All posts tagged Atharvana veda

Water is Medicine : Quotations from the Atharvana Veda! (Post no.10,495)

WRITTEN BY LONDON SWAMINATHAN

Post No. 10,495

Date uploaded in London – –   27 DECEMBER  2021         

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

xxx

January 2022 Good Thoughts Calendar

Festival Days- January 13 -Bogi Pandikai,14- Pongal/Makara Sankranti, 15- Cattle Pongal; 16-Tiruvalluvar day/Kanum Pongal,  18-Thai Pusam, Vadalur Jothi Dharsanam,22- Thiagaraja Aradhana, 23– Seshadri Swamikal Jayanti, 26 Republic Day, 31-Thai Amavasai

Full moon Day/ Purnima -Jan.17; New Moon day/Amavasya – Jan.2, 31; Ekadasi Fasting Days- 13, 28

Auspicious Day- 20

31 Quotations from the Atharvana Veda

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January 1 Saturday

May now Vāchaspati assign to me the strength and powers of
  those  who, wearing every shape and form, the triple seven, are
   wandering round. AV- 1-1-1

xxxx

January 2 Sunday

Come you again, Vāchaspati, come with divine intelligence.
  Vasoshpati, repose you here. In me be Knowledge, yes, in me AV.1-1-2

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January 3 Monday

I call the Waters, Goddesses, hitherward where our cattle
   drink:
  The streams must share the sacrifice.
Amrit is in the Waters, in the Waters balm.AV.1.4.3/4

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January 4 Tuesday

You, Waters, truly bring us bliss: so help us to strength and
   power  That we may look on great delight. AV 1-5-1

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January 5 Wednesday
Here grant to us a share of dew, that most auspicious dew of
   yours, Like mothers in their longing love. AV 1-5-2

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January 6 Thursday

The Waters be to us for drink, Goddesses, for our aid and
   bliss: 
  Let them stream health and wealth to us. – AV.1- 6- 1

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January 7 Friday

Within the Waters—Soma thus hath told me—dwell all balms
   that heal, And Agni, he who bless all. – AV.1- 6- 2

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January 8 Saturday
O Waters, teem with medicine to keep my body safe from harm,
  So that I long may see the Sun. AV.1- 6- 3

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January 9 Sunday
The Waters bless us, all that rise in desert lands or marshy
   pools!
  Bless us the Waters dug from earth, bless us the Waters brought
   in jars, bless us the Waters of the Rains! -AV.1- 6- 4

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January 10 Monday

May Indra, Pūshan, Varuna, Mitra, Agni, benignant Gods,
   maintain this man in riches.
  May the Ādityas and the Visve Devas set and support him in
   most supreme lustre. AV.1-9-1

Xxx

January 11 Tuesday
May light, O Gods, be under his dominion, Agni, the Sun, all;
   that is bright and golden.
  Prostrate beneath our feet his foes and rivals. Uplift him to the.
   loftiest cope of heaven. AV.1-9-2

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January 12 Wednesday
Whatever falsehood you have told, much evil spoken with the
   tongue,
  I liberate you from the noose of Varuna the righteous King. AV 1-10-3

Xxx

January 13 Thursday

I free you from Vaisvānara, from the great surging flood of sin.
  Call you your brothers, Awful One! and pay attention to our
   prayer. AV 1-10-4

Xxxx

January 14 Friday

Four are the regions of the sky, and four the regions of the
   earth:
  The Gods have brought the babe; let them prepare the woman
   for the birth. AV 1-11-2

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January 15 Saturday

Well be it with my upper frame, well be it with my lower parts.
  With my four limbs let it be well. Let all my body be in health. AV 1-12-4

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January 16 Sunday

Homage to you, the Lightning’s flash, homage to you, the
  Thunder’s roar!
  Homage to you, the Stone which you hurl against the
   undevoted! AV 1-13-1

Xxx

January 17 Monday
Homage to ou, Child of the Flood whence you collect fer-
   vent heat!
  Be gracious to our bodies, give our children happiness and
   joy. AV.1-13-2

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January 18 Tuesday

Lord of the clans, giver of bliss, fiend-slayer, mighty o’er the
   foe,
  May Indra, Soma-drinker, go before us, Bull, who brings us
   peace. AV 1-21-1

Xxx

January 19 Wednesday
Indra, subdue our enemies, lay low the men who fight with
   us:
  Down into nether darkness send the man who shows us enmity: AV 1-21-2

Xxx

January 20 Thursday

Strike down the fiend, strike down the foes, break you asunder
  Vritra’s jaws.
  O Indra, Vritra-slayer, quell the wrath of the assailing foe. : AV 1-21-3

Xxx

January 21 Friday

  Grant us your great protection; keep his deadly weapon far
   away. AV 1-21-4

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January 22 Saturday

Further us rightly, favour you our bodies with your gracious love.
  Give (you) our children happiness.AV.1-26-4

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January 23 Sunday 29

With that victorious Amulet which strengthened Indra’s power-
   and might
  Do you, O Brāhmanaspati, increase our strength for kingly
   sway. AV.1-29-1

Xxx

January 24 Monday


Slayer of rivals, vanquisher, may that victorious Amulet
  Be bound on me for regal sway and conquest of my enemies. AV 1-29.4

XXX

January 25 Tuesday
Yon Sun hath mounted up on high, and this my word hath
   mounted up
  That I may smite my foes and be slayer of rivals, rival less. AV.1.29.5

XXXX

January 26 Wednesday

Guard and protect this man, all Gods and Vasus. Over him keep-
   ye watch and ward, Ādityas.


  Let not death reach him from the hands of brothers from hands
   of aliens, or of human beings.AV.1-3-1

XXXX

January 27 Thursday

Listen, one-minded, to the word I, utter, the sons, O Gods,
   among you, and the fathers!
  I trust this man to all of you: preserve him happily, and to
   length of days conduct him.AV.1-30-2

XXX

January 28 Friday
All Gods who dwell on earth or in the heavens, in air, within.
   the plants, the beasts, the waters,
  Grant this man life to full old age, and let him escape the
   hundred other ways of dying. AV.1.30.3

XXXX
January 29 Saturday


You, Guardians of the regions, Gods who keep the quarters of
   the heavens,
  Rescue and free us from the bonds of Nirriti, from grief and
   woe! -AV. 1-31-2

Xxx

January 30 Sunday

Well be it with our mother and our father, well be it with our
   cows, and beasts, and people.
  Ours be all happy fortune, grace, and favour. Long, very long
   may we behold the sunlight. -AV. 1-31-4

xxxx

January 31 Monday

Homage to the supreme Brahman

Of whom the sun is the eye,

And the moon that becomes new again and again,

And who has made Agni his mouth – AV.10-7-33

RIVER TUNGABHADRA, Mantralaya 

—subham—

Tags –  Atharvana Veda,  Wwater, Medicine, Quotations, January 2022, calendar

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THE MAGIC HERB THAT WILL MAKE YOU TO SEE FUTURE ! (Post 10,470)

WRITTEN BY LONDON SWAMINATHAN

Post No. 10,470

Date uploaded in London – –   21 DECEMBER  2021         

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

Hindu’s fourth Veda Known as Atharvana Veda (AV) has very interesting information about magical and miraculous herbs. One hymn talk about making you invisible; another verse makes you to see the future. How good would it be to see future of yourself, your family members, the government, and your own country? Commenting on this hymn Ralph T H Griffith mentioned that even Milton’s Paradise Lost has some information like this.

Let us look at the hymn in AV, Book 4; Hymn 20 (Sukta 122)

The hymn is a charm addressed to a magical plant, for the acquisition of superhuman powers of sight.

First let me give you the interesting bits, before giving you the full verse:


Mantra  1 in the hymn:

“It” : the magical plant; O Goddess, the divine plant is directly addressed and also spoke of in the third person. The plant is said by Daarila (one of the ancient commentators) to be the Sadam Pushpaa (Semperflorens, Ever blooming), not yet identified. Its virtues resemble those attributed in England to Euphrasy or Eyebright. The plant with which together with Rue, and three drops from the Well of Life, the Archangel Michael ‘purged the visual nerve of Adam’ (Paradise Lost XI. 414), and enabled him to look into the distant future.

MY COMMENTS

This is nothing new to Hindus. We have a whole book called Bhavishya Purana (Bhavisya= Future) giving what is going to happen in future. There is a very clear description of Kaliyuga in Puranas and Vana Parva of Mahabharata (Please see my earlier articles on the same subject).

In Bhagavad Gita, Krishna shows to Arjuna, what will happen in future. Even before Arjuna killed his foes, they were all devoured by TIME. Probably Hindus believed in a Parallel Universe, where everything is acted already and recorded. I wrote about Time Travel by two Tamil Saints Tiru Gnana Sambandar and Sundarar , both of them went back in Time and brought back the dead alive. Thousand years ago they recorded it in verse and said two dead people were grown up according to their age when they came alive. That shows the dead people were living somewhere in some state or level.

And we have one more incident of Live TV broadcasting by Sanjaya in Mahabharata. The Blind King Dhritarashtra wanted to know what happened to his sons in the battlefield of Kuru kshetra. Sanjaya got divine vision to see it LIVE and he told everything in a running commentary.

