SANCHI STUPA IMAGES; LOOK AT THE SMILE IN THEIR FACES; LOOK AT THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS PLAYED 2300 YEARS AGO; LOOK AT THE DEVOTION THEY PAID O BUDDHA STUPA
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge; this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
நமது பிளாக்கில் எஸ்.நாகராஜன் எழுதிய கட்டுரைகளின் பட்டியலை 2016 முதல் வெளியிடுகிறேன். இது அகர வரிசைப்படி இல்லாவிடினும் இண்டெக்ஸ் INDEX போன்றதே.
இந்தப் பட்டியலை பிரிண்ட் செய்து வைத்துக் கொண்டால் உங்களுக்குத் பிடித்த கட்டுரைகளை நேரம் கிடைத்தபோது படிக்கலாம்
கட்டுரைகளை பிளாக்கில் பெறுவது எப்படி?
பிளாக்கிற்குப் போய் தேடுவதை விட கூகுளில் (google) தேடுவது எளிது. கட்டுரையின் தலைப்பை காப்பிcopy செய்து கூகுளில் பேஸ்ட் paste செய்யுங்கள் அதன் பிறகு ஆங்கிலத்தில் from tamilandvedas.com என்று எழுதி க்ளிக் (click) செய்யுங்கள்.
from swamiindologly.blogspot.com
என்று எழுதியும் பெறலாம்.
எடுத்துக்காட்டு:
செம்பைப் பொன்னாக்கிய கொங்கண சித்தர் from tamilandvedas.com
செம்பைப் பொன்னாக்கிய கொங்கண சித்தர் from swamiindology.blogspot.com
நீங்கள் சிறு பிழை விட்டாலும் நீங்கள் எதிர்பார்த்தது கிடைக்காமல் வேறு விஷயம் வரும். அதில் நேரத்தை வீணடிக்காமல் மீண்டும் ஒரு முறை சரியாக எழுதி முயற்சி செய்யுங்கள். இரண்டு பிளாக்குகளில் ஒன்றில் கிடைத்து விடும்
கட்டுரை பெறுவதில் ஏதேனும் சிக்கல் இருந்தால் எங்களைத் தொடர்பு கொள்ளுங்கள் .
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge; this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com
ஒரு முறை பயன்படுத்தப்பட்ட சொல், மற்ற பழமொழிகளில் இருந்தாலும், கட்டத்தில் திரும்ப எழுதப்படவில்லை . இத்துடன் பிரசுரமாகும் படங்கள் கொஞ்சம் துப்புத் துலக்க உதவலாம். கீழே விடைகள் உள .
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge; this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com
Kanchi Shankaracharya (Paramacharya 1894-1994) explains the word Purvottaram in one of his lectures and asked why it is called ‘East North’ instead of ‘East West’?
What is Purvottaram/EastNorth?
Purva = east; Uttara = north.
The actual meaning is ‘antecedents of a person’.
That is the beginning to end of a person.
That is all history of a person.
Then he says that in a circle , if you start from a point (east) and go clockwise you come to the point where you started. In India if you start in east and turn right (clockwise) and continue you come to south (India) and go to Kerala (west) , Gujarat and the Himalayas (in the North). That is why two directions(east and north) are connected like this.
Swamiji continues……………………
Take for example two Tamil words for direction. They say Down and Up for East and West. Why?
Down – keez – Kizakku- East
Up – Mel – Merku- West
They named ‘down’ for east because east of Tamil Nadu is sea (Bay of Bengal)- sea level or below.
They named ‘up’ for west because of the Western Ghats; going up and up.
(the above is my rough translation)
Behitsun Inscription
My comments:-
This evokes many thoughts:-
Hindus allocated clockwise direction for all positive things; they go round the temple in clockwise direction even today. Sangam Tamil literature says Tiger wont eat its prey if it falls on its left side. All the poets praised tigers for its pro Right policy!
My Editor in Dinamani newspaper, Sri A N Sivaraman used to give us hours of lectures (where I worked as senior Sub Editor for 16 years) about English dividing the world as ‘Far East, Near East, Middle East, Third World Countries’ etc. They imposed their views on the world.
So people name different things like countries, directions in the way ‘THEY SEE’.
