Subhashini of Tamil Heritage Foundation has posted (in Facebook) the Map of Damirica as displayed in a museum in Vienna, Capital of Austria.

Written by London Swaminathan

Post No. 15,717

Date uploaded in London –9 May 2026

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

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Periplus of the Erythraean Sea- Around 60 CE.

Claudius Ptolemy- 150 CE (Geographer and astronomer)

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Interesting references to South India, particularly Tamil Nadu, are available from Roman and Greek writers of early centuries. K A Nilakanta Sastri and others have done some research and published their works long ago. But nothing is proved beyond doubt. So, we must do more research with the help of newly discovered inscriptions, Sanskrit works and Linguistics. For instance, world famous poet Kalidas mentioned Uragapura under Pandya rule. Some interpreted it as Nagappattinam, Uraiyur and Madurai. According to my research it fits very well with the name of Madurai.  Like Nagapattinam , Madurai is also called Snake city. In Tamil it is Aalavaay. Gnana Sambandar of Pallava- Pandya period (650 CE) used the word snake/ aalavaay city to mention Madurai.

The Kalinga king Kharavela makes two interesting statements regarding the Far South in his Hathikhumba cave inscription:

1

“and (he) thoroughly breaks up the confederacy of Tramira (Dramira) countries of one hundred and thirteen years which has been source of danger to (his) country (Janapada)”

2

“and a wonderful and marvellous enclosure of stockade for driving in the elephants (he)……..and horses, elephants, jewels and rubies as well as numerous pearls in hundreds (he) causes to be brought here from the Pandya king.

But is Sangam Tamil literature there is no reference to the 113 year joint front of the Tamil Kings. We have one reference to Rajasuya Yagam performed by a Choza King which was attended by the other two, Pandya and Chera kings. But we can’t place it in the first or second century BCE.

The second statement is also not clear. We don’t know whether he defeated the Pandya king or got all these as presents from the Pandya king. Pearls of Pandya kingdom were mentioned in the Arthasastra of Kautilya as Pandya Kavaatam.

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Who is Kharavela?

Kharavela was the emperor of Kalinga (present-day eastern coast of India) in the 2nd or 1st century BC. The primary source for Kharavela is his rock-cut Hathigumpha inscription. The inscription is undated, only four of its 17 lines are completely legible, others unclear, variously interpreted and disputed by scholars. The inscription is written in Brahmi script with Jainism-related phrases recites a year by year record of his reign. He was a follower of Jainism. Much of the available information about Kharavela comes from the undated, much damaged Hathigumpha inscription and several minor inscriptions found in the Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves in present-day Odisha. According to the Hathigumpha inscription, Kharavela spent his first 24 years on education and sports, a period when he mastered the fields of writing, coinage, accounting, administration and procedures of law. He was the prince to the throne (yuvaraja) at 16, and crowned King of Kalinga at age 24. The Hathigumpha inscription details his first 13 years of his reign.

Kharavela is known for his military campaigns in Northern and Southern India. He has led victorious expeditions against Magadha, Satavahana and Tamil confederacy (lead by Pandya dynasty) and other kingdoms such as Rashtrikas and Bhojakas of Berar and Maharastra regions during his reign. He was not only a great military general but also a good administrator. He undertook public works for the benefit of his people and in order to please them he remitted taxes and provided them with the occasions for merrymakings. The Hathigumpha inscription also mentions his public works such as repairing of the gates and buildings of his capital Kalinganagara, which was destroyed by a storm. These repairs and some other public works in the same year cost him thirty-five hundred thousand coins.

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Periplus of the Erythraean Sea says, “from Comari toward the south this region extends to Colchi (Korkai), where the pearl fisheries are; (they were worked by the condemned criminals); and it belongs to the Pandyan kingdom”.

K A N Sastri pointed out that Pan Kou, a very early Chinese writer, mentioned commercial contacts between China and South India in Han period, beginning from the second century BCE.

Strabo said that a Pandyan embassy was sent to the court of Roman emperor Augustus. It is stated that the embassy was accompanied by an Indian sophist who committed himself to the flames at Athens, like Kalanos, who had exhibited a similar spectacle in the presence of Alexander.

Reference to the western side of India is available from the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, composed by an anonymous sailor between 60 and 80 CE. He divides peninsular India into two divisions : Dachinebades (Dakshinapatha) and Damirika (Tamilakam) , country of the Tamils. Damirika on the other hand was parcelled into three kingdoms, Cerobothra, the Pandian kingdom and the coast country.

He gives the following place names:

Naura (identified with Cannanore)

Tyndis (Ponnani)

Muziris (Cranganore)

Nelcynda (near Kottayam).

He adds Muziris abounds in ships with cargoes from Arabia and by the Greeks .

Nelcynda is part of Pandian Kingdom.

According to Sangam literature Chera king Imayavaramban Neduncheral Adan (155 CE) captured the Yavanas, poured oil on their heads, bound their hands behind them and did not release them until they paid him a huge ransom.

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Choza KIngdom

According to Periplus it extended toward north from Colchi (Korkai). Places mentioned by him are as follows:

Argaru- Uraiyur;

Camara- Kaveripatnam or Puhar;

Poduca – Puducherry?

Sopatma – Markanam

Chryse- Burma?

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Limirica

Ptolemy in his Geography mentions Limirica, identical with Damirica of the Periplus and speaks of the following political units:

The Kingdom of Karorura ruled by Kerobothra (Kerala Putra)

Pounatta ( S W Mysore)

The Kingdom of Aioi, with capital at Kothiara, usually located at south Travancore

The Kingdom of Pandioi with capital at Madura .

The Kingdom of Kareoi, possibly in the valley of the river Tamraparni

The Kingdom of Batoi, with capital at Nikama

The Kingdom of Orthoura, ruled by Soringoi possibly Choza country

The Kingdom of Malanga ruled by Basaranagas.

The Kingdom of Sora ruled by Arkatos .

From the above account, it is clear at the time of Ptolemy, the far south was divided into at least eight smaller kingdoms, leaving out of course Pounatta the political status of which is not clearly stated.

There is another reference to the mountains,

Between Mount Bettigo and Adeisathros  are the Sorai nomads , with these towns

Sangamarta (Sangam Madurai?)

Sora , the capital of Arkatos .

The Mount Bettigo is the same as tamil Pothikai, i.e. the Malaya ranges, while the Adeisthros refers to the Sahyadri or the Western Ghats.

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Some guesses

Sora – Cola/ Choza

Arkatos – Arcot region

Arourarnoi –  Aruanadu

Though great scholars like K A Nilakanta Sastri have written about all these things after deep research, there is further scope for new research with the help of newly found inscriptions.

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My comments

Look at the corruption of Tamil names by Greek and Roman writers. Even 300 years ago the English, French and the Dutch corrupted our names which are being corrected now by the rulers.

Damirica= Tamilaka is correct, because R=L changes are in Sanskrit Grammar.

But Limirica raises some questions. How D is Changed to L is a question. Indian linguistics show D =L changes through out the country in middle letters but not in initial letters.

My research shows

Cola= Coda in Asoka inscriptions; Coro in English; Coromandel coast = Choza Mandala Katarkarai

Ramadan= Ramalan = Ramzan (Muslim festival)

Utkala = Orissa= Odisah

Initial  L=D letter change is not known. Even Lemuria was used just a few hundreds years ago to mention the Land of Lemurs (animals found in Madagascar)

Even in Madagascar we see D=L change only in the middle letter.

The island country Madagascar is now called Malagasy  (D=L).

Map of Madagascar near Africa

–subham-

Tags – Damirica, Limirica, Ptolemy, Periplus, Kharavela