The Western world knows only one Nostradamus, but Hindus have thousands of Nostradamus. They did not want to interfere in the Cyclical Time, but watched them as if children watch Video games. Very rarely they interfered in the course of TIME and did some miracles. This blog has lot of miracles done by saints regarding FUTURE. Nowadays westerners use this theme in science fiction stories.

What is this herb?

Unfortunately, the hymn did not name the herb. Why? Our seers deliberately hid some information from the public. They knew that even one bad guy can abuse it and destroy humanity. We read about Rasputin like characters throughout history. Even several Hindu saints were jailed for abusing their super human powers. Hindu scriptures say that while you practise certain Yogic things, Goddess will send you temptations in the form of magical powers. Several saints misuse them and never go up in the spiritual ladder and land themselves in prisons.

Even Swami Vivekananda , while replying to a question about PAST, he said everything is recorded in a film roll and placed inside you. If I wanted to see I can unroll it and see, but I am least interested in it. Imagine yourself in his condition and dared to look at your future. What would happen to you mentally if you come to know that you were a worm in the dirtiest place on earth in your past life! So, better not look at past or future but concentrate more on PRESENT is the advice of Hindu saints.

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Mantra 2

In the second Mantra of the hymn, the seer wants to see ‘Three Several Heavens’, ‘Three Several Earths’ and these ‘Six regions’ one by one.

The footnote given by Griffith is not satisfactory. Vedic seers use NUMBERS indiscriminately. No. 3 and No.7 occur in thousands of places. Not all mean the same. Even in Harappan civilisation No. 3 and No.7 are seen more in seals showing that it is a Vedic Civilization.

Here Griffith says three heavens are Earth, Sky and Heavens. Again they are divided into three. No.6 mean four directions and Up and Down making it Six.

My Comments

We see the underlying meaning clearly. The seer believes that he can see up to heaven with the help of the herb; he was very clever in saying ‘IT’ without naming the herb.

Suppose we consider it a fiction, then we must at least give the credit of writing the first science fiction story to the seer.

Xxx

Mantra 3

It is more interesting from another angle; Here comes two similes, one regarding tired bride longing to go to bed in the palanquin (portable bed). ‘Vahyam’ is the Sanskrit word used here. Vah= to carry. Until this day we use Vahanam for vehicles and temple Mounts of Gods/Vahanam. English word ‘VEH’ilcle is derived from  this VAH, so do Tamil Vaahanam (in temples)

Another simile is Eagle , which is Garutman in Sanskrit. Here the interpreters say it is Sun. Veda called Sun as eagle, ship, one wheeled chariot, Eye, speckled cow (with Sunspots), swan etc. Highest number of epithets to Sun is found in the Vedas than any literature in the world.

My Comments

Throughout Vedas we come across Suparna, Syena, Garutman etc which foreigners translate as falcon, eagle, vulture, kite without rhyme or reason. Sun is called Eagle because it looks from top with clear vision.

But I would go further; eagles are praised for bringing miraculous Soma herb from the top of the Himalayan range. We may look at it as a magical bird who can identify miraculous herbs. The Vedic Seers/Rishis might have trained them to identify the magic herbs and bring them. In another verse in Atharva Veda a seer sings about the amazing abilities of birds and animals in identifying the magical herbs (Read my article posted recently)

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Mantra 4

God with 1000 eyes; this phrase is repeated several times throughout the Four Vedas. It is applicable to most of the Vedic Gods. The most famous Purushasukta hymn of Rig Veda 10-90 described the Cosmic Person (English word Person is derived from Purusha in Sanskrit) with 1000 eyes (Sahasraaksha); later Puranas attributed it mostly to Indra. One interpretation is Indra is Sky and 1000 eyes are Stars.

The same mantra give two more interesting points:

Arya and Shudra: Let 1000 eyed god place “IT” on my Right Hand and I will see each Shudra and each Arya; Four castes are mentioned in only one place in the oldest book Rig Veda (10-90). Here Arya and Shudra were only mentioned; not all the four castes. We may take it as all human beings.

The other interesting point is Let 1000 eyed God place it on my RIGHT HAND.

This right hand is praised sky high only in Hinduism. All rituals regarding negative things such as death are left handed. Hindus circle the dead body in anti clockwise direction. All good things are done with right hand, right foot, right shoulder etc. Tamils sing “O New Bride! Step with Your right foot into this New House (husband’s house)” . 2000 year old Sangam literature say that tigers would consume its prey only when it falls on its RIGHT side!

Brahmins in their thrice a day ritual called ‘Sandhyavandana’ start with their right side in doing everything. Brahmins use left side for giving oblations to departed souls. The Pradakshina (circumambulation) means going in the right direction (Dakshina = South, Right. Facing East you begin your rituals and then turn right to do a round)

So much information is there in that one word. Throughout the Vedas, we see the significance of Right Side.

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Mantra 5, 6, 7, 8

These four mantras deal with demons, ghosts etc. all negative forces. Kimidins, Yatudhanas, Pisachas  and Kasyapas.

My Comments

We don’t have a proper interpretation for Kasyapas. It is the name of a Seer /Rishi. But here it is explained as “semi divine genii connected with or regulating the course of sun”. it is not making any sense. We know the 60,000 thumb sized Valakhilyas travelling in front of Sun (read my article on Valakhilyas and Gulliver Travels Lilliputians)

Another thing mentioned here is the HOUND WITH FOUR EYES. It is already in RV 10-14-11. Yama god of death comes with Two Dogs and their eyes (2+2) make Four. Sarama and Sarameya are taken by the Greeks and changed to Hermes (H=S in Greek). Please read my old article on Hermes= Sarama.

So, we understand the magical herb would help anyone not only to look into future but also to drive away the evil spirits.

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Last Mantra (9)

This mantra speaks about the fiends flying in the mid air. Here, Griffith adds, as witches in Europe are popularly believed  to do.

This is very superficial; Hindus have a long list of Ghosts with different capacities and various habitats. Westerners couldn’t even explain the Chost ‘KIMIDIN’

Griffith’s explanation:

Kimiidin- One of a class of malignant spirits. According to Nirukta of Yaska,the word originally means one who goes about crying ‘Kim Idaaniim? Quid nunc? What now?’ or ‘Kim Idam? What is this?’ Literally a quid nunc; a vile an treacherous spy and informer.

Ref.RV VII-104, RV X-87

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Here is the Full Hymn -AV; Book 4; Hymn 20

Hymns of the Atharva Veda, by Ralph T.H. Griffith, [1895], at sacred-texts.com

HYMN XX

A charm for the acquisition of superhuman powers of sight

1.It sees in front, it sees behind, it sees afar away, it sees
  The sky, the firmament, and earth: all this, O Goddess, it
   beholds.


2.Through thee, O godlike Plant, may I behold all creatures that
   exist,
  Three several heavens, three several earths, and these six regions
   one by one.


3.The pupil, verily, art thou of that celestial Engle’s eye.
  On earth hast thou alighted as a weary woman seeks her couch.


4.The God who hath a thousand eyes give me this Plant in my
   right hand!
  I look on every one therewith, each Sūdra and each Āryan man.


5.Make manifest the forms of things; hide not their essences from
   sight.
  And, thou who hast a thousand eyes, look the Kimidins in the
   face. 


6.Make me see Yātudhānas, make thou Yātudhānis visible.
  Make me see all Pisāchas With this prayer, O Plant, I hold thee
   fast.


7.Thou art the sight of Kasyapa and of the hound who hath four
   eyes.
  Make the Pisācha manifest as Sūrya when he rides at noon.


8.Kimidin, Yātudhāna from their hiding-places have I dragged.
  I look on every one with this, Sūdra and Aryan man alike.


9.Make that Pisācha visible, the fiend who flies in middle air,
  The fiend who glides across the sky, and him who deems the
   earth his help.

—subham—

tags–  Future, Seeing , Magic Herb, Atharvana Veda, Four Eyes, Dog, 1000 Eyes

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ORIGIN OF AYURVEDA IN HINDU VEDAS- Miraculous Kustha Herb (Post No.10,459)

WRITTEN BY LONDON SWAMINATHAN
Post No. 10,459
Date uploaded in London – – 18 DECEMBER 2021

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

Rig Veda, the oldest book in the world, dated between 4000 BCE and 2000 BCE is the source of Ayur veda (Life Science). Ayur Veda is the oldest medical system.
I wrote about 107 herbs in Rig Veda (RV) in 2013 (please see the link below); Rig Veda did not provide us the names of 107 herbs. But after studying Atharvana Veda (AV) now, I come to the conclusion that all the names are there in the AV. One has to compile all the names first and then identify them properly with the later works of Susruta and Charaka, dated around 600 BCE.


