Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com
xxxx
Purananuru wonders-58, Tamil Encyclopaedia 98, One Thousand Interesting Facts Part 98,
Item 816- Beautiful Tamil Words
For windows the poet Uruththirankannan (Mr Rudraksha) used Tamil words Vali Nuzaiyum Vaay= wind entering opening.வளி நுழையும் வாயில்
For different sounds from different musical instruments, he used different verbs
Kuzal Akava, Yaaz Murala, Muzavu Athira, Murasu Iyampa Line 155
The flutes do pipe, the lyres do twang,
The drums roll loud, and the tabors sound
குழல் அகவ , யாழ் முரல, முழவு அதிர, முரசு இயம்ப
***
Item 817- Debates and Challenges
From Kanyakumari to Kashmir, Hindu philosophers challenged the Anti Hindu forces and won them to their side. We see it in the lives of Adi Sankara, Ramanuja and Madhwa. Few Buddhist and Jain Scholars also won some debates increased their strength. The main place for such debates was Varanasi/Kasi. But from Tamil literature we knew that such debates happened in the Royal courts. But poet Rudraksha gives us some new information. Here in Kaveri Poompattinam in Tamil Nadu, the debaters planted their flags and invited all the interested persons to challenge them. We must remember that this happened 2000 years ago. No part in the world such organised debates happened 2000 years ago. Read any saint’s history and you will see some reports about scholarly debates.
Here in lines 169-171 pet gives us such information
***
Item 818- Cosmopolitan Harbour City
Kaveri Poom Pattinam (meaning is city where Kaveri enters sea) was cosmopolitan city where different nationalities established their colonies for business purpose. We know such colonies of Hindu merchants existed from Alexandria in Egypt to several South East Asian cities.
Here in lines 216 clearly say this. People from countries of different languages were there.
***
Item 819– Good Business People
While describing the qualities of city’s merchants, poet makes a beautiful comment
Afraid of blame, they trade well, respecting their goods and those of others. They do not take much when they buy and do not give less when they sell.
***
Item 820 lines 200-204 Punyam
Support to Brahmins and cow worship
Merchants worshipped gods, they maintained bulls and cows, did Yagas and gave oblations, spread the fame of people well versed in four Vedas, did punya and did give donations
Important words- Amarar= devas/gods; Aavuthi= Aahuthi from Sanskrit Havis;
Naan marai= four Vedas;
Poet has used PUNNIYAM
***
Item 821 story of choza king/ animal intelligence
Karikalvalavan was also known as Tirumavalavan . he was denied the throne because of infighting in the family. But he, like a tiger in cage, came out and got his post. Here the simile is more important. It shows Hindus knew about animal intelligence. When the elephant catchers trap an elephant, it it is a male elephant, it uses its trunk and tusks to make way and escape. Karikalan also did this and came out of his prison.
In poet’s words,
As a long trunked tusker falls when trapped
Within a pit and breaks with tusks
The sides. And on the piled-up earth
He steps, escapes, and joins his mate
So planning his escape with care
The king doth scale his foremen’s walls
Unsheathes his sword, regains his crown……………..
While we get some historical anecdote, we also come to know the intelligence of animals/elephants.
***
Item 822 Karikalan’s determination
Karikal Choza in Grand Anicut, Tamil Nadu
Karikalan’s will power is portrayed beautifully
So strong his will to carry out
His aim without defeat, that one
Would think that he could mountains move
Fill up the sea, bring down the sky.
மலை அகழ்க்குவனே, கடல் தூர்க்குவனே, வான் வீழ்க்குவனே, வளி மாற்றுவன்,
***
Item 823 war atrocities
Karikalan after defeating enemies brought the omen from enemy countries who did the worship in the temples. they lit the never extinguishable lamps, washed the floor with cow dung paste.
