bangkok, Temples, Mother Earth, Brahma, Hindu Gods, Maha Mariamman Temple,  Buddha Temple, Airavata, Sanskriit everywhere, London swaminathan visit, Thai students

Interesting Titbits from Tamil Vaishnavite Alvar Poems (Post No.15,331)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,331

Date uploaded in London –  1 January 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

Twelve Vaishnavite Tamil saints are called Alvars (aalvaar). Most of them lived 1200 years ago, a few of them even earlier.  4000 poems on Lord Vishnu and his Ten Avatars sung by them are compiled in the book called Divya Prabandham. Here is some interesting information about secular subjects and religious matters. (Translation of poems by Kausalya Hart are taken from Project Maduri)

Solar Eclipse in Mahabharata

(original poem is in Tamil)

335. If you want to see the young son of Devaki,
Kaṇṇan, the lord who hid the light of the sun with his discus
for thirty nalihais, made enemy kings wait and conquered them,
go to the people who saw him drive the chariot for Arjuna
when Arjuna fought and killed Jayathratha in the Bharatha war.

This episode is actually about solar eclipse happened 3000 years ago. The battle was fought on alternate days.

****

Space Travel

70. You listened to the words of the strong cowherds,
fought and controlled seven strong bulls
and married the dark-haired Nappinnai, lovely as a peacock.
You went on a bright shining chariot,
searched for the lost children,

found them and brought them back to their mother.
O dear one, shake your head and crawl for me once.
You are a bull and you fight for the cowherds. Crawl, crawl.

This poem says that they went in a space shuttle and returned in a moment


403. The Thiruppadi of the lord
who brought the four children of his guru
back to life quickly

when they could not be alive as soon as they were born
is Srirangam where good Vediyars
skilled the Vedas live,
making sacrifices with fire
and receiving guests happily.

Tamil Word in the poem is IRAIP POZUTHU which means a moment

Periyalvar and Nammalvar sang about this space travel.

Commentators added Muhurta and the meaning of Muhurta in ancient days was different from today. Now it means 48 minutes. But in Rig Veda it meant a moment

Sanskrit dictionary  (From Wisdomlib.org)

Muhūrta (मुहूर्त).—[hurch-kta dhātoḥ pūrvaṃ muṭ ca Tv.]

1) A moment, any short portion of time, an instant; नवाम्बुदानीकमुहूर्त- लाञ्छने (navāmbudānīkamuhūrta- lāñchane) R.3.53; संध्याभ्ररेखेव मुहूर्तरागाः (saṃdhyābhrarekheva muhūrtarāgāḥ) Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1.194; Meghadūta 19; Kumārasambhava 7.5.

2) A period, time (auspicious or otherwise).

3) A period of 48 minutes.

-rtaḥ An astrologer.

Derivable forms: muhūrtaḥ (मुहूर्तः), muhūrtam (मुहूर्तम्).

Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary

Muhūrta (मुहूर्त).—i. e. muhur + ta, I. m. and n. 1. A moment, [Rāmāyaṇa] 3, 50, 6; some time, [Vikramorvaśī, (ed. Bollensen.)] 40, 4 (paraṃ muhūrtāt, After some time, not yet). 2. The thirtieth part of a day and night, or forty-eight minutes. Ii. m. An astrologer.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Muhūrta (मुहूर्त).—[masculine] [neuter] moment, instant; hour ( = 1/30 day); [instrumental] & [ablative] in a moment, after a little while, immediately, directly.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Muhūrta (मुहूर्त) as mentioned in Aufrecht’s Catalogus Catalogorum:—jy. See Muhūrta (मुहूर्त):—[from muh] a m. n. a moment, instant, any short space of time, [Ṛg-veda] etc. etc. ([in the beginning of a compound], in a moment; tena ind. after an instant, presently)

***

Numbers in Periyalvar Poems


Who is God? What is God? What is the nature of God?

752. You are five things—taste, light, touch, sound and smell in earth.
You are four things—taste, light, feeling of touch, and sound in water.
You are three things—taste, light and heat in fire.
You are two things—the touch and the sound of the wind.
You are the unique ancient one.
You are many things on the earth.
You are the dark-colored one.
Who has the power to know who you are?

This is pure science. This deals with Big Bang to Evolution of earth and living beings.

***

753. You are the six actions—
learning, teaching, performing sacrifices,
making others perform sacrifices, giving and receiving.
You are worshipped by the fifteen sacrifices.
You are the beautiful two—wisdom and renunciation,
and the three devotions, devotion for god,
the devotion that gives knowledge to know god,
and the highest devotion that gives moksha.
You are the seven and six and eight.
You are many wisdoms,
the true and the false.
You are taste, light, touch, sound and smell.
You, Māyan, are everything on earth
yet who can see you?

Number 24

754. You are the chief of the twenty-four philosophies,
the five elements water, land, fire, wind and the sky,
the five sense organs, body, mouth, eyes, nose and ears,
the five organs of action, mouth, legs, hands, the unclean organs,
the five senses, taste, sight, hearing, smell and touch
and the four organs of knowledge,
mind, ego, knowledge, and ignorance.
You who stay in the sky are all these and more.
O Māyan, who can see you?

Number 33+5+16

755. You are the thirty-three Sanskrit sounds.
You are the five consonants,
and the sixteen vowels.
You are the lord of the five special sounds in Tamil
and the mantra with twelve sounds,
“Om namo bhagavate Vāsudevāya.”
You are the three faultless lights—the sun, the moon and the stars.
You have entered my heart—why, O my lord?