If you are a student of History and Archaeology, you can draw a very clear line in 850 BCE. Neither Greek nor Tamil had anything written in that period. Hebrew, Chinese, Persian had some materials in writing around that period, but not about medicines. Museum languages or Dead languages such as Babylonian, Sumerian have not much to give us in the filed of medicine.
The amazing thing about the Hindus is that they list over 30 body parts in one hymn. They list a number of diseases in one hymn. All these are dated before 1000 BCE. Not even Bible (old testament) appeared at that time. Hutchinson Encyclopedia date the oldest part of Old Testament around 980 BCE.
Quantitativesly and qualitatively, voluminous Vedic lietrature occupy a unique place. Atharvana Veda mentioned scores of herbs. Yajur Veda has lot of unidentified plant names! Around 200 things are ‘sacrificed’ in the Asvamedha Yagna (Horse Sacrifice). Many of the names in the list are not identified. So called scholars of Western world give fanciful meanings for many names. It is the duty of all practising Hindus and believers to sit together and categorise everything.
King of Herbs is Soma; Dharba grass and Soma are mentioned throughout the Four Vedas. All orthodox Brahmins use Dharbha grass in all rituals. In South India every brahmin house has it. So do Asvatta (Pipal or Peepul or Bodhi Tree; Ficus Religiosa); We find this name from Rig Veda to Atharva Veda. Brahmins use it as fire stick/ Samithu in daily fire rituals.
xxx
Dr Gauri Mahulikar has given a short list of herbs in his article Medicinal Herbs in Atharvaveda (page 277, Facets of Vedic Studies, Kaveri Books, New Delhi, Year 2000)
Here is the list (botanical names are not given)
1.Apaamaarga
2.Arundhati (also known as Silaaci, Rohini, Laksa)- AV. VI-59-2
3.Karira – AV V.23
4.Kustha – AV XIX-39
5.Guggulu – AV XIX -38
(see my research article on Guggulu; even Panini mentioned it in grammatical rules!)
6.Paathaa – AV II-27
7.Prsniparni – AV II-25, 7 (also VI-85)
8.Bhrngaraaja – AV VI-136
9.Sankhapuapi – AV VI-129, VI-139; VII-38
10.Sarsapa – AV. VIII-6
Though a lot of books have come out about Indian Medicinal Herbs, there are some drawbacks; Some mention only vernacular or Sanskrit names and not botanical names. Some mentioned only botanical/ latin names but not Sanskrit names;
Same herb having several local names also add to confusion; a conference of scholars could solve most of these problems.
xxx


My Comments
I would like to draw the attention of scholars on the following points:-
RV 1-112 -10 and 1-116- 15 tell us that Asvins cured a lady named Vispalaa, who was injured in a battle. She lost her leg and Asvins fixed her an Iron leg. This anecdote is repeated in many more hymns. Thousands of years later we come across a Pandya getting a Golden hand (see my article on Por Kai Pandya- golden hand Pandya); Susruta lists lot of surgicaal instruments and fixing plastic nose.
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Power of Kustha Plant (Costus root of Kashmir)
AV- Book 6- Hymn XCV/95- Sukta 268
HYMN XCV Scroll Up
A charm to remove disease
1.In the third heaven above us stands the Asvattha tree, the seat of Gods.
There the Gods gained the Kushtha plant, embodiment of endless life.
2 There moved through heaven a golden ship, a ship with cordage wrought of gold.
There Gods obtained the Kushtha plant, the flower of immortality.

  1. Thou art the infant of the plants, the infant of the Snowy Hills:
    The germ of every thing that is: free this my friend from his disease.
    This hymn praised both Asvatta Tree annd Kustha plant
    it is grown in snowy hills. The Golden ship is not explained by the commentators; but yet we see a positive, wealthy picture of Vedic period; third heaven is Svarga.
    xxx
    About this plant Kustha, Dr Gauri Mahulikar adds this information:-
    This is born of mountain; it effaces takman/fever.
    This is Flower of Immortality, reliever of head ache, eye diseases; it gives divine virility (equal to modern Viagra??)
    It is regarded as the highest of herbs, as the tiger of beasts of prey.
    It is an ‘all healing medicine’ (Visvabesaja).
    It stands along with Soma (see AV-XIX. 39-5-8)
    It is generally identified with Costus root of Kashmir; an imporatnt export in the spice trade.
    It is considred equal to Soma of RV and Arndhati herb of AV.
    This is used in other medical systems too.
    Later medical works give this plant to several diseases.
    Word Kushta means leprosy; so it is considered a treatment for leprosy as well.
    Ointment of Kustha is recommended to women.
    it is used as incense in the houses of new born babies. The aromatic smoke is believed to drive away all the evils. (Tamils used Aiyavi- white mustard smoke in the rooms of new mothers)

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What is Costus?
Dolomiaea costus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Dolomiaea
Species: D. costus

Dolomiaea costus
Dolomiaea costus,[3] formerly known as Saussurea costus, commonly known as costus, Indian costus, kuth, or putchuk,[4] is a species of thistle in the genus Dolomiaea native to South Asia and China. Rishi (Hindu) mystics of Kashmir especially ate this plant. Essential oils extracted from the root have been used in traditional medicine and in perfumes since ancient times.[5][6]

Costus is the root of this plant. The root of the plant is the key part used for medicinal or homeopathic purposes.[7] The root is also called by its Latin name radix aucklandiae (root of aucklandia).[8]

It has a large number of names in other languages, including kuṣṭha in Sanskrit; kust or qust in Arabic and Persian; kut, kur, and pachak in Hindi and Bengali, kostum, gostham, and potchuk in Tamil; upaleta and kur in Gujarati; kot or kust in Punjabi; changala in Telugu; sepuddy in Malayalam; kostha in Kannada; kuth or postkhai in Kashmiri; and kosht (קשט) in Hebrew; koto in Swahili; mu xiang in Chinese
(if you google COSTUS, you get lot of commercial brands of medicines. One must be careful in using them. All medicines should be taken under the supervision of a medicine man/doctor.)
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MY OLD ARTICLES

Ayurveda | Tamil and Vedashttps://tamilandvedas.com › tag › ayurveda10 Jul 2015 — Charaka and Susruta were great Ayurvedic experts. Their books serve as the foundations of Ayurveda, the popular Indian Medical System.

107 Miracle Herbs in the Hindu Vedashttps://tamilandvedas.com › 2013/09/16 › 107-miracle-…16 Sept 2013 — Though the Vedas speak about different herbs indifferent places, the most famous hymn is the ‘THE HEALING PLANTS’ hymn in Rig Veda (10-97).You visited this page on 18/12/21.
Herbs and Diseases in the Vedashttps://tamilandvedas.com › 2014/07/01 › herbs-and-di…1 Jul 2014 — Please read my earlier post “107 Miracle Herbs in the Hindu Vedas” – posted on 16th September 2013. Rig Veda is the oldest religious …
Oldest Riddle in the World! Rig Veda Mystery –3https://tamilandvedas.com › 2014/10/06 › oldest-riddle-…6 Oct 2014 — 16) 107 Miracle Herbs in Rig Veda – posted on16-9-2013 17)Vedic Origin of 1000 Pillar Halls in Indian and Mayan Culture – 5 July 2014
Manu, not only a Law Maker but also a Great Botanist! (Post …https://tamilandvedas.com › 2017/11/07 › manu-not-on…7 Nov 2017 — Moreover, like the Rig Veda he never mentioned Sati, the widow burning … 107 Miracle Herbs in the Hindu Vedas, posted on 16 September 2013.

tags- Costus, Kustha, Atharvana Veda, Ayur Veda, Origin

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by Tamil and Vedas on December 18, 2021  •  Permalink
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39 GHOSTS IN ATHARVANA VEDA ! (Post.10,447)

WRITTEN BY LONDON SWAMINATHAN
Post No. 10,447
Date uploaded in London – – 15 DECEMBER 2021

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

Are you writing a Ghost Story? Are you producing any Children’s games? Are you producing any Adult Video Games against baddies? Here is a long list of evil characters you may use without any copyright violation!!

Max Muller gang and Marxist gang came with an ulterior motive when they statred translating or interpreting Vedas; they wanted to destroy Hinduism and disintegrate India; They said Aryans came into India long ago and now we come to rule you; What is wrong in it?
Muslim gangs ruled India for 700 years and Christian gangs ruled holy Bharat for 300 years and Poet Bharati, the greatest of the modern Tamil poets, called it ‘1000 year unkind rule’. Swami Vivekanada told us to thow all the mud from the bottom of Indian ocean and yet it is not enough to punish them. Kanchi Paramacharya used the mildest terms in condemning them ; we call it ‘as mild as sending a needle into banana fruit’. Mahatma Gandhi and Ambedkar rejected the foreigners views.

Foreigners took one hymn from here and one hymn from there and tried to link them. When Manu Smrti praised women sky high in 5 verses, scoundrels took one verse to “show” , Manu didnt like women’s independence. No one has praised women that high anywhee in world literature 2000 years ago. In the same way 30 foreign jokers tried to translate the Vedas; Ralph TH Griffith was at least honest in saying in every other page of his translation, ‘the meaning is obscure, it is uncertain, enigmatic, can’t translate, not clear’ etc. Griffith refused to translate all sexy passages in the Vedas like the early Christians refused to translate third part of Tamil Veda Tirukkural!