Poet narrated first how festive the enemy country was and the condition now of enemy territory,
The jackal shrieks and howls;
The owl’s dad hoot is heard;
The bitten whoops; dread goblin crowds
And female ghouls that corpses eat
With hair dishevelled fill the place.
…………………………
He ruins thus the hamlets fair
Whose walls are strongly fortified,
And wipes out those that lived in them.
Even then he is not satisfied.
The poet finishes the poem with the list of countries Karikalan won
பல் ஒளியர் பணிபு ஒடுங்க, தொல் அருவாளர் தொழில் கேட்ப, 275 வடவர் வாடக், குடவர் கூம்பத், தென்னவன் திறல் கெடச் சீறி,
This poem has 301 lines.
The same poet has authored another long poem called Perumpanatruppadai .
To be continued……………….
Tags- Purananuru wonders-58, Tamil Encyclopaedia 98, One Thousand Interesting Facts Part 98, Karikal Choza, Pattinappalai, Item 823.
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
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xxxx
Purananuru wonders-57, Tamil Encyclopaedia 97, One Thousand Interesting Facts Part 97,
Two more Sangam Tamil Books from Ten Idylls. A Brahmin poet by name Mr RUDRAKSHA (in Tamil Uruththiran Kannan) composed two long poems
The Ten Idylls, known in Tamil as Pattuppāṭṭu (பத்துப்பாட்டு), form an ancient collection of ten long narrative poems from the Sangam Literature
Perumpāṇāṟṟupaṭai: A guide poem for bards praising Toṇṭaimān Ilantiraiyan, by Rudran Kannanar.
Paṭṭiṉappālai: A descriptive poem on the Chola port city of Kaveripattinam and King Karikāla, by Rudran Kannanar.
***
Item 802 -Two Unproved Ancient Beliefs!
Very first four lines of Pattinappaalai brings out two ancient beliefs found in Sanskrit books and Tamil books.
Ancient Hindus believed that the unfavourable position of the planet Venus will cause drought in the country Some clever guy arranged all the Venus poems at the end of Purananuru.
Here the poet Mr Rudraksha says even if Venus moved towards south, No Worries; the sea like vast Kaveri River will feed the land and the people.
Immediately he adds even if the lark that feeds on rain drops becomes sad and weak.
Hindus used many birds as similes; one of them is a bird like sky lark that feeds on rain drops only.
Even Adi Sankara, the greatest philosopher, has used these birds as similes.
Neither the Venus reference nor the Bird that feeds only on raindrops is proved by science!
One may guess that kind of birds became extinct like Dodo; as dead as Dodo.
Puram verse 198 also mentioned that rare bird.
J V Chelliah (1946) translated those lines:
Though Venus, star of splendour bright,
Strays southward from its wonted course,
Cool showers fail to fall, and the lark
That feeds on rain in silence droops,
Yet sea-like Kaveri mountains-fed
Its waters spread over golden sands.
***
Item 803 Richest Women in the World!
Poet Mr Rudraksha paints a beautiful picture of the richest Tamil Women of Choza country.
The women, throw their golden pendants to chase the village animals.
You and I will throw stones at the dog but,
On spacious fronts of houses wide
With shining foreheads, guileless looks,
Bejewelled maids scare fowls away
That come to feed on drying grains
By throwing pendants round and thick
(it is understood that they wore only golden Pendants)
***
Item 804 Toy Carts, Golden Anklets
Then the poet portrays the streets where children play with Toy Carts.
When he described the boys’ jewels, he says
Which (fowls) bar the way of tiny cars
That horseless move upon three wheels
Which boys with golden anklets drive
***
Item 805- Makam Star on Full Moon Day (Tamil lines 34,35)
Poet also shows his knowledge in Astronomy. He described the pond and flowers in Kaveri Poom Pattinam area (now called Poompuhar) and say the looked like Makam star on Purnima day.
If one lives in Tamil Nadu, one will figure out the scene.