****

766. You are the four Vedas, the Six Angas (ancillary subjects)
and their meaning.
You, the precious one
rest on the wide ocean on many-headed Adishesha.
Aren’t you the one with a white conch and the Sarngam bow?

****

You are Three in One- Echo of Kalidasa

World famous Indian poet Kalidasa wrote that all the Three Gods Brahma, Vishnu and Siva are one entity. They are seen in different angles. This is echoed by Saivite and Vaishnavite Poets in many hymns.

768. You are unique,
but you, limitless, are also the three gods,
Shiva, Vishnu and Nānmuhan, and the four gods.
You who rest on Adishesha on the wide ocean
are the source of good karma,
and give joy and goodness to all.
No one can comprehend your form.
How can you, the ancient god,
come to the world in human form?

****

Numbers 7 8 9 10

865. O heart, if you want to remove the eight bad thoughts
and live without fault and reach moksha and rule the world,
you must think and worship the feet of the god, our father,
who is wisdom, the sun, and the world,
who took the form of a single-tusked boar and split open the earth.

828. The ancient lord is eight and eight and eight,
he is seven and seven and seven,
and he is eight and three and one.
Devotees worshiping with the eight letter mantra,
“Om namo Nārāyaṇāya,” will go to heaven and rule there.

829. If people love him tirelessly
and think of him always in their minds,
reciting the eight-letter mantra with love
and worshiping the beautiful ankleted feet
of the god who rests on the snake bed on the ocean,
they will go to heaven and rule there.

830. He is the ten directions,
the soul of the ten guardians of the directions,
the nine notes of music, the nine rasas of dance
and he, the ancient and the most powerful one,
came to this world in ten avatharams.
Only if devotees worship him with devotion
will they reach moksha.

***

Asuras Destroyed by Vishnu

858. You destroyed the angry king of Kasi,
Vakkaran, Pavuṇḍran, the furious Maliman,
Sumali, Kesi and Thenugan.
I will not give my love and affection to anyone,
only to your anklet-adorned feet.

***

810. You, a hero, bent your bow,
killed the Asurans Vakkaran, Karan and Muran
and sent their heads to Yama.
You, a cowherd, stay in flourishing Kuḍandai
with ponds and blooming groves
and rich fields protected by many fences.

—subham—

Tags- Interesting Titbits, Tamil Vaishnavite Alvar Poems, Space travel, Numbers, three gods

Hinduism through 500 Pictures in Tamil and English-36; படங்கள் மூலம் இந்து மதம் கற்போம்-36 (Post.15,321)

Kalki Avatar by London Swaminathan

Narasimha Avatar sculptures, images

Trivikrama, Vamana Avatar sculptures, images

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,321

Date uploaded in London –  29 December 2025

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

Avatars

Avataara means a descent. The incarnation of a deity, especially of Vishnu. The origin of avatara is in the Rig Veda. Three steps of Vishnu, Varaha Avatara in the story of Emusha are in the Vedas. Flood story of Matsya Avatara is in all cultures around the world.

Boar incarnation is in Taitriya Samhita and Satapata Brahmana of Yajur Veda.

Kurma/ Tortoise Avatara is in Satapatha Brahmana as Prajapati assuming a form of Tortoise.

Matsya/Fish Incarnation

Fish Avatara is also in the same Brahmana book in the story of deluge. Manu found a small fish which grew to a large size which he left in the ocean. It directed him to construct a ship, Manu fastened the vessel to the horn of the huge fish. All boarded the ship and the fish/ Matsya Avatar saved them. Mahabharata repeated the story with some variations.

Kurma/Tortoise Avatara and the Churning of the Milky Ocean

The germ of this Avatara is Satapata Brahmana book. Later additions in the Puranas show Vishnu assuming the tortoise form. In the Satya Yuga, he placed himself at the bottom of the ocean of milk and made his back the base or pivot of the Mandara Mountain. The gods and demons twisted the great serpent Vasuki round the mountain and dividing into two parties, each took an end of the snake  as a rope and thus churned the ocean until they recovered the desired objects.

These were

Amrita- elixir of life;

Dhanvantari- Father of Medicine holding the cup of Amrita;

Lakshmi- Goddess of Fortune and Walth;

Suraa- Goddess of Wine;

Chandra- the Moon;

Rambha- Apsaras beauty;

Uchchaisrvas- Divine Horse;

Kaustuba- a celebrated jewel;

Parijata- paarijaata- a Celestial Tree;

Surabhi- Divine cow of Plenty;

Airavata- Elephant;

Sankha/ Conch- Conch of Victory;

Dhanus- a famous bow;

Visha/Poison.

Lord Siva devoured the poison to save Devas and demons, but his wife Parvati prevented it going down his gullet. When it was stopped at his neck/throat, that became blue in colour. So Siva was called Neelakanta (Blue throated). This name is in the Vedas and 2300 year old Sangam Tamil literature.

All these avataras were sung by Tamil saints. And many of them are in Tamil Sangam books. That shows all the Hindus from Himalayas to Kanyakumari were very familiar with Hindu Puranas.

***

Narasimha – man lion –avatara is more popular than Varaha avatara. in Tamil he is known as Singa Perumal.