These people quoted Sayana and Yaskar here and there and then gave their own hypotheses. One must be careful in quoting them. But yet I myself use one of the hymns from Griffith’s translation to show their inability to explain many words in the Vedas.
Here is the list of 30++++ ghosts in Atharvana Veda (AV).
xxx


AV ;Book 8; Hymn 6 (Sukta 439)
Sukta= Su + Ukta= Well said; good saying
‘The hymn is an incantation designed to exercise various evil spirits who beset women’.
Even 2000 year old Tamil Sangam literature talks about evil spirits harming pregnant women and prescribe white mustard (Aiyavi) smoke to drive them away.
But here are stange names! Where did they get the names from? What is the meaning in Sanskrit? If translated they sound funny; many of them are untranslatable! (in one of my articles I have given the list of Sumerian Ghosts). In some places, we know, they mean viruses and bacteria.
Here is the list of Ghosts or evil spirits from AV:
Alinsa
Vatsapa
Palaala
Anupalaala
Sarku

Koka
Malimlucha
Pallijaka
Vavrivaasas
Asresha

Riksagrilva
Pramilin
(Baja)
Durnaamaa
Sunaamaa
Black and Hairy Asura

Stambaja
Tundika
Araaya
Kukshilas
Kusuulas

Kakubhas
Srimas
Karumas
Kukndhas
Kukuurabhas

Makakas
Khalajas
Sakadhuumajas
Urundas
Matmatas

Kumbhamushkas
Saluuda
(Pinga)
KIMIIDIN
Saayaka
Nagnaka

Tangalva
Paviinasa
(already translated by Griffith:- Maniac Haired, Groper Fiend, Biter, Bristly Haired, Five Footed, Fingerless, Four Eyed, Double Faced, Close Creeper, Worm, Quick Roller, Husband wooers, Egg eaters, Licker)
xxx


Medical Science or Abracadabra?
When you read this hymn you know all these are affecting women.They may be bacteria or virus. Mantra 12 in the hymn clearly says all these (bacteria/virus) are driven away by Sun light.
xxx
FUNNY TRANSLATIONS!
Griffith and Weber have translated some words in the list: Pinga and Baja- Strong scented plants that drive the evil spirits; Vatsapa-drinking like a calf; Husband wooers- the dainties which attract the future husbands; Palaala- straw; Malimlucha- robber; Koka- wolf or Koel; Rikshagriiva- bear necked; Durnaama- ill named; Stambaja- growing in a bush or pillar; Tundika- furnished with a snout; Viledehi- licker; Kukshilas- big bellied; Kakubhas- humpbacks; Karumas- dissonant; Kukurubhas- howlers; Khalajas – threshing floor; Sakadhumajas- produced from smoke of cow dung; Nagnaka- naked; Pavinasa- spear head nosed; For others- unknown meaning

Footnote adds Milton in Paradise Lost and stories in Roman and German mythology and folk tales have some funny names like this.
xxx


My comments
I have gone through the list of Sumerian demons; no where I found a long list like this. and all are in only one hymn where pregnant women are affected!
May be they mean different types of disease causing bacteria and virus; the hymn says Sun light cures;
Kimidin and Arayi occur in several hymns of the Rig Veda, the oldest book in the world.
Araayi – RV 10-155-1 -one eyed, limping hag, fly ever -screeching! to the hill
Kimiidin- One of a class of malignant spirits. According to Nirukta of Yaska,the word originally means one who goes about crying ‘Kim Idaaniim? Quid nunc? What now?’ or ‘Kim Idam? What is this?’ Literally a quid nunc; a vile an treacherous spy and informer.


My Comments
In the modern world we also name many spies with different names ‘007’ ‘Jamesbond’, Sherlock Holmes etc.
So we may find only from its context the correct meaning. Sanskrit has lot of funny etymolgies for many words; we come across a lot in Satapata Brahmna; Yaskar, wrote a book on etymology (Nirukta) even before Greek, Latin Tamil appeared in the world of literature. Most of the ancient languages had no literature when sanskrit men wrote grammar, etymology, astrology, logic etc;
The next hymn to this in AV is about Ayur Veda; the seer talks about the amazing power of animals in identifying the healing herbs. I will write about it in my next article.
Here is the Full ‘Mumbo Jumbo’ Hymn:-

Hymns of the Atharva Veda, by Ralph T.H. Griffith, [1895], at sacred-texts.com

HYMN VI
A charm to exercise evil spirits who beset women
1Let neither fiend of evil name, Alinsa, Vatsapa, desire
Thy pair of husband-wooers which thy mother cleansed when, thou wast born.
2Palala, Anupalala, Sarku, Koka, Malimlucha, Palijaka Vavri- vāsas and Asresha, Rikshagriva and Pramilin.
3Approach not, come not hitherward: creep not thou in-between her thighs.
I set, to guard her, Baja, that which chases him of evil name
4Durnāmā and Sunāmā both are eager to converse with her.
We drive away Arāyas: let Sunāmā seek the women-folk,
5The black and hairy Asura, and Stambaja and Tundika,
Arāyas from this girl we drive, from bosom, waist, and parts below.
6Sniffer, and Feeler, him who eats raw flesh, and him who licks his lips,
Arāyas with the tails of dogs, the yellow Baja hath destroyed.
7Whoever, in thy brother’s shape or father’s comes to thee in sleep,
Let Baja rout and chase them like eunuchs with woman’s head- dress on.
8Whoever steals to thee asleep or thinks to harm thee when awake,—
These hath it banished, as the Sun travelling round drives shade away.
9Whoever causeth her to lose her child or bear untimely fruit,—
Destroy him, O thou Plant, destroy the slippery fiend who lusts for her.
10Those who at evening, with the bray of asses, dance around the
house, Kukshilas, and Kusfilas, and Kakubhas, Srimas, Karumas,
These with thine odour, O thou Plant, drive far away to every side.
11Kukundhas and Kukūrabhas who dress themselves in hides and skins,
Who dance about like eunuchs, who raise a wild clamour in the wood, all these we banish far away.
12All those who cannot bear the Sun who warms us yonder from the sky,
Arāyas with the smell of goats, malodorous, with bloody mouths, the Makakas we drive afar.
13All those who on their shoulders bear a head of monstrous magnitude,
Who pierce the women’s loins with pain,—those demons, Indra drive away!
14Those, bearing horns upon their hands, who first of all approach the brides;
Standing in ovens, laughing loud, those who in bushes flash forth
light, all these we banish hence away.
15Those who have retroverted toes, and heels and faces in the front,
Khalajas, Sakadhūmajas, Urundas, all the Matmatas, impotent Kumbhamushkas, these,
Drive thou, O Brāhmanaspati, far from this girl with vigilance.
16Sightless and with distorted eyes, impotent. woman less be they.
O Healing Plant, cast each away who, not her husband, would approach this woman wedded to her lord.
17The Bristly-haired, the Maniac-haired, the Biter, and the Groper-fiend,
The Creeper-near, the Copper-hued, the Snouty, and the Saluda,
With foot and heel kick over, as a hasty cow her milking-pan.
18If one should touch thy coming babe or kill thine infant newly born,
The yellow Plant with mighty bow shall pierce him even to the heart.
19Those who kill infants unawares, and near the new-made mothers lie,
Let Pinga chase the amorous Gandharvas as wind chases cloud.
20Let it maintain the genial seed: let the laid embryo rest secure.
Let both strong Healers, to be worn within the girdle, guard the babe.
21From the Kimīdin, for thy lord and children, Pinga shield thee well,
From Sāyaka, and Nagnaka, Tangalva, and Pavīnasa.
22From the five-footed, fingerless, from the four-eyed, the double- faced,
From the Close-creeper, from the Worm, from the Quick-roller guard her well.
23Those who eat flesh uncooked, and those who eat the bleeding flesh of men,
Feeders on babes unborn, long-haired, far from this place we banish these.
24Shy slinkers from the Sun, as slinks a woman from her husband’s sire,
Deep down into the heart of these let Baja and let Pinga pierce.
25Pinga, preserve the babe at birth, make not the boy a female child.
Let not Egg-eaters mar the germs: drive the Kimidins far away
26Sterility, and infants’ death, and weeping that announceth woe,
Dear! lay them on the fiend as thou wouldst pluck a garland from a tree.
–subham–

tags-  Ghosts, Evil spirits, Atharvana Veda, Kimidin, 39 ghosts

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‘ABRA CADABRA’ AND ‘MUMBO JUMBO’ IN ATHARVANA VEDA (Post No.10,440)

WRITTEN BY LONDON SWAMINATHAN
Post No. 10,440
Date uploaded in London – – 13 DECEMBER 2021

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

The 30 white skinned people under Max Muller gang and the anti Hindu Marxist gang could not translate many words in the Vedas. When different numbers came they said they are just ‘fancilful’ numbers without any significance. When one fellow interpreted one word as an insect, another fellow said ‘No, it must be Devata’; ‘third person said no probably they meant a drainage’. If you want Vedic jokes I can give you how one word is interpretaed in six different ways. But I would like to invite you to enjoy the jokes for yourself. Please read all the 20,000 mantras in Four Vedas; but never ever jump to conclusion; then you would be the 31st idiot in Max Muller-Marxist Gang!
All hymns are available free in Wikipedia and from other sources.

This gang of bad people suddenly quotes Sayana, the great Hindu commentator, and then cunningly introduce their own interpretations; you would be confused. That is their plan! Sayana himself came many thousand years after the Vedic mantras!!
Neither 2000 year old Sangam Tamil literature nor older Sanskrit literature said anything about Aryans coming into India. But the gang of scoundrels repeated it till their last breadth. Mahatma Gandhi, Ambedkar, Swami Vivekananda, Aurobindo and other great people ridiucled this Western mischief.

One Atharvana Veda (AV) hymn is as difficult as the Rig Vedic hymn 1-164. There the most famous statement is made by a saint/seer called Mr Long Darkness. His name is Dirgatamas. He was born blind. He said ‘God is one; scholars name him differently’- ‘Ekam Sat Vibraahaa Bahutaa Vadanti’ . But his other statements in the long poem surprised scholars. They could not give uniform interpretation.