***
After reading Kanchi Paramacharya’s lecture for umpteenth time I turned the pages of Rig Veda for another reference. This is Parsu in the eight Mandala of Rig Veda. It is full of mysteries. It is full of Iranian and Mesopotamian connections. In every page Ralph T H Griffith honestly admits ,
The meaning is obscure; the meaning is uncertain ; ‘probably’ the poet means……..; it ‘may’ be……. ; Mr X says…..,Mr Y says…….. Mr Z denies; it is ‘improbable’ …………… etc.
In short no two clocks agree; no two foreign half baked, motivated, cunning , Christian translators agreed. All of them took to Rig Vedic studies to show that Bible is better than and truer than the Hindu Vedas. All jokers or cunning foxes……. sorry Scholars……… agreed on one point:
Hindus came from outside and destroyed local native population.
All Hindu dates are below 4100 BCE because the Bible says the earth appeared at that time.
They know if they say anything against such Christian belief they would be punished like Galileo, Copernicus, Miss Hypatia, Joan of Arc and Telemachus. Hundreds of these scholars were brutally murdered by Christian fanatics.
So, the foreign Sanskrit jokers (whom we call scholars) never touched the Bible or Koran.
***
Now let us apply Kanchi Paramacharya’s principle to Parasu and other Persian names.
Cyrus the Great was Second Cyrus who ruled Persia (Iran) from 600 BCE (before Buddha d Mahavira) ; His real name is Kuru. The First Cyrus ruled from 652 BCE; he was his grand father.
Every Hindu knows that Pandavas and Kauravas were called the descendants of a great king called Kuru. The dynasty in our Puranas is known as Kuru Vamsam.
All the scholars in the world agree on one point. Mahabharata war took place before 1000 BCE. Archaeological evidence shows before 1500 BCE. Hindus believe that Mahabharata war took place in 3100 BCE.
So the Persian King Kuru was named after the legendary Kuru of India. He lived 15 to 20 generations before Mahabharata Kings. Like Paramacharya said we name the way we look at a things. Since the forefathers of Kuru (First Cyrus of 652 BCE) went to Iran form India they named him Kuru. Since the Greeks corrupted the spelling and changed it to Kuros and the English historians corrupted the name to Cyrus, we couldn’t recognise him. But government of India released a stamp for Cyrus the Great (Kuru of 600 BCE).
White people massacred the natives in America , Canada, South American Countries, South Africa and Australia and gave the names to the places from where they went. This fact is in all the encyclopaedias. This is corroborated by Dasaratha (letters/ Amarna letters) of Egypt, Dasaratha of Syria/Turkey, Pratardana of Syria/Turkey of 1380 BCE. The Bogazkoi inscription is an unassailable archaeological proof for Vedic civilization in Syria/Turkey.
All the Iranian names are later than the Rig Veda. In fact there is no historical record even nearer to the date of Rig Veda. Modern Sarasvati River details show all parts of the Rig Veda were Pre Indus Valley and done in Sarasvati River Basin Civilization. So now we have scientific proof.
These things clearly show the way of Hindu migration before 2000 BCE. Kassites who ruled Babylon region for over 600 years from 1800 BCE went from India.
***
Now let us turn to Parasu
Parasu Rama , the avatar of Vishnu before Ramavatar, is known to every Hindu. Great Scholar A Kalyanaraman of Aryatarangini, shows the connection between this Parasu and Persia. He has beautifully analysed the schism between the Vedic Hindus and Persian Hindus. Though the Zend Avestha refers to all Vedic Gods, he showed them Ulta (inverted) ; I will give the long list of differences in another article .
4.Parsu occurs in one passage in a Dana Stuti in the Rig Veda as the name of a man; it is not certain that he is identical with Tirindira ; Sankhyayana Srauta Sutra mentions Triindira Paarasavya as the patron of Vatsa Kanva.
In another passage in the Vrsakapi hymn of Rig Veda 10-86-23, Parsu Maanavi occurs , apparently as a woman, daughter of Manu , but who is meant is impossible to say.
Though Parsu as a name of a person, does not occur in any other passage, Ludwig however sees in several other passages an allusion to the Parsus. Thus in passage of the Rig veda 10-33-2, he finds a reference to the defeat of Kuru Sravana by the Parsus; in another 7-83-1, he finds a reference to the Pruthus and Parsus, i.e. the Parthians and the Persians . Sayana interpreted it as broad axe (we are reminded of Parasu Rama)
There are more references in RV 6-27-8 etc.