There are some phrases Tamils use very often;
Aippasi Karththikai Adai Mazaik Kaalam;
Maasi Nilaa Paasi Padarum;
ஐப்பசி கார்த்திகை அடைமழைக்க் காலம்
மாசி நிலா பாசி படரும் ( மாசி மாத பெளர்ணமி)
The meaning is “there will be heavy rains in two Tamil months Aippasi, Karththikai “
Aippasi (ஐப்பசி): Mid-October to mid-November
Karthigai (கார்த்திகை): Mid-November to mid-December
In the month of Maasi, the sky will be crystal clear, and the ponds will be full; most of temple will celebrate Float Festival in the Big Tanks.
The Masi Full Moon Day will look like Thousand Watt Bulb ;That is why they say Maasi Nilaa Paasi Padarum= the moon light will lit even the green algae on the banks.
***
Item 806 , lines 40, 41
Tiger Emblem everywhere! There were public kitchens in the port city Kāvirippoompattinam. Doors had Tiger Emblem.
Choza Kings’ Tiger Emblem, Pandya’s Double Fish Emblem and Chera’s Bow Emblem were cared even on Holy Himalayas according to Sangam poems and later inscriptions.
The tiger emblem is referred to in Puram. Poems 33 and 174 also.
***
Item 807 — Paintings on Palace walls
There were huge paintings on palace walls, but they were soild y the dust from speeding chariots.
From this we can imagine how beautiful the city was.
Poet compared the dusty paintings to elephants in muddy soil,
The thick dust raised by running cars
Doth soil the various pictures drawn
On temples white, and make the bulls
Resembles elephants that role
In lime……………………………
***
Item 808- Hindus with long hair performed Yagas
Poet made a passing remark about Jain and Buddhist monasteries and then adds,
There hermitages too are seen.
The cuckoos with their great black mates
From shrubby groves do fly away
To shun the smoke of oblation’s fire
That hermits bright with matted locks…………….
Neither Jains nor Buddhist monks grow matted locks ; they have shaved heads
Puram 43 also mentioned the saints with matted locks
***
Item 809 pigeons eat small stones
Do light in demon guarded shrines,
Not easy of access and grim
To live with pebble eating doves
In these lines we get two facts. Kali temples had huge ghostly statues in the entrance.
Even today we can see such huge scary statues in Ayyanar temples and devi temples in tamil nadu and kerala
The second fact is pigeons swallowing small stones. Poet was a keen observer of nature.
It is believed that doves do it to help in their digestion.
***
Item 810 -Wrestling scenes and Non Veg food
The warriors were practising wrestling; in poet’s words,
There are seen wrestling grounds with ancient trees
They eat sweet roasted shrimp, and feed
On turtles boiled. They wear the blooms
of adampu dry that creeps on land
and ambal that in watergrows
as stars that move in blue expanse
mix with planets, so the men
in ample commons mingle free
and fight with hands and weapons so
that body touches body close.
In ire they yield no to foe
And unappeased with vigour fight.
The stones that fly from slings do scare
The birds that sit on dusky palms.
Here we get what men ate what men wore and how they fought.
Poet has given us the minutest details.
***
Item 811 Indus Valley Fish symbols
நாள்மீன் விராய கோள்மீன் போல Naal Meen viraaya Kol Meen
Naal Meen= star; Kol Meen= planet;
Two Tamil terms for stars and planets
Ancient Tamils compared fish in the sea and the stars in the sky; both are blue.
They added MEEN (Fish; Meenam in Sanskrit) with Day and Planet.
If they say Day Fish, it meant Star;
If they say Planet fish, it meant planet.
These words led many Indus valley decipherers to say that the Harappan seals have Tamil words!
If the Indus seal shows six vertical lines and a fish symbol, they said it meant Kartikai (Krittika in Sanskrit) star; Pleiades constellation in the sky!