And now another Athrvana Vedic (AV) poem says GOD IS ONE, but in NUMBERS! No one could give the meaning of this Atharvana Veda Mantra in full; the reason being the saint or seer repeated several things in numbers. First read the Numbers and then the translation:-

Follwing Vedic metres mean the number of syllables in it; but to say a particular number also they use it: (these metre names come in the referred AV hymn)

Gayatri – 24
Ushnih -28
Anushtub – 32
Brihati – 36
Pankti- 40
Trishtub – 44
Jagati – 48
(Brahmins repeat this thrice a day in their Sandhyavandana ritual).
Certain numbers are very familiar with Vedic students.
For instance if I want to say I want 8 Dosas, I may say ‘please give me Vasu (8) dosas’, 11 Vadas, I may say ‘Rudra (11) Vadas’, and for 12 laddus, I may say ‘Aditya laddus, please!’
xxxxx

ATHARVANA VEDA ; BOOK 8; HYMN 9 (SUKTAM 442)
MANTRA 1: numbers 2,2,2
MANTRA 2: number 3
MANTRA 3: 3,4,1,1
MANTRA 4 : 6, 5, Brhat
MANTRA 5: brhati
MANTRA 6 : 2,6,6
MANTRA 7: 7, 6
MANTRA 12: 2, 2
MANTRA 13 : 3, 1, 1, 1
MANTRA 14: 4,gayatri, Trishtub, Jagati, Anushtub, Brihad
MANTRA 15: 5,5,5,5, 15, 1, 1
MANTRA 16: 6,6,6,6, 1
MANTRA 17: 6,6, 7, 7, 7,
MANTRA 18: 7,7, 7, 7, 7, 7
MANTRA 19: 7,4,7
MANTRA 20: 15, 3X30, above vedic metres
MANTRA 21: 8,1,8,8,8,8
MANTRA 22: one
MANTRA 23: 8,6,7,7, 5
MANTRA 24: 1, 4
MANTRA 25: one, 1, 1
MANTRA 26: 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
XXX


HERE IS THE FULL MANTRA
Hymns of the Atharva Veda, by Ralph T.H. Griffith, [1895],

HYMN IX, Book 8, AV
An enunciation of cosmogonical, ritual, and metrical doctrine
1.Whence were these two produced? which was that region?’
From what world, from which earth had they their being?
Calves of Virāj, these two arose from water. I ask thee of these
twain, who was their milker.
2.He who prepared a threefold home, and lying there made the
water bellow through his greatness,
Calf of Virāj, giving each wish fulfilment, made bodies for him-
self far off, in secret.
3.Which are the three, the mighty three, whereof the fourth divides
the voice,
This may the Brāhman know by prayer and fervour, whereto
belongs the one, whereto the other.
4.Out of the Brihat as the sixth five Salmons have been fashioned
forth:
From Brihatī was Brihat formed: whence was the Brihatī com-
posed?
5.On measure Brihatī is based, and measure on the measurer:
From magic might came magic might, from magic might came
Mātali.
6.Vaisvānara’s image is the sky above us, so far as Agni forced
both spheres asunder. p. a347
Thence from that region as the sixth come praise-songs, and
every sixth day hence again go upward.
7.We, Kagyapa! six present Rishis, ask thee—for thou hast prov-
ed things tried and meet for trial
They call Virāj the Father of Devotion: tell her to us thy
friends in all her figures.
8.She whom, advancing, sacrifices follow, and when she takes her
station stand beside her,
By whose control and hest the spirit moveth, she is Virāj, in
highest heaven, O Rishis.
9.Breathless, she moves by breath of living creatures, Svarāj pre-
cedes, Virāj comes closely after.
Some men behold her not, and some behold her, Virāj meet-
shaped, who thinks of all existence.
10.Who hath perceived Virāj’s duplication, perceived her seasons
and her rule and practice?
Who knows her steps, how oft, how far extended, who knows
her home and number of her dawnings?
11.She here who first of all sent forth her lustre moves onward
resting on these lower creatures.
Exalted power and might are stored within her: the woman
hath prevailed, the new-come mother.
12.Both Dawns on wings of song, with rich adornment, move on
together to their common dwelling.
Sūrya’s two wives, unwasting, most prolific, knowing their way,
move, rich in light, together.
13.The three have passed along the path of Order—three warm
libations have regarded offspring
One quickens progeny, one strengthens vigour, and one protects
the kingdom of the pious.
14.She who was fourth was made by Agni, Soma, and Rishis as.
they formed both halves of worship,
Gāyatrī, Trishtup, Jagatī, Anushtup, Brihadarki lightening the
sacrificer.
15.Five milkings answer to the fivefold dawning, five seasons to
the cow who bears five titles.
The five sky-regions made fifteen in number, one head have
these to one sole world directed.
16.Six Elements arose, first-born of Order: the six-day time is
carried by six Sāmans. p. a348
Six-yoked the plough is, as each trace is numbered: they call
both broad ones six; six, Earth and Heaven.
17.They call the cold months six, and six the hot ones. Which, tell
us, of the seasons is redundant?
Seven sages, eagles, have sat down together: seven metres
match the seven Consecrations.
18.Seven are the Homas, seven the logs for burning, seven are the
streams of mead, and seven the seasons.
Into the world have come seven streams of butter; those we
have heard of as the Seven Vultures.
19.Seven metres, by four syllables increasing, each of the seven
founded upon another
How are the hymns of praise on these supported, and how are
these imposed upon the praise-songs?
20.How hath the Gāyatri filled out three triads? On the fifteen
how is the Trishtup moulded,
Jagatī fashioned on the three-and-thirty? How is Anushtup
formed? how Ekavinsa?
21.Eight Elements sprang up, first born of Order: the Priests
divine are eight in number, Indra!
Eight are the wombs of Aditi, eight her children; for the eighth
night is the libation destined.
22.So planning bliss for you have I come hither to win your
friendship: kind am I, and gracious.
Born from one source, propitious is your wisdom: knowing
full well to all of you it cometh.
23.To Indra eight, to Yama six, seven to the Rishis, seven to
each:
The number five accompanies waters and men and healing
herbs.
24.The Heifer, all his own, poured forth for Indra control and
milk at her first time of milking;
And he then satisfied the four divisions, the Gods and men and
Asuras and Rishis.
25.Who is the Cow? Who is the Single Rishi? What is the law,
what are the benedictions?
What on the earth is the one only Spirit? Which of the number
is the Single Season?
26.One is the Cow, one is the Single Spirit, one is the law, single
are benedictions. p. a349
The Spirit dwelling on the earth is single: the Single Season
never is transcended.
xxx


What is it?
Such poems in Vedas are called Brahmodyam. It consists of a series of purposely enigmatical question and dark answers on cosmological, ritual and metrical doctrine. It is obscure throughout and many parts i find it absolutely unintelligible, says Ralph TH Griffith in the foot note
In footnotes, the translators have added their interpretaions, mostly conjectural.
There are more poems like this in AV , 5-1, 4-1 etc
In a footnote for AV 5-1 , Griffith adds,
This hymn like the introductory hymn of Book IV, is a Brahmodyam, an enunciation in designedly enigmatical language of cosmological and mysto theological doctrine. TRANSLATION AND EXPLANATION CAN ONLY BE CONJECTURAL, AND SOME PASSAGES DO NOT LEND THEMSELVES TO EITHER.

It is very difficult to get the proper meaning of many Vedic mantras. The best way of approach is to listen to great people who practise it and who believe in the Vedas. Fortunately we still have great Shankaracharyas and Vedic scholars attached to Shankara Mutts. It is the duty of every Hindu to support Vedic pundits and encourage more children to join Veda Patasalas, at least on part time basis.One Adi Shankara or one Vivekananda will come one day to restore the ancient glory.
–subham–

tags- Atharvana Veda, abracadabra, Mumbo jumbo, enigmatic poem, mystic, unintelligible verse, Numbers

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SIRIUS STAR IN ATHARVANA VEDA AND BHARATI POEM (Pot No.10,430)

WRITTEN BY LONDON SWAMINATHAN
Post No. 10,430
Date uploaded in London – – 10 DECEMBER 2021

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

Sirius is the brightest star in the sky. it is 8-5 light years away from the earth. That means what we see in the sky is the light that travelled 8-5 years ago. Light travels at the speed of 1,86,000 miles per second. Vedic seers are the first one to record this star system. They called it two dogs. Now science also has proved it as a binary star system. Two stars Sirius A and Sirius B are revolving around each other. The time it takes to complete a round is 50 years.

Hindus named it as Dog, Svana in Sanskrit; the world followed it and called Canis in Latin; Svana in Sanskrit changes into S/C (v)anis
It is very easy to derive Canis from Svanas.
Since Hindus observed it as a binary star system they called it Two Dogs. Two Atharvana Veda (AV) Mantras and the gretatest of the modern Tamil poets Bharati have sung about it.
Before going into the Vedic poems in AV, let us look at Bharatis poem:-
xxx


SIRIUS by Bharatiyar
1.In one moment light travels, the scholars say,
Nineteen thousand Katam; such is its speed;
It is indeed difficult to comprehend it.
The sun’s light reaches us in eight minutes.