The story of this incarnation of Vishnu is as follows:

Hiranyaksha and Hiranyakasipu were two demon brothers, hostile to Vishnu. Hiranyaksha was killed by Varaha avatar. Hiranyakasipu, then became the king of the demons and vowed eternal war with Vishu. His young son, Prahlada, was however became a devotee of Vishnu. Hiranyakasipu tried all means to change his mind, but in vain. Exasperated with this he asked the young boy, if his god Vishnu was all pervasive, could be found in the pillar in front of him; and then hacked it with his sword. The pillar cleft in twine and oust burst from it to the astonishment of Hiranyakasipu, the angry god in the shape of a Man-Lion. He tore to pieces the impious demon king. He was called Ugra Narasimha.

His anger subsided after Prahlada’s prayer; then he became Lakshmi Narasimha.

Yoga Narasimha is another form in which the god is seen squatting in a meditative mood. Simhachalam, Ahobilam , Namakkal, Narasimham near Madurai, Singa Perumal kovil are some of the places sacred to Narasimha. The usual Vaishnava symbols Sankha and Chakra are seen in his upper arms. The monolithic Ugra Narasimha found in the ruins of Vijayanagara was established by Krishna Deva Raya in 1528 CE. Statues of Narasimha are found on mountain tops, caves and deep forests. He has four hands.

***

VAMANA / TRIVIKRAMA AVATAR

Vamana, the dwarf incarnation of Vishnu, is worshipped as Trivikrama – in Tamil Ulgalantha Perumal. Trivikrama means ‘god who took three strides’. Tamil name means ‘the lord who measured the universe’ (with three strides).

The story is a powerful demon king named Bali, the great grandson of Hiranyakasipu conquered the three worlds and ruled them, in spite of his birth, in charity and with justice. Indra, the chief of devas, was thus superseded. Devas got alarmed and requested Vishnu to restore Indra to his legitimate position.

Vishnu could not go to war against Bali, as he was a virtuous king. So, he went in the guise of a dwarf Brahmana, as a Brahmachari, Vedic student. He begged of Bali for three feet of land on which he could sit and meditate on God undisturbed. The generous Bali granted the request. Then the dwarf grows to a height transcending the world, take in at one step the whole earth, covering the sky with the next, and demanding of Bali to show him room for the third. True to his promise, Bali offered his own head, on which the placed his foot and sent him down to lower regions. Because he was just, he was allowed to return to his kingdom every year. That day is celebrated even today.

At Tirukkovilur in Tamil Nadu is a celebrated shrine of Trivikrama. Another one is in the Ulagalanda Perumal temple at Kanchi. Mahabalipuram has one figure with eight hands. Brahma is also shown touching the finger of the god.

In the Ramaswami temple in Kumbakonam is a sculptured pillar on which the story of Vamana avatar is well represented.

Representations of Vamana figures with water pot and an umbrella are found in the demarcation stones of fields granted in charity.

A festival in honour of Bali is observed by the people of Mysore on the first day after Deepavali Amavasya.

In Kerala, people connect Bali with their harvest festival, the Onam, in which they worship a clay figure of this high-minded emperor. It is supposed that the king is permitted by Vishnu to visit every year the fair earth over which he ruled once and to satisfy himself that the people are quite happy and glad as in his time.

***

Rama and Krsina Avatar sculptures, images

Vishnu Avatar images, on Snake bed

KALKI AVATAR

Kalki avatar is only a prospective incarnation in which the god is expected to appear as a powerful hero riding on a white horse- back, a sword in hand, to suppress the growing wickedness of the Mlechchas (anti Hindu elements).

***

BUDDHA

The Buddha avatar is a later addition by Jayadeva of Orissa and so Hindus don’t worship him. No deity of Buddha is found in any old Hindu temple.

Apart from these avataras , lord Vishnu is depicted in various forms in ancient Hindu temples.

***

RAMA and KRISHNA

Most popular avataras Rama and Krishna are worshipped throughout India. All their leelas or their victories over demons are shown in paintings and sculptures. Since all these are in epics and Puranas, most of the people know the stories behind them.

In Sangam Tamil literature even the Yamnua River and Gopikas episode is sung by a poet. Untold stories of Rama are found in Sangam Tamil books.

Over 20 Avataras are mentioned in the Puranas. But only ten are called Dasaavataaraas (Dasa= Ten)

****

PARASURAMA

Three Ramas were sung by the saints: Dasaratha Rama, husband of Sita; Balaraman- brother of Krishna and Parasuraman- Rama with axe on his shoulder. He was born as the son of Jamadagni in Treta Yuga. He fought with arrogant Kshatriyas and finished their domination. But he bowed to Rama, a Kshatriya, and gave all his strength to him.

—Subham—

Tags- Avatara, incarnations, Ten, Dasa, Hinduism through 500 Pictures in Tamil and English-36; படங்கள் மூலம் இந்து மதம் கற்போம்-36 

Purananuru Wonders 4- Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia Part 44 (Post.15,300)

TAMIL POET LOOKED LIKE A FOX.

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,300

Date uploaded in London –  23 December 2025

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia 44; One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 44

***

Item 278

புறநானூறு 4பாடியவர்: பரணர்பாடப்பட்டோன்: சோழன் உருவப்பஃறேர் இளஞ்சேட் சென்னி,

In Purananuru verse 4 composed by Paranar, we see a metaphor describing the king in  the battlefield.

Blood stained sword of the Choza king- red sky;

Anklets- horns of the bull;

Shield with the holes- targets ;

Horses with red mouth- tiger that killed a deer;

Elephants- Yama, God of death;

The king riding a chariot- sun rising in the blue sea.

***

279

தாயில் தூவாக் குழவி போல
ஓவாது கூஉம், நின் உடற்றியோர் நாடே

There is a beautiful simile as well.