If they see three vertical lines and a fish on the Harappn seal, they said it is Mrgaseersha star; it appealed to many;
But the pity is fish appeared on hundreds of seals in various combinations with different symbols. They got stuck up!
Till this day no one was able to decipher it inspaite of 100++++ guesses!
***
Item 812 Sea God Worship!
Barter trade where salt vendors exchanged salt for paddy with city people, Hero stones or Memorial stones (Nadu Kal in Tamil), leafy garments of women are also mentioned by the poet.
Also Sheep Fight and Cock fight were also mentioned.
Very important point is Worship of Sea God. Hindus believe that Vedic God Varuna control all water sources including sea.
Brahmins around the world recite Varuna mantra in their daily Sandhyavandana even today.
Tolkappiar, believed to be the oldest poet, mentioned VARUNA as Tamil God of coastal region.
He used Sanskrit word Varuna in the third section of Tolkappiam.
Coastal people worshipped sea god by planting Shark fins in the sandy area. Poet says,
Beneath the pines with hanging roots
They plant the sword of the gravid shark
To seat their Sea God great, for whom they wear the bloom of sheathed pine
And toddy drawn from rugged palms
They drink. Their women dark are clad
In green leaf garments, and with these
On Full Moon days, neglecting work
Not fishing on the wild cold sea………………
On full moon days because of the rough tides, fishermen don’t go for fishing.
***
Item 813
Religious Beliefs
In Line 99, poet says that people took sea bath to wash away their sins.
Lines 154-155 described the Murugan worship;
Lines 159, 160 also mentioned worship of Gods;
And their children played with crabs.
Playing with crabs அலவனாட்டுதல் is also seen in Kuru. Poems303, 316.
***
Item 814 Bharatiyar Verse and Mr Rudraksha verses
Nationalist poet Bharatiyar was greatly influenced by Sangam poets. It is evident in many of his poems. To emphasize National Unity Bharatiyar said ” Ganges region Wheat should be exchanged with Betel leaves of Kaveri Region; Maharashtriyan’s poems should be exchanged with Kerala Ivory products etc.
He must have been influenced by these lines:
The good and worthy gods protect
The city limits. Here are brought
Swift prancing steeds by sea in ships
And bales of pepper black, by carts.
Himalayas sends gems and godl
While kudagu hill, sweet sandal wood
And Akhil; pearls fom the south sea come,
Red coral from the eastern sea
The ganges aand the kaveri bring
Their yield; Ceylon provides its food,
And Burma, manufactures rare
With other rare and rich imports
This wealth lies close and thickly piled
Confused along the spacious streets.
This is what the poet saw 2000 years ago!
***
1tem 815 -Tamil Attacks on Chinese and Yavanas
மக்கள் Vs மாக்கள்
Line 217 has some interesting comments from ancient commentators!
We already know that the great Chera King Imayavaramban Nedun Cheralathan arrested mischievous Roaman pirates, tied their hands behind, poured oil on their heads. When they apologised, he got lot of gold and diamonds and distributed them to Tamil poets. It is in Sangam book Pathiruppathu. Sanskrit books also attack Yavanas (Romans and Greeks) as people of uncouth manners.
Here the poet used a Tamil word MAAKAL.
MAKKAL means people;
MAAKKAL (long sound) means Animals. They can’t think like men. Man is called Man because he has Mind (thinking and knowing what is right and what is wrong). This is the definition in Sanskrit scriptures.
The commentators say that Tamil Poet Rudraksha used this word for foreign settles of Poompukaar because Chines and Yavanas have only Five faculties in their brain. They are equal to animals.