Periplus knows a tribe of Parthoi in North India.
Before concluding, let us look at what Dr Agrawala says in his book ‘Panini as known to India’:-
Ashtadhayi of Panini 5-3-117
The Parsus may be identified with the Persians .
The Parsus are also known to Vedic literature – Rig Veda 8-6-46; Ludwig and Weber identify them with the Persians .
Gandhara and Parsa are mentioned in Behitsun inscription , brought under the common sovereignty of
Darius ,521-486 BCE .
Panini’s Paarsava is nearer to old Persian form Paarsa of the Behitsun Inscription . K ing Darius calls himself a
Parsa ,Paarsahyaa pusa – Persian, son of a Persian in
Susa inscription too.
greatest of the Yadavas
CONCLUSION
Persians went from India to Iran after some infighting. Kanchi Pramacharya says Zoroaster is Saurashtrar from Gujarat Saurashtra area and Zend Avesta is Chandas avastha; Chandas means Vedic Petry. When the Muslims started killing Parsees they came back to same Gujarat from where their forefathers left for Iran with Zoroaster. Now that the Marine archaeologists have found Dwaraka under sea they might have even left for Iran around the date when Dwaraka was devored by the sea, dated around 1500 BCE. But there may be earlier Tsunamis as well around Krishna’s time, around 3100 BCE. Because Hindu scriptures talk about one big Tsunami immediately after Krishna’s death. I myself have seen Dhanushkoti (Ramewaram) going into sea two times. Even before a big storm broke Pamban bridge in the 1960s Dhanuskoti buidings were half submerged in sea. After that storm, the buildings disappeared. And during 2004 Tsunami, further parts went down into sea. Whatever left is called Dhanushkoti today. The same thing might have happened to Dwaraka making the Parsis run for life (to Iran). Following hymn also links Yadavas of Dwaraka and Parsees of Iran.
YADAVA- IRAN CONNECTION
RIG VEDA 8-6-46
Note the highlighted mantras below; these are not satisfactorily explained by any one :-
HYMN VI Indra from 8th Mandala of RV
1. INDRA, great in his power and might, and like Parjanya rich in rain, Is magnified by Vatsa’s lauds. 2 When the priests, strengthening the Son of Holy Law, present their gifts, Singers with Order’s hymn of praiser. 3 Since Kaṇvas with their lauds have made Indra complete the sacrifice. Words are their own appropriate arms. 4 Before his hot displeasure all the peoples, all the men, bow down, As rivers bow them to the sea. 5 This power of his shone brightly forth when Indra brought together, like A skin, the worlds of heaven and earth. 6 The fiercely-moving Vṛtra’s head he severed with his thunderbolt, His mighty hundred-knotted bolt. 7 Here are-we sing them loudly forth-our thoughts among-the best of songs. Even lightnings like the blaze of fire. 8 When bidden thoughts, spontaneously advancing, glow, and with the stream Of sacrifice the Kaṇvas shine. 9 Indra, may we obtain that wealth in horses and in herds of cows, And prayer that may be noticed first. 10 I from my Father have received deep knowledge of the Holy Law I was born like unto the Sun. 11 After the lore of ancient time I make, like Kaṇva, beauteous songs, And Indra’s selfgains strength thereby. 12 Whatever Ṛṣis have not praised thee, Indra, or have lauded thee, By me exalted wax thou strong. 13 When his wrath thundered, when he rent Vṛtra to pieces, limb by limb, He sent the waters to the sea. 14 Against the Dasyu Susna thou, Indra, didst hurl thy during bolt: Thou, Dread one, hast a hero’s fame. 15 Neither the heavens nor firmaments nor regions of the earth contain Indra, the Thunderer with his might. 16 O Indra him who lay at length staying thy copious waters thou, In his own footsteps, smotest down 17 Thou hiddest deep in darkness itim, O Indra, who had set his grasp On spacious heaven and earth conjoined. 18 Indra, whatever Yatis and Bhṛgus have offered praise to thee, Listen, thou Mighty, to my call. 19 Indra, these spotted cows yield thee their butter and the milky draught; Aiders, thereby, of sacrifice; 20 Which, teeming, have received thee as a life-germ, Indra, with their mouth, Like Sūrya who sustaineth all. 21 O Lord of Might, with hymns of praise the Kaṇvas have increased thy power, The drops poured forth have strengthened thee. 22 Under thy guidance, Indra, mid thy praises, Lord of Thunder, shall The sacrifice be soon performed. 23 Indra, disclose much food for us, like a stronghold with store of kine: Give progeny and heroic strength. 