The countries conquered by you are wailing, crying like a motherless child.

Poet Paranar is famous for his similes and metaphors.

***

280

Very interesting story about fox headed poet

புறநானூறு 5பாடியவர்: நரிவெரூஉத்தலையார்பாடப்பட்டோன்: சேரமான் கருவூரேறிய ஒள்வாட் கோப்பெருஞ்சேரல்

There are two interpretations. 1.He is from a town named Nariverūuthalai which is not correct.

2.He has a disgusting head like a fox which was cured by the king.

Here also there are two interpretations.

As soon as he saw the king, his head disease was cured by a MIRACLE. And he got normal face with normal head.

In those days kings were considered Gods. People believed that just kings could do miracles. Even Tiruvalluvar talks about such miracles. If the king rules justly, the fields will yield tremendous harvest without any effort, he said.

Second interpretation is the king helped him to get proper medical treatment.

***

281

காவல் குழவி கொள்பவரின் ஓம்புமதி,

He is also using a simile about children.

I have to tell you
something!  Protect your country like you
would guard an infant
.

****

Full of Hindu Puranic Details!

Puranānūru 6, Poet Kāri Kizhār sang to Pandiyan Palyākasālai Muthukudumi Peruvazhuthi 

282

From Himalayas to Kanyakumari

Poet Kaarikizaar gives us very important details:

Eka Bharat- One India. From North to South and from East to West, One India.

Still there are some ignorant people in India who has been writing that British rule united India. But Hindu scriptures have been writing Aa Setu Himachala—From Dhanushkoti to Himalayas—

புறநானூறு 6பாடியவர்: காரிகிழார்பாடப்பட்டோன்: பாண்டியன் பல்யாகசாலை முதுகுடுமிப் பெருவழுதி


வடாஅது பனிபடு நெடுவரை வடக்கும்,
தெனாஅது உருகெழு குமரியின் தெற்கும்,
குணாஅது கரை பொரு தொடு கடல் குணக்கும்,
குடாஅது தொன்று முதிர் பௌவத்தின் குடக்கும்,

***

283

Saluted Brahmins and Lord Shiva!

Pandya King Mudykudumi Peruvazuthi bows his head only on two occasions. When he is going around the Shiva Temple and when Brahmins bless him reciting the Four Vedas.


முனிவர் முக்கண் செல்வர் நகர் வலஞ் செயற்கே,
இறைஞ்சுக பெரும நின் சென்னி! சிறந்த
நான்மறை முனிவர் ஏந்து கை எதிரே

The word Shiva never occurs in Tamil until very late period like sixth century CE. But the poets used Blue throated, Three Eyed/Trayambaka god to mention Lord Siva. Here three eyed god is used.

***

284

Throughout Sanskrit literature particularly, Kalidasa works, we see the kings are compared to Pancha Bhutas/five elements, Dik Palakas/Eight Vedic Gods of Eight Directions and Sun and Moon. Even in Purushasukta of Rig Veda tenth Mandala we see Sun and Moon are associated with the all-pervading God.

Here the poet compared the king with sun and moon.
தண்கதிர் மதியம் போலவும், தெறு சுடர்
ஒண்கதிர் ஞாயிறு போலவும்,
மன்னிய பெரும, நீ நிலமிசையானே!

Comparison with Kalidasa

Raghuvamsa – 1-29;2-75; 3-27; 4-11, 12; 6-31, 32.

In 4-11,12 and 6-31,32 we see Moon and Sun comparison to kings in Kaldasa.

***

285 Go Loka

It looks like the poet was thorough with Hindu scriptures

He mentioned Yama;

He mentioned Go Loka (World of Cows)

He mentioned also the Sea Dug by Sagaras; that is why ocean is called Saagaram in Sanskrit

முப்புணர் அடுக்கிய Three Layers Bhur Bhuva Suvaha ; தொன்று முதிர் பௌவத்தின் குடக்கும் Ancient ocean; ஆனிலை உலகத்தானும் Go LOka –, தெரிகோல் ஞமன் போல Yama with Balance to weigh the Papa and Punya

***
286

Sanskrit words used by the poet

Nagar- Temple

Gnaman -Yama

Yaagasaalaa – Firepit Sacrifice Shed

Ulakam – lokam

Desam- theyam

Muni- munivar

(Naan marai – four vedas)

***

287

Dharma, Artha Kama, Moksha 

Four Hindu values are mentioned in Tolkappiam and Tirukkural; in fact Kural is named (Muppaal in Tamil) Dharma, Artha, Kama in the same order.

Here the commentators add one more interesting interpretation. Poet Karikizar mentioned Mokha by mention the King Circumambulating temple, mentioned Dharma by the mention of Bowing to Brahmins in Yaga sala, Kama by referring to Let your anger disappear when you see family women, and Artha by mentioning conquering enemy lands. 

To be continued………… 

Tags- Purananuru Wonders 4, Go loka, Hindu Values, Yaga Sala, bowing to Brahmins, Going round temple, Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia 44, One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 44

Hinduism through 500 Pictures in Tamil and English-33; படங்கள் மூலம் இந்து மதம் கற்போம்-33 (Post No.15,294)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,294

Date uploaded in London –  21 December 2025

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

சிவபெருமானுடைய வடிவங்களில் வேறு சில மூர்த்திகளையும் காண்போம் :லிங்கோத்பவர் ஏகபாத மூர்த்தி , ஊர்த்வ தாண்டவர், கால சம்ஹார மூர்த்தி

***

LINGODBHAVA

Lingodbhava is a familiar figure of Siva on the west wall of the central shrine of Siva temples in tamil Nadu. As his name implies, he is represented within a huge linga, the portion of the feet below the ankles being hidden in the linga. Brahma in the form of a swan is seen soaring up on the left side of Siva; while on the right side, Vishnu is delving below into the depths of the earth in the form of a boar.