ஆதாரம் :
பத்துப்பாட்டு மூலமும் (பக்கம் 551)
நச்சினார்க்கினியர் உரையும்
மகாமகோபாத்தியாய தாக்ஷிணாத்ய கலாநிதி
டாக்டர் உ வே சாமிநாதைய்யர்
நான் காம் பாதிப்பு 1950
Tamil poet Bharati also knowingly or unknowingly used Seenaththaraa viduvaaro- pirapala desaththaar por pala Theenkizaipaaro (Once again I think Bharati was influenced by this Makkal- Maakkal commentary.சீனத்தராய்விடுவாரோ -பிற தேசத்தார் போல
பற்பல தீங்கிழைப்பாரோ
Makkal/people have six faculties in their brain.
Oldest book Tolkappiam defined Makkal and Maakkal.
ZHOU ENLAI WHO ATTCKED INDIA FOOLING JAWAHARLAL NEHRU AND OCCUPIED 30000 SQUARE MILES OF INDIA UNTIL THIS DAY.
TO BE CONTINUED……………………
TAGS- item 815 , attack on Chinese, Yavanas, richest Tamil women, Purananuru wonders-57, Tamil Encyclopaedia 97, One Thousand Interesting Facts Part 97, Pattinappalai, Uruththiran Kannan, Mr Rudraksha
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com
xxxx
Subhadra
Subhadra was daughter of Vasudeva, sister of Krishna and Balarama, and wife of Arjuna. She was the mother of Abhimanyu.
Subhadra (सुभद्र) is a name mentioned in the Mahābhārata (cf. VI.68.8) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places. Her name is found in many stories as a proper noun. Hare Krishna Movement has made her popular through Rath Yatras around the world. The sister of Jagannath whose image is worshipped with those of that deity and his brother Balarama, and carried in procession with them in the Ratha- Yatra, or annual movement of the car of Jagannath.
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Sukra/ sukracharya
Sukra is planet Venus, meaning white. Sukracharya is Asura Guru—brahmin teacher of the Demons in Hindu literature. Sukra as planet Venus is in Purananuru, Sangam Tamil Book, and Brhat Samhita. The planet’s movement is associated with rain on earth; yet to be proved by science.
Sukracharya is also mentioned in Sangam Tamil books as Two Great Brahmins (other one is Brhaspati, planet Jupiter, teacher of Devas.
Point to be notes is all Asuras worshipped Hindu Gods and got boons and they were taught by Brahmins. .
Sukracharya’s daughter was Devayani . her love affair with Kacha, son of Deva Guru Brhaspati, was a long and popular story; feature fils had been made on Kacha Devayani. Another story is her clash with Sarmishta.
Devayānī (देवयानी).—Name of the daughter of Śukra, preceptor of the Asuras. [She fell in love with Kacha, her father’s pupil, but he rejected her advances. On this she cursed the youth, who in return cursed her that she should become the wife of a Kṣatriya (See kaca.) Once upon a time Devayānī and her companion Śarmiṣṭhā, the daughter of Vṛṣaparvan, the king of the Daityas, went to bathe keeping their clothes on the shore. But the god Wind changed their clothes, and when they were dressed they began to quarrel about the change until Śarmiṣṭhā, so far lost her temper that she, slapped Devayānī’s face, and threw her into a well. There she remained until she was seen and rescued by Yayāti, who, with the consent of her father, married her, and Śarmiṣṭhā became her servant as a recompense for her insulting conduct towards her. Devayānī lived happily with Yayāti for some years and bore him two sons, Yadu and Turvasu. Subsequently her husband became enamoured of Śarmiṣṭhā, and Devayānī, feeling herself aggrieved, abruptly left her husband and went home to her father, who at her request condemned Yayāti with the infirmity of old age. (Kacha Devayani Story is already given under Devayani, Kacha).
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Sukra niti
Śukrācārya (शुक्राचार्य) or Uśanā is one of the most important political thinkers of India, The school established by him had become famous and came to be recognised by the names or Auśanasa. It appears that he and his followers and disciples had introduced quite a large number of works to propagate their views and popularise their idealism. But till today only one of such works is available and that is also most probably an abridged edition of one of his texts. The name of that book is Śukranītisāra .