24 And, Indra, grant us all that wealth of fleet steeds which shone bright of old Among the tribes of Nahusas. 25 Hither thou seemest to attract heaven’s fold which shines before our eyes, When, Indra, thou art kind to us. 26 Yea, when thou puttest forth thy power, Indra, thou governest the folk. Mighty, unlimited in strength. 27 The tribes who bring oblations call to thee, to thee to give them help, With drops to thee who spreadest far. 28 There where the mountains downward slope, there by the meeting of the streams The Sage was manifest with song. 29 Thence, marking, from his lofty place downward he looks upon the sea, And thence with rapid stir he moves. 30 Then, verify, they see the light refulgent of primeval seed, Kindled on yonder side of heaven. 31 Indra, the Kaṇvas all exalt thy wisdom and thy manly power, And, Mightiest! thine heroic strength. 32 Accept this eulogy of mine, Indra, and guard me carefully: Strengthen my thought and prosper it. 33 For thee, O Mighty, Thunder-armed, we singers through devotionhave Fashioned the hymn that we may live. 34 To Indra have the Kaṇvas sung, like waters speeding down a slope: The song is fain to go to him. 35 As rivers swell the ocean, so our hymns of praise make Indra strong, Eternal, of resistIess wrath. 36 Come with thy lovely Bay Steeds, come to us from regions far away O Indra, drink this Soma juice. 37 Best slayer of Vṛtras, men whose sacred grass is ready trimmed Invoke thee for the gain of spoil. 38 The heavens and earth come after thee as the wheel follows Etaśa: To thee flow Soma-drops effused. 39 Rejoice, O Indra, in the light, rejoice in Saryandyan, be Glad in the sacrificer’s hymn. 40 Grown strong in heaven, the Thunder-armed hath bellowed, Vṛtra-slayer, Bull, Chief drinker of the Soma juice. 41 Thou art a Ṛṣi born of old, sole Ruler over all by might: Thou, Indra, guardest well our wealth. 42 May thy Bay Steeds with beauteous backs, a hundred, bring thee to the feast, Bring thee to these our Soma-draughts. 43 The Kaṇvas with their hymns of praise have magnified this ancient thought That swells with streams of meath and oil. 44 Mid mightiest Gods let mortal man choose Indra at the sacrifice, Indra, whoe’er would win, for help. 45 Thy steeds, by Priyamedhas praised, shall bring thee, God whom all invoke, Hither to drink the Somajuice. 46 A hundred thousand have I gained from Parsu, from Tirindira, And presents of the Yadavas. 47 Ten thousand head of kine, and steeds three times a hundred they bestowed On Pajra for the Sāma-song. 48 Kakuha hath reached up to heaven, bestowing buffaloes yoked in fours, And matched in fame the Yadavas.
One of the most important chapters in Dutt’s book traces the way Indian industry was deliberately destroyed by the company. It is one of the most moving portions of the book and it takes a stout heart to read it. But read it, we must.
Following irregularities, the company was required to renew its charter every twenty years, and before granting renewa, a Committee of the House of Commons enquired into the working of the company. A large number of witnesses were examined. The committee had a sort of general or superficial concern for the people, but their main objective was to increase the company business and profit, replacing Indian goods with their own manufactures. But some insights did emerge.
Thus, in 1813, Warren Hastings said to the Committee:
The supplies of trade are for the wants and luxuries of a people; the poor in India may be said to have no wants. Their wants are confined to their dwellings, to their food, and to a scanty portion of clothing, all of which they can have from the soil they tread upon
Sir John Malcolm, who had lived in India and knew Indians well said:
The Hindoo inhabitants are a race of men, generally speaking, not more distinguished by their lofty stature….than they are for some finest qualities of the mind; they are brave, generous, and humane, and their truth is as remarkable as their courage.
They are not likely to become consumers of European articles, because they do not posses the means to purchase them, even if, from their simple habits of life and attire, they required them.
Graeme Mercer, who had served the company as a doctor and in other departments, described Indians as:
mild in their dispositions, polished in their general manners, in their domestic relations kind and affectionate, submissive to authority, and peculiarly attached to their religious tenets, and to the observance of the rites and ceremonies prescribed by those tenets.