The swan and the boar are in some pictures found to be half man and half animal.

On the east main gopura/ tower of the Chidambaram temple is an image of Lingodbhava surrounded by flames of fire.

Also these gods, i.e. Brahma and Vishnu stand on either side of Siva with folded hands.

The figure emanating from the middle of the linga has four hands and hold in its back arms the axe and the antelope and in the front hands, the Abhaya and Varada postures.

In Thanjavur inscriptions Lingodbhava is mentioned by the name Lingapuranadeva.

Story of Lingodbhava

A dispute arose between Brahma and Vishnu as to who is the greater of the two. Siva told them that whoever first saw the top or the bottom of his own fiery linga form and came back to report, he would be considered greater. Brahma soared on his swan to see the top of the Siva linga, while as a boar Vishnu dug down and down to see its bottom. Ages passed away and neither came to his goal.

At last Brahma saw one ketaki flower coming down; it had fallen from Siva’s head ages ago. Brahma suborned it to give false evidence and then came back  and uttered a lie that he had seen the top of the linga, citing the ketaki flower as its witness.  Sive knew the lie and cursed Brahma that he should thenceforward go without any worship in temples. Brahma had five heads at that time. Sive cut off the head that uttered a lie. The flower ketaki too, which abetted the crime, was excluded from the flowers dear to Siva.

***

EKAPADAMURTI

Images called Ekapadamurti or Ekapada Trimurti show gods Brahma and Vishnu , with folded hands and characteristic symbols,  are represented as proceeding out of the body of Siva at his waist as in the Tiruvotriyur sculpture or from behind his knee  as in the image of Tiruvanaikkaval;  they are either developments of Lingodbhava wherein the superiority of Siva over the two other members of the Hindu triad was established or an invention of the Hindu sculptor.

The Karanagama (kaarana aagama) mentions Ekapadamurti as one of the sportive forms of Siva and describes him as having one foot, three eyes and four arms in which are seen the tanka and deer and the Varada and Abhaya  postures..

On the right and left sides of Siva, almost touching his shoulders, are Brahma and Vishnu holding their symbolical weapons in two hands and worshipping Siva with the other two.

The single foot, which is the characteristic feature of these figures , is in the case of Tiruvanaikkaval image , placed on the back of the bull. in it are also seen the vehicle of bBahma, the swan, at the right bottom and at the corresponding left bottom , the standing Garuda vehicle of Vishnu and a sage, perhaps Narada.

Apparently Ekapadamurti has to be connected with Aja Ekapad, a name given in the Rig Veda to one of the Ekadasa Rudras

Tamil version follows

To be continued……………………..

Tags- Hinduism through 500 Pictures in Tamil and English-33; படங்கள் மூலம் இந்து மதம் கற்போம்-33, Lingodbhava, Ekapadamurti

Hinduism through 500 Pictures in Tamil and English-31; படங்கள் மூலம் இந்து மதம் கற்போம்-31 (Post.15,280)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,280

Date uploaded in London –  17 December 2025

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

Durga is a very popular deity. The general description of Durga given in Kashyapa silpa represents her as having four arms, two eyes, high hips, high breasts and all ornaments. She holds the conch and the discuss in her upper hands, while her right lower hand presents the Abhaya posture and the left lower hand rests the waist. She stands on a lotus pedestal and has a breast band of serpents and a red petticoat.

According to the Silparatna, Mula Durga holds in her lower hands the bow and the arrow.

From Mahabalipuram comes the figure of a Durga who stands on the buffalo’s head. She has eight arms, in the upper most of which are found the discuss and the conch. The other weapons held are the sword and the bell on the right side and the bow and the shield on the left. The lowest of the right hands holds evidently a Sriphala or the bel-fruit. And the corresponding left has a parrot perching on it and rests freely on the waist of the goddess. The necklace, breast band and the garment, hanging in folds down to her feet deserve to be  noticed. The absence of finger rings on eight hands of the goddess is peculiar.

The illustration shows also other figures surrounding the goddess, viz., two male devotees with peculiar head dress kneeling at her feet, two female attendants on either side holding the sword and the bow, two demi gods, one of whom is carrying a chauri, and a lion and a deer.

***

In another Mandapa at Mahabalipuram is a sculpture evidently of  the same goddess with the lion and the deer , pairs of demi gods on the sides and devotees at the feet, one of whom is either cutting off his hair or  his neck. The goddess has only four arms and stands on an ordinary pedestal but not on the buffalo’s head.

At Sri Mushnam in South Arcot is an image of Durga  with eight arms showing almost the same symbols as those of the figure at Mahabalipuram described above, the only exception being that instead of  the bell in one of the right hands , she is holding an arrow. The figure stands on the head of a buffalo without any other accompanying attendants and has an umbrella overhead.

Images of Durga with four or more arms standing on the head of a buffalo  are generally found placed on the niche of northern wall of the central shrines of Siva temples in south India.

Occasionally, however, they may stand on ordinary pedestal without the buffalo’s head, as at Tiruvotriyur near Chennai.

In the Vishnu temple at Tirumalisai is a similar image, which is said to be Lakshmi, but perhaps represents Durga without the buffalo head.