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Sundara kanda
Sundara kaanda is the fifth book in Valmiki Ramayana. this is the most celebrated part in Ramayana. People read the full canto in Sanskrit or Tamil as a ritual. It is believed that such a reading or recitation will bring all the auspicious things into a family. Those who seek wealth or wish someone’s wedding read it in the prayer room. Even the printed book is worshipped by the Hindus. Hanuma is the hero who meets Sita Devi and Lanka report it back to Lord Rama. So it is considered a story of a successful venture. Those who do traditional discourse receive gifts from the listeners when the Golden Ring part is narrated
One meaning is North Pole. Hindu literature says Sun and Moon are going around it for ever which is scientifically correct if one lives in North Pole or in polar regions. Another meaning is Golden Mountain.
Sumeru (सुमेरु).—One of the mountains of Jambūdvīpa.—Sumeru has received a fabulous treatment at the hands of ancient Indian writers. Kālidāsa and other Sanskrit poets call it a mountain of gold and make it the dwelling place of supernatural beings like Vidyādharas and Kiṃpuruṣas. According to Rājaśekhara the Meru mountain is situated in the middle of the Jambūdvīpa. It is encircled by Ilāvartavarṣa.
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Sura (intoxicating liquor/Toddy)alcoholic drinks
Vedas and Sanskrit books clearly differentiate alcoholic Sura from Soma, the Divine Elixir.
Surā (सुरा) refers to a type of drink mentioned in the Ṛgveda VIII.2.12, and is commonly found in literature dealing with the topics of dietetics and culinary art, also known as Pākaśāstra or Pākakalā.—Other common intoxicating drinks mentioned in Vedic literature are parisrut, kīlāla and māsara. Ṛgveda describes another drink also which is known as surā. This was prepared by fermenting barley or wild paddy after distilling it. Drinking of sura is not considered as meritorious as soma.
According to Ayurvedic saṃhitas/ treatises, intoxicating drinks can be prepared with rice , sugar (śārkara), and unboiled juice of sugarcane (śīdhu). According to Suśruta, in the preparation of these drinks, when surā is used instead of water it was called surāsavā. Liquors were also prepared with madhūka flowers and honey.
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Surya vamsa
Sūryavaṃśa (सूर्यवंश):—According to Puranas, one of the two great dynasties of ancient India, the counterpart to the Candravaṃśa or ‘Lunar Dynasty’. The descendants of Iḷa’s eldest son, Ikṣvāku, including, notably, Rāma, belong to the Sūryavaṃśa/ Solar Dynasty.
In the traditional genealogies of the Suryavamsha (Solar Dynasty) recorded in Hindu Puranas (such as the Vishnu Purana and Agni Purana), a total of 146 kings are listed from the founder Ikshvaku down to the final recorded ruler, Sumitra. Then Nanda Dynasty ruled India.
The lineage traces back from the Sun God (Vivasvan) to Vaivasvata Manu, whose son Ikshvaku became the first earthly king of the dynasty.
Choza Kings of Tamil Nadu belong to Surya Vamsa and Pandya Kings belong to Chandra Vamasa (lunar dynasty, according to ancient inscriptions.
Indus Valley Theories Exploded
Even if 20 year rule per king is given, the beginning will be 3000 years before sixth century BCE (Nanda Dynasty).
Those who believe this cant agree with foreigners’ date of Rig Veda or Indus Valley civilization.
***
Surya
Sun God in Hindu literature. Tamil Nadu temples have his statue in the corridor. In Tamil and Sanskrit literature he has been portrayed as riding a one wheeled chariot pulled by seven horses. It is a symbolic way of describing the rainbow (VIBGYOR in science).