Perhaps the most important witness examined by the Committee was our old friend Sir Thomas Munro. He said that Indians were good manufacturers and were likely to imitate English goods. Asked whether Hindu women were not slaves of their husbands, he said that they had as much influence as the English ladies had in their own country. Asked whether, introduction of
Open trade would not improve the civilisation of Hindus, Munro made one of his most memorable submissions:
I do not understand what is meant by the civilisation of the Hindus; in the higher branches of science, in the knowledge of the theory and practice of good government, and in education which, by banishing prejudice and superstition, opens the mind to receive instruction of every kind, from every quarter, they are much inferior to Europeans. But if a good system of agriculture, unrivalled manufacturing skill, a capacity to produce whatever can contribute to convenience or luxury; schools established in every village for teaching reading, writing and arithmetic; the general practice of hospitality and charity amongst each other; and above all a treatment of the female sex full of confidence, respect, and delicacy, are among the signs which denote a civilised people, then Hindus are not inferior to the nations of Europe; AND IF CIVILISATION IS TO BECOME AN ARTICLE OF TRADE BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES, I AM CONVINCED THAT THIS COUNTRY (ENGLAND) WILL GAIN BY THE IMPORT CARGO.
Sir Thomas Munro said that the excellent quality of Indians’ own manufactures would stand in the way of their buying from England and mentioned that he had used an Indian shawl for seven years and found very little difference, and that he had never seen an European shawl like that.
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge; this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
கொங்குமண்டல சதகம் பாடல் 92
வயிற்றைப் பீறி, குழந்தையை எடுத்த மருத்துவி!
ச.நாகராஜன்
கொங்கு நாட்டில் நடந்த ஒரு உண்மைச் சம்பவம் இது.
நீர்ச் செழிப்புற்ற நதியை அடுத்திருந்த ஊர் ஸ்கந்தபுரம். இங்கிருந்து கொங்கு நாட்டை ஆண்டு வந்த அரசனது செல்வ மகள் கர்ப்பமுற்றாள். பிரசவ காலம் வரவே சூல் முதிர்ந்து அவளுக்கு வயிற்றுவலி கண்டது. அரசனது ஆணைக்கு இணங்கி கை தேர்ந்த மருத்துவர் பலர் உடனே வந்தனர். அவர்கள் அவளைச் சோதனை செய்து தலை திரும்பி விட்டது என்றனர்; ஒன்றும் செய்ய முடியாது என்று சொல்லி விட்டுத் திரும்பிச் சென்றனர்.
மன்னன் திகைத்தான்.
‘பிண்டத்திற்குச் சற்று தலை பெரியதாக இருக்கிறது. சாதாரணமாக குழந்தை வெளி வராது. குழந்தையும் தாயும் இந்த பேராபத்திலிருந்து மீள்வது அரிது’ என்ற கருத்தை மருத்துவர்கள் கூறினர்.
சிசுவை மாய்த்து தாயை மட்டும் காப்பாற்றலாம் என்று சிலர் சொன்னார்கள்.
ஆனால் மன்னனோ, “கர்ப்பத்தில் உள்ள குழந்தையையும் என் மகளையும் யார் பிழைக்க வைக்கிறார்களோ அவர்கள் கேட்ட பரிசை நான் அளிக்கத் தயார்” என்று அறிவித்தான்.
ஒருவரும் முன்வரவில்லை. மன்னன் வேதனையுற்றான்.
அப்போது நறையூர் நாட்டைச் சேர்ந்த ஒரு மங்கலை (கொங்கு நாவிதச்சி) மன்னனை அணுகினாள். அவள் ஆயுர்வேதக் கலையில் கை தேர்ந்தவள், பிரசவம் பார்ப்பதில் மிக்க அனுபவமுள்ளவள்.
“ஓ, மன்னா! வயிற்றில் பிண்டமிருக்க ஒருத்தி மரணமடைந்தால் அவள் வயிற்றைக் கீறி பிண்டத்தை எடுத்த பின்னரே அவளை இடுகாட்டில் (கனனம்) செய்வர்; அல்லது சுடுகாட்டில் தகனம் செய்வர். இதுவே மரபு. ஆகவே உங்களால் முடிந்தவரையில் தேர்ந்த அரச மருத்துவரை வைத்து முடிந்த வரை பாருங்கள். யாராலும் இயலவில்லை என்று சொல்லிவிட்டால் நான் பார்க்கிறேன்” என்றாள் அவள்.