2.Westerners speak of a star called Sirius, it is reckoned
That its rays , travelling at the same speed,
takes three years to reach this mantala- the earth
If so, is it easy for thought to fix its distance?

3.Oh men,hear this! This star among innuerable stars
it is said, nearest to the earth- a mere millet
Again there is a star whose rays take
Three thousand light years to reach the earth.

4.Know that the human insects with manifold pains
Devised but defective instruments to discover these (stars).
And there are billions and billions of stars far, far awway
Which cannot be spotted through these tools at all.

5.The bird of intellect that soars returns fatigued;
The dictum that the expansive directions are boundless
Exceeds sense-perception; is beyond mind’s comprehension
Endless is indeed the vastitude of the direction.
— Tanslated from Tamil into English by Dr T N Ramachandran
In a footnote TNR adds, The Tamil original appeared in ‘India’ magazine. This poem was lost sight of by all the editors of Bharati’s works, so far. It is reproduced for the first tome by the Tamil Univessity.
(Tamil original is at the end)

Bharati gave wrong information regarding the distance of Sirius . It is not the nearest star system And modern calculation show it is 8-5 light years away. But at his times, 100 years ago, probably that was the information he received from newspapers.
Atharvana Veda has two poems on Dog Star/Sirius. One of them was reported as Sirius. Other poem was not recognised by Westerners. I only interprete it as Sirius star system.But Vedic description coincides with the modern knowledge of Sirius star system.
Here are the two Poems

HYMN LXXX ;AV; Book 6;Sukta 253
A prayer for help and protection
1.He flieth in the firmament observing all the things that be:
We with this offering will adore the greatness of the Heavenly
Hound
2.The three, the Kālakānjas, set aloft in heaven as they were
Gods
All these I call to be our help and keep this man secure from
harm.
3.In waters is thy birth, in heaven thy station, thy majesty on
earth and in the ocean.
We with this offering will adore the greatness of the Heavenly
Hound.
—Hymns of the Atharva Veda, by Ralph T.H. Griffith, [1895],
Griffith’s Foot note adds:- The Heavenly Hound- some conspicuous star, Perhaps the Dog Star, Sirius, which was called Canis by the Greeks and Canis or Canicula by the Latins, both words being closely connected with the Sanskrit Svana.
My comments
BLACK HOLES
Griffith’s footnote adds….
‘Kaalakaanjas’
meaning originally black spotted; stars of some nidentifiable constellation.
I interpret it as BLACK HOLES
As of now there is no report of black holes, but a third star in the sytem is detected. Who knows? Infuture we may hear something about Black!
Griffith adds
Mantra 3.Thy birth- the origin of the Heavenly Hound. So with the Greeks , Sirius was said to have been the dog of the great hunter Orion and the Latin Canis or Calicula was the dog ofErigoe translated with its mistress to the sky.
MY COMMENTS
Orion is the constelation which Hindus interpret it as Lord Shiva. We have Arudra, Mrgasirshsa stars there in the system. Greek stories are distorted versions of Hindu Puranic stories. We may comapre them to local sthala puranas of Tamil temples. Each god and goddess is localised by the villagers and city dwellers ith some stories.

In short , the whole world took our name for the star Svana/Dog.
now the encyclopedias concoted so many stories to justify the word Dog. They have never quoted the oldest reference in the Vedas. Greek mythologycame very late.
Even this Divya Svan, the Divine Dog or the Heavenly Hound is interpreted differently by others. Two Divine Dogs in Maitrayani Samhita is interpreted as Sun and Moon by Bloomfiled!

xxx

Egyptians gave imporatnce to Sirius because its rising coincided with the flooding of Nile


HYMN V; BOOK 7; AV; Hymn 5

Here in this verse, no body recognised the dog as Sirius star. Only I interpret it as Sirius. There is a clear mention of dog. And a horse is also mentioned. Persians called Sirius a white horse. Persians are the people who left Gujarat and seetled in Iran/Persia. When Muslims occupied Vedic Iran, the persian Hindus came back to same Gujarat; they are called Parsees.

HYMN V; BOOK 7; AV; Hymn 5
A glorification of sacrifice
1.The Gods adored the Sacrifice with worship: these were the
statutes of primeval ages.
Those mighty ones attained the cope of heaven, there where the
Sādhyas, Gods of old, are dwelling.
2.Sacrifice was, was manifest among us: it sprang to life and then
in time grew stronger.
Then it became thedeities’ lord and ruler: may it bestow on us
abundant riches.
3.Where the Gods worshipped Gods with their oblation, worship-
ped immortals with immortal spirit,
There in the loftiest heaven may we be happy, and look upon
that light when Sūrya rises.
4.With their oblation, Purusha, the Gods performed a sacrifice.
A sacrifice more potent still they paid with the invoking hymn.

  1. With dog the Gods, perplexed, have paid oblation, and with
    cow’s limbs in sundry sacrifices.
    Invoke for us, in many a place declare him who with his mind.
    hath noticed this our worship.
    xxx
    Griffith Note gives following information:-
    Sadhyas- According to Yaska, ‘the gods whose dwelling places is the sky’.
    Purusha – Explained in 10-90 of Rig Veda; that is the famous Purushasukta, recited in every temple, every day.
    With Dog- no legend referring to this extraordinary sacrifice has survived.
    M Victor Henry changed one word to Muurdhnaa= with the head and interpreted it as Horse head given to Dhadyang.
    MY COMMENTS
    Dadhyanc story is confused with this poem. The seer never meant him or horse head. Dog refrs to Sirius. If we look at in from that angle, it makes sense.
Dogon culture also knew the star Sirius

சிரியஸ் – பாரதியார் பாடல்

“ஒருநொடிப் பொழுதில் ஓர்பத்(து)
ஒன்பதா யிரமாம் காதம்
வருதிறல் உடைத்தாம் சோதிக்
கதிரென வகுப்பர் ஆன்றோர்
கருதவும் அரிய(து) அம்ம!
கதிருடை விரைவும் அஃது
பகுதியி னின்(று)ஓர் எட்டு
நிமிடத்தில் பரவும் இங்கே
(காதம்- 10 மைல்)

உண்டொரு வான்மீன் அஃதை
ஊணர்கள் ஸிரியஸ் என்ப
கண்டஅம் மீனின் முன்னை
விரைவொடு கதிர்தான் இந்த
மண்டலத்(து) எய்த மூவாண்(டு)
ஆமென மதிப்ப ராயின்
எண்டரற்(கு) எளிதோ அம்மீன்
எத்தனை தொலைய(து) என்றே

எண்டரற்கு- எண்ணுவதற்கு)
கேட்டிரோ நரர்கள், வானில்
கிடைக்கும்எண் ணரிய மீனில்
காட்டிய அதுதான் பூமிக்
கடுகினுக்(கு) அணித்தாம் என்பர்
மீட்டும்ஓ ராண்டு மூவா
யிரத்தினில் விரைந்(து)ஓர் மீனின்
ஓட்டிய கதிர்தான் இங்ஙன்
உற்றிடும் தகைத்தும் உண்டே !”

                                தகைத்து- தன்மையையுடையது)

மானுடக் கிருமி கோடி
வருத்தத்தால் பயின்று கண்ட
ஊனுரு கருவி யால்இஃ(து)
உணர்ந்ததென்(று) உணரு வீரால்
தானும்இக் கருவி காணத்
தகாப்பெருந் தொலைய வாகும்
மீனுள கோடி கோடி
மேற்பல கோடி என்பர்)

அறிவெனும் புள்ளும் எய்த்(து) அங்(கு)
அயர்வோடு மீளும் கண்டீர்
செறியும்இத் திசைதான் எல்லை
இலதெனச் செப்பும் மாற்றம்
பொறி தவிர்ந்(து) உரைத்த லன்றிப்
பொருள் இதென்(று) உளத்தி னுள்ளே
குறிதரக் கொள்ள லாமோ?
கொஞ்சமோ திசையின் வெள்ளம்”.
—Bharati, Tamil Poet

–subham–

tags-tags- Bharati, Atharvana Veda, Dog Star, Sirius, Canis Major, Svana

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VEDIC MANTRAS AGAINST ANGER AND JEALOUSY (Post No.10,403)

WRITTEN BY LONDON SWAMINATHAN

Post No. 10,403

Date uploaded in London – –   2 DECEMBER  2021         

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

Hindu Vedas are unique. The seers/ rishis believed in auto suggestion. By repeating the Dos and Don’ts every day, they set a good path for them. For instance, a Brahmin repeats ‘Kamo Karsheet Manyura Karsheet’ mantra ten times each in prayer, three times a day. This 30 times (3X10) repeated Mantra says, God  forgive me; it is the desire and anger (Kama and Manyur) that cause  problems to me. I salute you. English words amorous and anger are derived from Sanskrit words Kama and Manyur!

By remembering these two evils, they get better guidance from their conscience or God. This is called autosuggestion.

You instruct to your mind: Don’t do it; Stop it.

If you repeat good things, you will get them. But there are more straight forward mantras through out the Atharvana Veda. It is fascinating to see mantras about all subjects such as Dream, Sleep, Mind, Enemies (inside and outside), herbs, Sun, germs, 100 year life, healthy life, friendship and magical talismans and amulets.