Mahisasuramardini is represented in the Nrisimhaprasada as the youthful but angry Parvati with three broad eyes , a slender waist, heaving breasts, one face and twenty hands. Below her is the buffalo demon with his hand cut off and rolling on the ground. A man emerging from the buffalo’s neck is seen holding a weapon in his hand, abject with fear. Pierced by the trident of the goddess, he is vomiting blood. The lion too on which the goddess rides attack the giant with its mouth while the noose held by the gooses is tightly fastened around his neck. The goddess’ right leg is placed on the lion while the other steps on the body of the demon. This form of Chandi is propitiated by those who wish to destroy their enemies. The ruling family of Mysore has Chamunda – Chandi for its tutelary deity.

***

Durga is Krishna’s sister

The puranas say that Durga was born of Yashoda in order to save the life of Krishna, who was just then  born to Devaki. The children were exchanged under divine intervention. Kamsa, the cruel brother of Devaki , who had vowed to kill all the children of his sister, thought that this female child was Devaki’s and dashed it against a stone. But, then, the child flew into air and assuming the form of Durga/ Maha Maya mocked him and went away. On account of this she is known as the sister of Vasudeva Krishna.

***

Durga , Chamunda and Mahishasuramardini are seen holding the Vaishnavite symbols of discuss and conch.

Mahisa asura = buffalo demon

It is stated that the active energy of Siva, which is Vishnu himself, receives the nameKkali while it assumes an energy mood, that in battles it is recognised as Durga and that in peace and pleasure it takes the form of Bhavani/ Parvati.

Chamunda is another form of Parvati when she killed the giant called Chanda – Munda

The Silpa sastra mentions a Chandika/ Chamunda of eighteen arms to whom God Siva presented trisula/trident Krishna, the conch, Agni, the weapon called Sakti.

According to Markandeya Purana, the goddess that killed the buffalo demon was made up of the fierce radiance of Siva, Vishnu and Brahma while all other gods contributed the powers peculiarly characteristic of them for the formation of her limbs and ornaments.

Chamunda may be represented with 8, 10, 12 or 16 arms made either of wood or of mortar. When in dancing posture she must have 8, 6 or 4 hands. She is known by name Karaali or Bhadrakaali when she has 8 arms, Kaala bhadraa when she has 6 arms, and Kaali when she has 4 arms.

Bhadrakaali has a terrible face, fat breasts, protruding teeth and a long tongue and wears a garland of skulls.

She rides on a lion and stamps under her foot the head of the buffalo demon.

Hemadri quoting the Vishnudharmottara says that Bhadrakali has 18 arms and is seated in the aalidha posture in a car drawn by four lions. When worshipped by Brahmanas she has 10 arms, Jatamakuta and all ornaments.

***

Kaalabhadraa has a beautiful white form but is fierce, being worshipped in burial grounds under the name of Karaala bhadraa, seated in the Viirasana posture with the foot placed over the head of the buffalo demon. The same goddess when worshipped by the Kshatriyas is called Kaali or Mahaa Kaali. In this form she ordinarily holds a trident or sword in one hand and a skull or a cup of wine or fire in the other, rides on a corpse and has a lean stomach.

The owl is her vehicle.

She wears the tiger skin, a scarf of elephant’s hide and a garland of heads; has three eyes and the ear ornaments are shaped like conches.; and is fond of flesh and blood. She is followed by evil spirits who fill the four quarters with their roar, and she roams about the earth riding on their shoulders.

Kali is represented sometimes with 12 or 16 arms and called Charcharaa and Bhairavi respectively.

–subham—

Tags-Hinduism through 500 Pictures in Tamil and English-31; படங்கள் மூலம் இந்து மதம் கற்போம்-31, Durga, Kali,Chamunda, Mahisauramardini

Purananuru (Tamil Sangam Book) wonders -2; Upanishad and Kalidasa in verse Two! (Post.15,278)

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,278

Date uploaded in London –  16 December 2025

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxxx  

Item 260

Taittirīya Upaniṣad describes the five “sheaths” of a person (Sanskrit: puruṣa), starting with the grossest level of the five evolving great elements:

From this very self did aether come into being; from aether, air; from air, fire; from fire, water, from water, the earth; from the earth, organisms; from organisms, foods; and from foods, people. Different from and lying within this people formed from the essence of foods is the self consisting of lifebreath. Different from and lying within this self consisting of breath is the self consisting of mind. Different from and lying within this self consisting of mind is the self consisting of perception. Different from and lying within this self consisting of perception is the self consisting of bliss.[4]

In the Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad, the deities is identified as the source of the great elements:

Some wise people say it is inherent nature, while others say it is time – all totally deluded. It is rather the greatness of deities present in the world by means of which this wheel of brahman goes around. Whom always encompass this whole world – the knowers, the architects of time, the ones with and without qualities, and the all-knowing ones – it is at their commands that the work of creation, to be conceived of as earth, water, fire, air, and aether, unfolds itself.[5]

The same Upanishad also mentions, “When earth, water, fire, air and aether arise, when the five attributes of the elements, mentioned in the books on yoga, become manifest then the yogi’s body becomes purified by the fire of yoga and they are free from illness, old age and death.” (Verse 2.12).