அவள் மேலும் விளக்கிக் கூறினாள் “அடி வயிற்றைப் பீறி வழி கண்டு சிசுவை வெளியே எடுக்கிறேன். இரண்டு உயிர்களையும் உயிரோடு இருக்க வைப்பேன்” என்றாள்.
மன்னனும் மருத்துவர்களும் சம்மதித்தனர்.
ராஜகுமாரியை உரிய விதத்தில் கீழே கிடத்தி அவள் அடி வயிற்றைக் கீறி, மிகக் குறைந்த நேரத்திலேயே பிரசவத்தை அற்புதமாக முடித்து குழந்தையை உயிரோடு வெளியே எடுத்தாள் மருத்துவி. ராஜகுமாரியும் பிழைத்தாள்.
அரசன் மகிழ்ந்தான். அனைவரும் மகிழ்ச்சியுடன் ஆச்சரியப்பட்டனர்.
உடனே மன்னன் மங்கலைப்பட்டி என்னும் ஊரை இறையிலியாக அவளுக்குக் கொடுத்தான்.
அந்தக் காலத்திலேயே சிசேரியன் அறுவைச் சிகிச்சை ( C Section) யில் தேர்ந்தவர்கள் இருந்தனர் என்பதற்கு இந்தச் சம்பவம் ஒரு சான்று.
நறையூர் நாடு என்பது தாராபுரமும் சில ஊர்களும் சேர்ந்த ஒரு பகுதியாகும்.
1886ஆம் ஆண்டு வெளியான சாசன பரிசோதனைப் புத்தகம் தொகுதி 1 B -127ஆம் பக்கம் பழனி என்ற பாகத்தில் கொங்கு மண்டலம் நறையூர் நாடு வஞ்சிலாடபுர சீர்மையில், வைகாபுரி நாட்டில் பழனி என்று குறிப்பிடப் பட்டிருக்கிறது.
கொற்றனூர் சிவாலயத்திலும், பழனிக்கு அடுத்த பெரியாவுடையார் கோவிலிலும் விஜயமங்கலம் No 582,1905 எண்கள் உள்ள சாசனங்களிலும் இப்பெயர் காணப்படுகின்றன.
இராஜமா நகரமான ஸ்காந்தபுரத்தைப் பற்றி தமிழ் நூல்களில் எந்தவிதக் குறிப்பும் காணப்படவில்லை.
கொங்கு அரசர்கள் தானம் செய்த பட்டயங்களிலிருந்து ஸ்காந்தபுரம் என்பது வெளியாகிறது.
இங்கு வந்த மேலை நாட்டு யாத்ரீகர்கள் எழுதியுள்ள குறிப்புகளில், நதிக்கரையில் நஞ்சை நிலத்தின் நடுவில் இருப்பதாக குறிப்பிட்டிருப்பதால் தாராபுரம் அல்லது கரூராக இது இருக்கலாம்.
தாராபுரத்தில் இடிந்த கோட்டை ஒன்று இருக்கிறது. கரூருக்கு வந்த தாலமி அதை ராஜாங்கப்பட்டணம் என்று குறிப்பிடுகிறார்.
பெரிய புராணம், கரூரை சோழாமாநகரங்களுள் ஒன்றாகக் குறிப்பிடுகிறது.
ஆகவே தாராபுரம், கரூர் ஆகிய இரு ஊர்களில் ஒன்று ஸ்காந்தபுரமாக இருக்கலாம்.
இன்னும் நன்கு ஆராய்ச்சி செய்தால் ஸ்காந்தபுரத்தை அறிவியல் ரீதியாக ஆராய்ந்து கண்டுபிடிக்க முடியும்.
இப்படிப்பட்ட வரலாற்றுச் சம்பவத்தை கொங்கு மண்டல சதகம் பெருமையுடன் 92ஆம் பாடலில் விவரிக்கிறது.