Whenever I go to prisons in England to see Hindu prisoners, prisoners from other religions also say ‘Namaste’ to me. Hindus are very few compared to  Christians and disproportionately high number of Muslims. When I hear the stories and the reason for their imprisonment, I used to wonder how Lord Krishna knew this thousands of years ago! He says THREE GATEWAYS TO HELL ARE LUST,ANGER AND GREED (Bhagavad Gita 16-21 Kama, Krodha, Lobha). You will be amazed to see all the punishments in courts come under these 3 categories only. Take the news papers of past ten days and mark all the crime news or court news and categorise them; all will fall under these categories.

If you remember every morning what you should not do in family or office or friends circle, then you will be a better person.

Here are two mantras against Anger and Jealousy, followed by my comments:-

18. Against jealousy; AV Book 6


1. The first blast of jealousy, and the one after the first, the fire, the heat of the heart—this we extinguish for thee.


2. As the earth [is] dead-minded, more dead-minded than a dead man, and as [is] the mind of one who has died, so of the jealous man the mind [be] dead.

3. That fluttering mind (manaská) that has found place in (çritá) thy heart—from it I set free thy jealousy, like the hot vapor from a bag of skin.

(hot vapour from leather bag- it is a common scene in small foundries where the blacksmiths use leather bag to pump air to make fire brighter and hotter)

XXXX

HYMN XLII; AV Book 6

A charm to reconcile estranged friends

1I loose the anger from thy heart as ’twere the bowstring from a
   bow,
  That we, one-minded now, may walk together as familiar
   friends.


2Together let us walk as friends: thy wrathful feeling I remove.
  Beneath a heavy stone we cast thy wrath away and bury it.


3I trample on thine anger thus, I tread it down with heel and toe:
  So dost thou yield thee to my will, to speak no more rebelliously.

XXXX

My Comments:

Even in subjects like anger and jealousy, the poets use relevant and beautiful similes.

The second thing, Brahmins have passed the Vedas by world of mouth for thousands of years. We have to thank them and support them to keep it going.

The third point is even Bharatiyar and Tiru Valluvar have composed Anti Anger and Anti Jealousy verses, though very much later than the Vedas.

We will bury the hatchet is an American expression; though encyclopaedias say it is derived from native Americans of Eastern United States. But Hindus have been saying it from time immemorial.

 I will give the Tamil equivalents in my Tamil article.

—subham—

Tags – Vedic verses, on anger, on jealousy, Atharvana Veda, Book 6,

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Amazing Animal Lesson in Atharvana Veda (Post No.10,393)

WRITTEN BY LONDON SWAMINATHAN

Post No. 10,393

Date uploaded in London – –   29 NOVEMBER  2021         

Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com

Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.

this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.

tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com

In one hymn of the Atharvana Veda one seer/rishi is giving an amazing lesson about Nature, particularly animals.

I have already written about Wordsworth and Dattareya in Bhagavatha Purana using Nature to teach us different things. But thousands of years before the Bhagavatha Purana, and epics , Atharvana Veda use animals in a hymn to teach us certain virtues. Probably that is the first verse in human history using animals and their qualities to teach human beings.

We have already seen the pigeons sacrificing their lives to save a refugee (Mahabharata), eagle and dove showing the great qualities of Sibi Chakravarti (Sangam Tamil literature Purananuu and later epic Silappadikaram), squirrel helping Rama in building a bridge to Sri Lanka (Alvar Hymns) and monkeys, bears and eagle helping Rama to destroy demons (Ramayana). Hundreds of stories about snakes are also in the Hindu mythologies.

But look at this unique hymn:-

The saint has used at least 22 animals and objects. If you give the topics to a school student for essay writing exercise , he would write something good about each of the topics. Tamils have used them as well; though Tamil is at least 1000 year junior to Sanskrit, that is the second ancient language in India, probably in the whole world (I have shown through 150 articles that Tamil and Sanskrit are the mothers of all ancient languages)

1.Lion

2.Tiger

3.Adder /Snake

4.Fire

5.Brahmin

6.Sun

7.Elephant

8.Leopard

9.Gold

10.Waters

11.Kine/Cows

12.Men

13.Chariot

14.Dice

15.Bull

16.Wind

17.Rain God

18.Noble

19.Drum

20.Drawn arrow

21.Man’s roar

22.Horse’s vigour

38. For brilliance (AV. Book 6, hymn 38; sukta 211)

[Atharvan (varcashāmaḥ).—caturṛcam. bṛhaspatidevatyam uta tviṣidevatyam. trāiṣṭubham.]


1. What brilliancy (tvíṣi) is in lion, in tiger, and what in adder, in fire, in the Brāhman, what in the sun: the fortunate goddess that gave birth to Indra—let her come to us, in union with splendor.


2. What brilliancy is in elephant, in leopard, what in gold, in waters, in kine, what in men (púruṣa): the fortunate goddess etc. etc.


3. In chariot, in dice, in the bull’s strength (vā́ja), in wind, in rain-god, in Varuṇa’s vehemence (çúṣma): the fortunate goddess etc. etc.


4. In a noble (rājanyà), in the drum, in the drawn [arrow], in the horse’s vigor, in man’s roar (?): the fortunate goddess etc. etc.

xxxx

My comments

This is a Prayer for Strength, Energy and Glory

The beauty lies in the fact that the seer used only four mantras to give you 22 messages or more

You can see the refrain in all the four mantras. That means it was sung by the poets in chorus; all oral literature will have this refrain. We see it in bhajans and vocal music. Indian singers never use books or written scripts like westerners. They keep 100s of songs in their memory. A big difference between the westerners and Hindus.

Most important point is it is a prayer to the greatest Goddess Aditi; even I have a friend by name  Aditi in London. Aditi  is the mother of Gods including Indra. She is praised all through the Rig Veda, the oldest book in the world. Hindus are the only race in the world, who did not send their goddesses to Museums. All other Goddesses are in the Museums! Aditi is used through out South Asia and South East Asia in naming girls.

Now I am not going to write essays on 22 topics. Actually I can even write a book on each topic just by using the ancient Tamil Sanskrit literature . Here is only a sample

1.Lion- ‘Swayameva Mrgendratha’ is the Sanskrit saying. No one need to democratically elect lion as the King of the Forest. By its own virtue it is the king accepted by all animals. The word Caesar came from Kesa Ari (Hairy Animal) Cesa Ari= Caesar. I even saw stone Simhasana in Rome/  Museum. It is a typical Hindu concept.

2.Tiger- Valmiki praised Rama as a tiger. That formed the first sloka of famous Venkateswara Subrabatham of Tirupati Balaji. Narasardoola = manly tiger= Lord Rama

Sangam Tamil literature say, that the tiger wont eat its prey if it falls on its left side.

3.Adder /Snake- snake is used for good and bad things; even today we use snake poison as antidote. Ramakrishna Paramahamsa fable shows that snakes can still hiss to protect itself. Through snake he teaches us a lesson. Be good but don’t be timid.

4.Fire- Fire is used in 1000s of mantras in the Four Vedas. The main prayer  is “I should become bright as Light/Fire”. Everyday orthodox Brahmins use Fire for getting Varchas, Ojas, Tejas and Medhas

5.Brahmin- Brahmin stands for scholars. Buddha in his last chapter in “Dhammapada” explains the greatness of Brahmins. Tamil kings gave Brahmins land and gold. The lesson is scholars with character will be honoured. A Tamil verse says Fire and Brahmins are same. Don’t go too close or too far. Like getting the warmth of fire , stand at an optimum distance.

6.Sun- every culture has something good to say about Sun. Hindus pray to him for eye sight and general health; they sing the glory of sun as killing virus, germs and perhaps of giving Vitamin D. Hindus worship Sun every day.

7.Elephant- Mighty power of elephant and  good memory of elephant are praised. Using one elephant to catch another is used by Kautilya and Tiruvalluvar. Five blind men and the elephant is in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain literature. The elephant that sought help from Vishnu is a famous episode found in the sculptures of Gupta period.

8.Leopard- like tiger, its ferocious attack is praised and compared to the heroism of kings.

9.Gold- used for good and bad things. Gold (basma) is used as medicine; gold also stands for greediness. Ramakrishna Paramahamsa gives lot of quotations on Kamini Kanchana (Women and Gold) Bhagavad Gita and Tamil devotional hymns say Gold and  broken tile look the same for a saint. But the brightness of gold is praised even by Tamil Valluvar

10.Waters; Everyday Brahmins praise the magical and medical qualities  of water in their thrice a day Water oblation . Tamil poet Vallvular praised it as ‘Amrit’ using the same Sanskrit word.

11.Kine/Cows- Go matha/ Mother Cow is praised through out the Vedas. Cow dung is used as anti-bacterial stuff and fuel. Cow’s urine in small quantity is drunk by Hindus for maintaining health. Milk is one of the greatest Hindu discoveries. Throughout Vedas milk is praised. No other literature comes nearer to Vedas in praising Milk and Cows.

12.Men- Great men inspire all of us; we all follow in the foot prints of Great Men.

13.Chariot- Even Tamil Tiruvalluvar use the Axis of a chariot as a simile. (Achu/axis used by Tiru valluvar is a Sanskrit word);  don’t belittle short fellows; they are like axis of a chariot. So even chariot’s axis can teach you a lesson.