Most of the Sanskrit books and inscriptions end with the sentence AS LONG AS THE SUN AND MOON EXIST, which shows their knowledge in science. Uless one knows the continuous existence of heavenly bodies one could not make such statement . in ancient India there were special temples for Sun God like Konark in Odisah, which were destroyed by Muslim invaders. Most beautiful description of the temple Multan temple is still available but not the temple. Maga Brahmins of Saka Dwipa worshipped Sun. They migrated from Iran to India.
Astrological and Astronomical descriptions of Sun are available from Rig Vedic periods.
***
Surya Siddhanta
The Sūrya-siddhānta is by far the most widely used Sanskrit text on astronomy. It has been held in great esteem in India. Its opening verses say that an incarnation of the sun taught it to the great asura named Maya at the end of the last kṛta-yuga, or age of perfection. According to the information given in its first chapter on the lengths of the yugas and how many of these ages have passed in this kalpa or world-period, this would have been more than two million years ago. If so, the Sūrya-siddhānta has undergone a lot of change since then. Based solely on what can be seen in the last 1,500 years, material has been deleted from it, material has been added to it, and its arrangement has frequently been altered.
It is attributed to Lāṭadeva, a student of Aryabhatta and the current edition is dated to somewhere between the end of the 4th and 5th centuries by most modern scholars, and it comprises fourteen chapters.
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Sushruta
Sushruta who lived 2600 years ago in India is the Father of Surgery. He described over 100 medical instruments. He was famous for nose surgery known as rhinoplasty. The amazing thing about the Nose Surgery is that it was used even 300 years ago in India.
Suśruta (सुश्रुत).—Reputed master of the science of Surgery, Suśruta was the grandson of King Gādhi and son of Viśvāmitra. (Anuśāsana Parva, Chapter 4, Verse 55).
Name of the author of a system of medicine, whose work, together with that of Charaka, is regardad as the oldest medical authority, and held in great esteem in India even to this day.
Sushruta was the Father of Surgery. He describes a lot of surgical instruments. On the basis of his description, model instruments were created
Among the surgical techniques described in the Ssruta Samhiat is rhinoplasty, the repair of a severed nose. Variations of this technique have survived in India over the centuries. In 1794, an article in the Gentleman’s magazine of London reported an operation carried out on an employee of the British East India Company who had been captured and mutilated during the Mysore Wars. As witnessed by Company surgeons, a flap of skin incised from the forehead was grafted onto the stump from which a new nose was formed. Such reports heled the resurgence of Indian surgical methods in the 1700s and foreshadowed the modern plastic surgery.
His statues are installed in several reputed medical institutions around the world
The Sushruta Samhita contains a total of 186 chapters (and up to 184–186 depending on the recension), divided into two main parts: the Purva-tantra (5 sections with 120 chapters) and the Uttara-tantra (66 chapters).
Purva-tantra (First Part – 120 Chapters)
Sutra Sthana (46 chapters): Basic principles, definitions, surgical instruments, medical student training, and pharmacology.
Nidana Sthana (16 chapters): Pathogenesis and causes of various diseases.
Sharira Sthana (10 chapters): Human anatomy, embryology, and vital body parts (marmas).
Chikitsa Sthana (40 chapters): Therapeutics, general treatment methods, and surgical procedures.
Kalpa Sthana (8 chapters): Toxicology, including animal and plant poisons and antidotes.
Uttara-tantra (Complementary Part – 66 Chapters)
Deals with specialized branches including eye, ear, nose, and throat diseases (Shalakya Tantra), pediatrics (Kaumara Bhritya), psychiatry (Bhuta Vidya), and general medicine (Kaya Chikitsa)
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Swayambhu
Sanskrit: स्वयम्भू) translates to “self-born,” “self-existent,” or “self-manifested”. Statues in several temples are considered Self born. Some natural rocks or stone formations looked like divinities. Some natural formations such as the famous Kailash Mountain or Tiruvannamlai hill look like Shivaling. This is nature’s work of art. Some are scientifically explained. The most famous Amarnath Ice Linga is formed by dropping water through the mountain crevices. But yet it is a natural wonder to see it in a particular season every year in Amarnath, Kashmir. But there is another category explained by science.