பாடல் இதோ:-
குறைவறு தெண்ணீர் நதியணை காந்த புரத்தொருநல்
லிறை மக ளார்மக வீனப் பொறாதுட லேங்கவகிர்
துறைவழி யேற்று மகிழ்வூட்டு மங்கலை தோன்றிவளர்
மறைவழி தேர்நறை யூர்நாடு சூழ்கொங்கு மண்டலமே
பொருள் :-
நிறைந்த தெள்ளிய நீருற்ற ஆற்றினை அடுத்த காந்தபுரத்தை ஆளும் வேந்தன், தனது பெண் கர்ப்ப வேதனையுற்று கரு உயிர்த்தற்கு இயலாது துன்புறுவதைக் கண்ட மருத்துவி அந்தப் பெண்ணின் வயிற்றைப் பீறிக் குழந்தையை எடுத்து சந்தோஷமுறச் செய்தாள். அப்படிப்பட்ட மருத்துவி பிறந்து வளர்ந்த நறையூர் நாடு சூழ்ந்தது கொங்கு மண்டலமே.
tags – C SECTION,சிசேரியன் அறுவைச் சிகிச்சை, ஸ்கந்தபுரம்.
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge; this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
நமது பிளாக்கில் எஸ்.நாகராஜன் எழுதிய கட்டுரைகளின் பட்டியலை 2016 முதல் வெளியிடுகிறேன். இது அகர வரிசைப்படி இல்லாவிடினும் இண்டெக்ஸ் INDEX போன்றதே.
இந்தப் பட்டியலை பிரிண்ட் செய்து வைத்துக் கொண்டால் உங்களுக்குத் பிடித்த கட்டுரைகளை நேரம் கிடைத்தபோது படிக்கலாம்
கட்டுரைகளை பிளாக்கில் பெறுவது எப்படி?
பிளாக்கிற்குப் போய் தேடுவதை விட கூகுளில் (google) தேடுவது எளிது. கட்டுரையின் தலைப்பை காப்பிcopy செய்து கூகுளில் பேஸ்ட் paste செய்யுங்கள் அதன் பிறகு ஆங்கிலத்தில் from tamilandvedas.com என்று எழுதி க்ளிக் (click) செய்யுங்கள்.
from swamiindologly.blogspot.com
என்று எழுதியும் பெறலாம்.
எடுத்துக்காட்டு:
ஒவ்வொரு மனிதனின் கடைசி விநாடிfrom tamilandvedas.com
ஒவ்வொரு மனிதனின் கடைசி விநாடி from swamiindology.blogspot.com
நீங்கள் சிறு பிழை விட்டாலும் நீங்கள் எதிர்பார்த்தது கிடைக்காமல் வேறு விஷயம் வரும். அதில் நேரத்தை வீணடிக்காமல் மீண்டும் ஒரு முறை சரியாக எழுதி முயற்சி செய்யுங்கள். இரண்டு பிளாக்குகளில் ஒன்றில் கிடைத்து விடும்
கட்டுரை பெறுவதில் ஏதேனும் சிக்கல் இருந்தால் எங்களைத் தொடர்பு கொள்ளுங்கள் .
WORLD FAMOUS SANCHI SCULPTURES
April 2018
1-4-18 4870 பாரதி போற்றி ஆயிரம் – 66+67 (485-491) & (492-525)
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge; this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com
ஒரே சொல் மீண்டும் மீண்டும் வந்தால் ஓரிரு இடங்களில் மட்டுமே கட்டத்தில் இருக்கும். கொண்டு கூட்டி பொருள் கொள்க . விடை கீழே உள்ளது . சில நேரங்களில் படங்களைப் பார்த்தாலும் விடை காண உதவலாம்.
ANSWER
1.குருவி கழுத்தில் தேங்காயைக் கட்டினது போல
2.குருவிக்குத் தக்க இராமேஸ்வரம்
3.சிட்டுக் குருவியின் மேல் ராம பாணம் தொடுக்கிறதா ?
4.சிட்டுக் குருவிக்குப் பட்டம் கட்டினால் , சட்டிப்பானை எல்லாம் லொட லொட வென்று தத்தும்
Source book :–
பயன்படுத்திய நூல்- கழகப் பழமொழி அகர வரிசை, கழக வெளியீடு
In Feb, 1800, Lord Wellesley, Governor General asked Dr.Francis Buchanan, a medical officer of the company, to tour south India and make inquiries into the economic conditions of the people. His work was published in 1807 in London. Some highlights from this famous document.
He saw the old Hindu irrigation works for which southern India was always famous. He remarked on one such work in the Jagir of Madras, and said the reservoir could irrigate the lands of thirty-two villages during a drought of eighteen months!