14.Dice- Playing with dice sung by Tamil Valluvar and Mahabharata show how bad is gambling. There is a beautiful poem on the evil of gambling in  the Rig Veda.

15.Bull- used through out Tamil and Sanskrit poems as symbol of heroism .

16.Wind- used for speed as Vayu vegam; in Tamil and Sanskrit songs,  poets use Wind for its Speed. Many Tamil kings are praised possessing the qualities of Pancha Bhutas- Water, Fire, Earth, Wind and Sky/ether.

17.Rain God- Rain god is praised and prayed for rains.

18.Noble- they are the philanthropists. They support poets and singers.

19.Drum- Drum symbolises King in Tamil literature. Rig Veda describes the drumming that scares the enemies. Tamil literature says a king who is going to wage a war will move the White Umbrella and the Drum on an auspicious day.  The biggest drum called Bhumi Dundubhi is praised in the Rig Veda.

20.Drawn arrow-  there are a few proverbs and sayings about it. The meaning is It never stops; it must hit the target.

21.Man’s roar- This is what Hindu Kings do before go to war. They make war cries and vows to inspire their fellow fighters

22.Horse’s vigour – it is the basis of Asvameda Yaga. The speed of the horse as well as the sexual vigour of the horse are used as similes in the Vedas.

All these points are easily understood by the Hindus. In one hymn with only 4 mantras the seer teaches so much!

My old articles:-

The Connection between William Wordsworth and Dattatreya

https://tamilandvedas.com › 2011/11/10 › the-connecti…

10 Nov 2011 — Let Nature be Your Teacher ”–William Wordsworth and Dattatreya William Wordsworth was an English poet who lived from


Nature is our Teacher | Tamil and Vedas

https://tamilandvedas.com › tag › nat…

7 Nov 2013 — The motto is LET NATURE BE YOUR TEACHER. … Sri Adi Shankara is the author of Viveka Chudamani in Sanskrit. He also gives lot of similes …

You’ve visited this page 3 times. Last visit: 12/06/21


Wordsworth | Tamil and Vedas

https://tamilandvedas.com › tag › wordsworth

10 Nov 2018 — We see William Wordsworth and Oscar Wilde singing the beauty of forests in English. xxx. Now let us compare … Let Nature be your teacher.

Bhumi Dundhubi: Drums in Rig Veda and Sangam Tamil Poems

https://tamilandvedas.com › 2014/11/02 › bhumi-dund…

2 Nov 2014 — The most interesting information comes from the Rig Veda about Bhumi Dundubhi! It means Earth Drum. jaffna. Temple Drum in Jaffna in Sri Lanka.

Xxx Subham xxx

tags – tags- animal lesson, Atharvana Veda, 22 things

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107 Miracle Herbs in the Hindu Vedas

susrutha

Ayurveda is one of the oldest, probably the oldest, medical systems in the world. We have proof for it in the oldest religious book- the Rig Veda. Though the Vedas speak about different herbs indifferent places, the most famous hymn is the ‘THE HEALING PLANTS’ hymn in Rig Veda (10-97). Western World is using Indian herbs in their popular medicines for jaundice (Eclipta alba= Karisalankanni) and heart problem (Rawolfia serpentine= Sarpagandhi).

The hymns about herbs indicate the beliefs of Vedic society. They believed that the herbs and the amulets made out of them can do wonders. The herbs will cure all the diseases, flush out the poison from the blood and even attract men towards wives. They associated all herbs with soma plant and moon. They attributed magical and divine qualities to herbs. Ancient Hindus were botanists and environmentalists. They studied their surroundings well. They used plants as similes in poems. Hundreds and hundreds of plant names are in Tamil and Sanskrit literature.

The Vedic hymn in Tenth Mandala (10-97) mentions 107 herbs. Unfortunately we don’t know the names of those 107 herbs; but we do come across hundreds of herbs in the Ayurvedic books of Charaka and Susrutha. Here is the oldest medical hymn in the world:

1.The tawny plants were born in the ancient times, three ages before the gods; now I will meditate upon their hundred and seven forms.

2.Mothers, you have a hundred forms and a thousand growths. You have a hundred ways of working, make this man whole for me.

Please note the word “ancient”, “three ages before the Gods”. Vedas are the oldest religious books in the world. They talk about ‘ ancient ‘ times! I have already written a post “how old is Indian civilisation?”. Also note the numbers 100, 1000. We were the ones who taught the world decimal system; without decimal system no worthy calculations can be done. I am skipping a few lines in the hymn.

susrutha statue in Haridwar

Picture of Susruthar Statue in Haridwar.

5.In the sacred fig tree is your home; in the tree of leaves your dwelling place has been made. You will surely win a cow as your share if you win a man (if you cure this man)

Please note Brahmins use Peepal tree (Aswaththa; Ficus religiosa) from the days of Indus/Sarasvathy civilization until today. All Homams, Havans, Yagas and Yagnas done by Brahmins on day to day basis use only Fig tree sticks.

19.You plants whose king is Soma, spread out over the earth as you were sent by Brihaspati: unite your power in this plant.

20. Do not harm the man who digs you up, nor him for whom nor I dig you up; let all our two footed and four footed creatures be without sickness.

Please note the Vedic priests pray not only for human beings but also for animals! How kind they were!

All the Hindu fire ceremonies use at least nine different types of herbs (wooden sticks) in the fire. No proper scientific study has been done so far. Because of our carelessness we even lost the full knowledge of the 107 herbs.

Miracle Herbs in Atharva Veda

Of the four Vedas, Atharvana Veda is the most useful Veda. It contains verses for marriage, birth and death. It contains talismans for good sex life and herbs for healthy life. Now I will give the details about the herbs:

AV Kanda 2

Jangida mani

For the sake of a long life and for the sake of happiness, I wear an amulet (mani) made of jangida. It will increase my strength and will dry up all manner of ill health (The jangida was a plant that was cultivated so that charms and amulets could be made out of it).

AV Kanda 3

Parna mani

This powerful parna mani (amulet) has come so that it may destroy enemies through its powers. This amulet is like the strength of the gods of the gods and the juice of all herbs. May it energise me.

This sukta is about an amulet made out of the leaves of the palasha tree.

“O, parna mani! You are a leaf, but you are the protector of my body. May you increase my valour. I will wear your energy on my person for an entire year.

susruta_samhita_

AV Kanda 4

Prayer for removing poison (from the tip of arrow)

O poison! The celestial bird Garuda drank you up and you could do no harm. You could not make him mad or unconscious; you were like food for him.

O poisonous plant! What has the one who dug you up out of the ground achieved? What has the mountain on which you grew achieved? Their efforts have all come to nought.

The juice of the herb named varana nullifies all poison. This juice is like amrita itself and with its help, I purge you of all poison.

O poisonous plant that has led to the unconsciousness! I will fling you aside like an arrow. The juice of my herb will banish you the way a useless utensil is discarded. I repulse the poison with this herb.

AV Kanda 5

The herb Kushta

“ O, herb who are named Kushta! You grow on the mountains. Descend here from the mountains so that you may cure disease.

Heaven is thrice removed from earth. The divine asvaththa tree grows in heaven. It is there that the gods obtained the immortal kushta plant.

Oh, kushta plant! Make this patient sit up. Make him healthy and remove his ailment.

You were born from the gods. The soma herb is your friend. You are like the breath of life; you cure diseases of the eye. Grant this patient happiness.

You were born in the Himalayas. You bring welfare to mankind. Justly is your praise is chanted. You cure diseases of the eye and the head. You purge the body of bad blood and increase one’s strength. You have the power of healing.

Shilachi or Laksha

The night is your mother. The sky is your father and your grandfather is the sun himself. You are known as Shilachi. You are the sister of the gods.

(Shilachi was a medicinal plant, chiefly used to repair fractures. It is subsequently referred to as Arundhati).

He who drinks your juice lives. You are the one who protects men. You are the one who nourishes and cures.

Like a man embracing a woman, you climb round every tree. You are the one who grants victory and a long life. You are also known as Sparani.

You are to be found in the trees bhadra, plaksha, asvaththa, khadira (acacia) and dhava. You are to be found in the parna (palasha) and the nyagrodha (fig tree). You are the plant that heals all wounds. Come to me.

AV Kanda 6

Hair growing herb Revati

O Revati herb! Great are your healing powers great is your strength.make us well. Grant us an abundance of hair. Make our hair luxuriant. (We are not able to identify revati now).

AV Kanda 7

A wife’s prayer

“ I dig up this herb from the ground. This herb will attract his attention towards me. This is the herb that protects one from all misfortunes and prevents one from falling prey to temptation. It will bring him back to me and it will grant happiness.

“This herb is named asuri. It is this herb that gave Indra the power to rule over gods. I use it to obtain power over my husband so that I may always be loved by him.

“O,herb! You obtain your serenity from the moon and your energy from the sun. The other gods bestow divine qualities on you. It is for that reason that I praise you.

charaka

AV Kanda 8

Heaven and earth will elevate you. The god who is the preserver will elevate you. All the herbs, led by their king Soma, will grant you protection. They will make you rise above earth.

There are 650 English and Tamil articles in my blogs on similar subjects. Enjoy reading! Contact swami_48@yahoo.com

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by Tamil and Vedas on September 16, 2013  •  Permalink
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Posted by Tamil and Vedas on September 16, 2013

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