(from Wikipedia)

***

Tamil Sangam Book Purananuru Wonders- 2

Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia -42; One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 42

***

261

Purananuru verse two is very important from many angles. First and foremost is the science matter about five elements is from the Taittriya Upanishad. All the main Upanishads are written before Buddha (600 BCE). The same order of Five Elements is in modern science as well. First there was empty space (ether) a Big Bang (sound) happened billions of years ago. Then came the fire and water. Lastly the earth appeared and from water the living beings appeared. This order is seen in the Dasavatara stories as well.

262

Second important points is, Who is this Murinjiyur Mudi Nagarayar ?

His name is Mr Nagarajan. But if you give importance to Mudi (Crown or Hair), then it is Lord Siva who has a snake/Naga on his head. This was copied by Egyptian Pharaohs from the Hindus.

263

Third important point is NagaRAYar. We see the J is tamilized as Y. I have been arguing throughout my writings J was used only by Vedic Hindus. If one finds the migratory route of this letter J, one can easily find how Hindus spread their language throughout the earth. No ancient language has this J sound .

Another point is Western Scholars(??!!) have been arguing that letters J and Y were written in the same way and thus we get Yesu as Jesus, Yudha as Jew etc. I have shown this is absurd and here in the second verse also we see J becoming Y. This is Sanskrit grammar.

265

One more important point is look at the expressions

Three Fire of Brahmins

Four Vedas of Brahmins

Kanchana Srnga Himalaya (now they write it Kanchanjunga)= PorKottu imayam in Tamil.

Five Elements and Five Virtues

Each of the five elements has one power. That is compared with the powers of king which is also seen Sanskrit literature before Sangam literature.

266

Last but not the least The Big Controversy!

Here commentators wrongly suggested the Five and the Hundred mentioned in the verse refers to 5 Pancha Pandavas and Kauravas (100). And the lines say that the Chera king supplied food for both. Even scholars who don’t believe Kaliyuga date of 3102 BCE wrote that the Mahabharata war must have fought around 1500 BCE. This Chera king wont fit into that time frames.

According to historical scholars we need at least five kings for every century. For 1500 years in BCE period, we need at least 75 Chera Kings or at least Tamil kings. We don’t have any such thing in Sangam literature.

The word PERUNCHORU misinterpreted

The verse says that the Chera king gave both the Fives and the Hundreds (Pandavas and Kauravas) PERUNCHORU. Literal translation of this word is Big Cooked Rice (food).

267

The Hindu tradition is that if someone dies, they offer the Pitrs/ departed souls RICE BALLS on the death anniversary. This is called Perunchoru and Pindam in Sanskrit. I am not interpreting it out of my imagination. The same word PERUNCHORU occurs in (புறநானூற்றில் பெருஞ்சோறு 220, 235, 261) Puram 220,235,261 all these are elegy poem. Morever the Purapporul Venbamalai used the word Pindam which is food served in funeral rites.

Chera/Kerala King Uthiyan Cheralathan was praised as one “who provided BIG food” for the Pandavas and Kauravas (lot of people took it for actual feeding. But the word Big Food (Perunchoru பெருஞ்சோறு in Tamil) means big feast given in memory of the dead.

268

More Pancha Bhuta references:

Pari. 3-4; 3-66; 3-77. Pari.13-18; 24-15

Mathur. -line 453; Puram-2- 1; 20-1; 51-1;55-15

Pathitr- 14-1; Kurun.3-1.

Tol -305; Murukku. Line 254

The strange coincidence is, all the poets use the Pancha Bhuta matter in the very beginning of the poems.

Post Sangam book – Tiruk Kural 271

269

Earliest Anthathi

The first 5 lines gives us the first sample of Anthaathi genre (last word of the previous line should be the first word of the next line in Antham + Aathi. Both Sanskrit words!)

270

Kalidasa Echo

The poet is well versed in Kalidasa who lived in Second Century BCE. In his first ten verses of Kumarasambhava Kalidasa described the beautiful Golden Peaked Himalaya. And in the first ten verses of Raghuvansa described the glory of Raghu dynasty where he says they rule extended up to oceans.

***

மண் திணிந்த நிலனும்,

நிலம் ஏந்திய விசும்பும்,

விசும்பு தைவரு வளியும்

வளித் தலைஇய தீயும்,

தீ முரணிய நீரும்என்றாங்கு

ஐம்பெரும் பூதத்து இயற்கை போலப்

போற்றார்ப் பொறுத்தலும், சூழ்ச்சியது அகலமும்

வலியும், தெறலும், அணியும், உடையோய்!

நின்கடற் பிறந்த ஞாயிறு பெயர்த்தும்நின்

வெண்தலைப் புணரிக் குடகடல் குளிக்கும்

யாணர் வைப்பின், நன்னாட்டுப் பொருந!

வான வரம்பனை! நீயோ, பெரும!

அலங்குளைப் புரவி ஐவரோடு சினைஇ,

நிலந்தலைக் கொண்ட பொலம்பூந் தும்பை

ஈரைம்பதின் மரும்பொருது, களத்து ஒழியப்

பெருஞ்சோற்று மிகுபதம் வரையாது கொடுத்தோய்!

பாஅல் புளிப்பினும், பகல்இருளினும்,

நாஅல் வேதநெறி திரியினும்

திரியாச் சுற்றமொடு முழுதுசேண் விளங்கி,

நடுக்கின்றி நிலியரோ வத்தை; அடுக்கத்துச்,

சிறுதலை நவ்விப் பெருங்கண் மாப்பிணை,

அந்தி அந்தணர் அருங்கடன் இறுக்கும்

முத்தீ விளக்கிற்றுஞ்சும்

பொற்கோட்டு இமயமும்பொதியமும்போன்றே!