On the whole, the Jagir of Madras which was under the East India company for half a century was not in a flourishing condition.
He saw an old Hindu reservoir in Kaveripakkam near Arcot – about eight miles long and three miles broad. “I never viewed a public work with more satisfaction, a work that supplies a great body of people with every comfort which their moral situation will permit them to enjoy”.
the villages along the road were miserable and poor, and some of them in ruins.
the govt which received the revenue was “bound to keep the canals and tanks in repair.”
Women (near Seringapatam) often worked in the fields and carried manure in baskets on their heads. They were generally well dressed, and elegantly formed. “I have never seen finer forms… Their necks and arms are, in particular, remarkably well shaped”
Reaching near Bangalore, he observed: Women of all castes, except Brahmans, bought cotton wool at weekly markets, spun them at home, and sold the thread to weavers. And thus people of all classes-men and women- found in spinning and weaving profitable occupation.
He then goes on to describe how the village agricultural produce was shared between the various people of the village- 16 categories, from the priest to the barber, potter, conductor of water, etc. and says: Thus a payment of 5.25% of the produce of the fields secured to the villagers the professional services of the barber, the potter and the blacksmith, the priest and the astrologer.10% was claimed by the village Deshmukh and the rest was divided between the farmer and the govt. Haider Ali abolished the Deshmukhs and took their share also.
The old Hindu rate of revenue, laid down in the ancient law books, was one-sixth, one-eighth or one-twelfth the produce; the rulers and chiefs who took such a large share excavated and maintained vast irrigation works at their own cost and made cultivation possible. And they took their share in kind, not in money.
Coming to Coimbatore, Dr. Buchanan found that Major Macleod the collector, had set aside the authority of the Gaudas or village chiefs, and merely employed them to collect the revenue on fixed salaries. The policy added to the revenue, but weakened the ancient village-system of India.
The overall import of the report is that the revenue was over-assessed, and the condition of the people was therefore one of hopeless poverty.
Francis Buchanan
North India
Recognising the value of the report, the Company asked Dr. Buchanan to undertake a similar study tour of Northern India, and he again laboured there for 7 years from 1807. But his report was left to gather dust in London and he died. Montgomery Martin, a historian obtained permission to look at the material, and he published his findings in 1838. This too contains much valuable information.
In Bihar and Patna, great agricultural activity was noticed with irrigation from canals and wells in winter. Rents paid in kind were being substituted by money -rents.
Spinning and weaving were the great national industry after agriculture. All the spinners were women. As the demand for fine goods has been diminishing, women have suffered very much.
Paper manufacture, leather work, perfumery, iron-work, gold and silver work, stone-cutting, pottery, bricklaying, and lime manufacture, dyeing, blanket weaving, manufacture of gold and silver thread were among the other important industries.
many of these industries and sources have narrowed in the last 100 years. Agriculture has become virtually the sole means of subsistence, with the loss of many industries.
The raja of Bhojpur, a kayast, a Mohammadan landlord, a Mohammadan lady, two lalas of the kayasth community all fed all mendicants and strangers, honouring the ancient custom. (Their names are mentioned).
In Bhagalpur, it was noticed that people were not much involved in debt.
All castes were permitted to spin. Gold had almost entirely disappeared. Most commercial transactions were carried on by exchange of commodities.
Gorakhpur: land was subjected to heavy assessment, and the tax-gatherer was more rapacious than the invaders and freebooters of previous times.
1,75,600 women found employment in spinning cotton.
Dinajpur: Cotton spinning was the main activity occupying leisure hours,” of all the women of the higher rank, and of the greater part of the farmers’ wives”.
the lower caste HIndus wove jute for their own use. Most families had looms, and most women worked in the afternoons. Gold had become scarce.
Purniya: One fourth of the produce would be considered fair rent, but the Zemindars in Purnea and elsewhere in Bengal were taking much less, in contrast to the much greater exaction by the company
No caste was considered disgraced by spinning, a very large proportion of women did some spinning in their leisure hours
On the whole the Zemindars offered some protection to the people. But the sources of income were declining due to the declining state of industries and manufacture.
Thus we observe through Dr.Buchanan the same features throughout India: high rent-revenue collected by the company, leaving little surplus for the people, decline of industries and local manufactures, making agriculture the sole source of income, spinning was the one saving grace where it was still practised, especially among women.