****

Note Five Bhutas, For Vedas, Three Fires !

(Following is taken from Vaidehi Herberts translation)

Puranānūru 2, Poet Muranjiyur Mudinākanār sang to Cheraman Perunchōtru Uthiyan

Cheralathan

Your nature is like the five elements – the earth filled with sand,

the sky raised above the earth, wind that blows in the sky, fire that

sweeps up the wind, and water that differs from that fire.

You tolerate your enemies and your deliberation is broad.  You are

strong, destructive and merciful.  The sun rises from your ocean

and descends into your ocean in the west with waves topped with white surf.

………, or the four Vedas swerve from

………………

May you never be shaken like Mount Pothiyam, like the Himalayas with its

golden summits, where long-eyed does sleep on the slopes near their fawns

with tiny heads, at dusk, in the light of three fires lit by the Brahmins

who perform difficult rituals!

–Subham—

Tags- Tamil Sangam Book Purananuru Wonders- 2, Ancient Tamil Encyclopaedia -42; One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 42, Upanishad, Kalidasa

Sanskrit returns to Pakistan’s varsity, first time since Partition

Sanskrit returns to Pakistan’s varsity, first time since Partition

Need to consider languages as bridges, not barriers, say profs

article_Author

Seema Sachdeva

Tribune News Service

Chandigarh, Updated At : 07:14 AM Dec 11, 2025 IST

The teaching of Sanskrit has quietly returned to classrooms in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan for the first time since Partition, with the Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) introducing a course in the classical language. What began as a three-month weekend workshop gradually evolved into a full four-credit university course after the overwhelming response it received.

Sanskrit returns to Pakistan’s varsity, first time since Partition

Need to consider languages as bridges, not barriers, say profs

article_Author
Seema Sachdeva
Tribune News Service

Chandigarh,Updated At : 07:14 AM Dec 11, 2025 IST

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The teaching of Sanskrit has quietly returned to classrooms in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan for the first time since Partition, with the Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) introducing a course in the classical language. What began as a three-month weekend workshop gradually evolved into a full four-credit university course after the overwhelming response it received.

Dr Ali Usman Qasmi, Director of the Gurmani Centre, told The Tribune that Pakistan houses one of the richest but least-studied Sanskrit archives at the Punjab University library. “A significant collection of Sanskrit palm-leaf manuscripts were catalogued in the 1930s by scholar JCR Woolner, but no Pakistani academic has engaged with this collection since 1947. Only foreign researchers use it. Training scholars locally will change that,” he says.

The LUMS also plans to offer courses on the Mahabharata and the Bhagavad Gita. “Hopefully, this sets a momentum,” says Dr Qasmi. “In 10-15 years, we could see Pakistan-based scholars of the Gita and the Mahabharata.”

Dr Qasmi said initially, a weekend programme was offered that was open to everyone–students, researchers, lawyers and academics. “After we saw the response, we decided to introduce it as a proper university course. Even though the number of students is still small, we hope it will grow over the next few years. Ideally, by spring 2027, we should be able to teach the language as a year-long course.”

At the heart of the initiative is Dr Shahid Rasheed, Associate Professor of sociology at Forman Christian College, whose interest in Sanskrit began long before the LUMS approached him. “Classical languages contain much wisdom for mankind. I started with learning Arabic and Persian, and then studied Sanskrit,” he told The Tribune. With no local teachers or textbooks, he turned to online platforms, studying under Cambridge Sanskrit scholar Antonia Ruppel and Australian Indologist McComas Taylor. “It took almost a year to cover classical Sanskrit grammar. And I’m still studying it.”

After Dr Qasmi reached out, Dr Rasheed took a sabbatical from FC College to teach the course at the LUMS. “I mainly teach grammar. When I was teaching ‘subhashitas’, the wisdom verses or shlokas, many of my students were fascinated to discover that so many Urdu words come from Sanskrit. Many didn’t even know that Sanskrit was different from Hindi. In the first week, they found it a challenging language. But once they grasped the logical structure, they started enjoying it. The pleasure of solving something difficult is immense,” he says.

“Modern languages derive from classical traditions. There is just a veil that separates them–once you cross it, you realise they are all our own,” adds Dr Rasheed.

Dr Qasmi explains that the initiative also aligns with the university’s broader language ecosystem, which includes Sindhi, Pashto, Punjabi, Baluchi, Arabic and Persian. “We understand the importance of connecting with this incredible tradition, which is part of the Pakistani-Indian global heritage. So much of our literature, poetry, art and philosophy go back to the Vedic age. Many historians believe that the Vedas were written in this region. It then becomes even more important to read the classical texts in their original language.”

Despite the political sensitivities involved, both scholars believe the intellectual climate is shifting. Dr Rasheed often encounters curiosity about his own study of the language. “People ask me why I’m learning Sanskrit. I tell them, why should we not learn it? It is the binding language of the entire region. Sanskrit grammarian Panini’s village was in this region. Much writing was done here during the Indus Valley Civilisation. Sanskrit is like a mountain–a cultural monument. We need to own it. It is ours too; it’s not tied to any one particular religion.”

“If we want people to come closer, then it’s essential to understand and absorb our rich classical traditions. Imagine if more Hindus and Sikhs in India started learning Arabic, and more Muslims in Pakistan took up Sanskrit, it could be a fresh, hopeful start for South Asia, where languages become bridges instead of barriers,” concludes Dr Rasheed.

–SUBHAM–

TAGS- Sanskrit, Pakistan, University, Tribune newspaper.Lahore