Brahma is also called Swayambhu.
Science behind Swayambhu Lingams
A letter published in London Times newspaper on 20th May, 1994 explains this. Anne C.A. Silk wrote this letter in reply to a reader’s query. The letter gives some interesting information about “stone growing fields” in Chiltern Hills. (These Hills are not far from London). “There was a local industry of gathering the large flints, some the size of a fist, to sell to local builders by the roadside.
There is a further reason for the ascending mode of flints and rocks worldwide, over and above the fork disturbance proposed by Brian Parker (May 14 letter). This is the natural extremely low frequency (ELF) seismic energy from deep within earth.
Micro seismic activity from faults such as Church Stratton Fault, Mere Fault, Great Glen Fault, sub terranean settling and indeed traffic at roundabouts will generate ELF energy sufficient enough to vibrate rocks and stones to the surface.
It is of relevance to note that ELF frequencies from 30 Hz to 300 Hz also cover brain waves in humans”.
So we can conclude that Swayambu Lingams come from below the earth by ELF or some forces yet unknown to science.
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Sukanya
Sukanyā (सुकन्या): Meaning – Fair-maid, Sukanya was a princess. She once mistakenly blinded the sage Chyavana, and to make amends for her mistake married him. He was much older than her, yet they were very happy together. The Ashwini twins were smitten by her beauty so they came up with a plan to trick her. They offered to restore her husband’s sight and youth. As she did not have any suspicions of their motive, she accepted.
Another version gives more details
Sukanyā (सुकन्या).—A daughter of Sayāti: when once she went with her father to the hermitage of Cyavana, she saw an anthill with two luminous objects in holes which she pricked with a thorn. This resulted in blood-flowing from the eyes of the sage Cyavana. The king asked the sage’s pardon by giving his daughter in marriage. Aśvins called on them and made Cyavana look young to the puzzle of Sukanyā. The Aśvins revealed to her of Cyavana’s rejuvenation. Once her father came and seeing her with a young man, he took him to be her paramour and scolded her. But when he heard the truth of the matter he was pleased.*
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Svetasvatara Upanishad
This Upanishad belongs to the Krishna-Yajurveda. It gets its name from Rishi Svetasvatara who taught the truth contained in it to his disciples. It presents a mixture of Vedanta, Sankhya and Yoga tenets. In this Upanishad Siva or Rudra is declared to be the creator, preserver and destroyer of the world. He is the material and efficient cause of this world. He is identified with the Supreme Brahman.
It explores the Supreme Reality (Brahman), individual souls, and yoga. It bridges philosophical knowledge with devotion (Bhakti) and meditation to achieve liberation.
The text has six Adhyaya (chapters), each with varying number of verses. The epilogue verse 6.21 is a homage to sage Shvetashvatara for proclaiming Brahman-knowledge to ascetics.
The name “Shvetashvatara” has the compound Sanskrit root Shvetashva (श्वेताश्व, Shvet + ashva), which literally means “white horse” and “drawn by white steeds. The chronology of Shvetashvatara Upanishad is contested, but it is generally accepted to be a late-period Upanishadic composition.
The text is notable for its multiple mentions of both Rudra and Shiva, along with other Vedic deities, and of crystallization of Shiva as a central theme.
Adi Shankara did not write an undisputed formal commentary (bhashya) on the Svetasvatara Upanishad. While a commentary on it has been historically attributed to him by some traditions and minor printings, mainstream scholars and traditional Advaita authorities do not count it among his authentic works
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Swarga
Svarga (स्वर्ग) refers to “heaven” (i.e., Svarga signifies the heaven of Indra which is supposed to be situated on Mount Meru), according to the Siva Purana. Svarga (स्वर्ग) represents the number 21 (twenty-one) in the “word-numeral system” (bhūtasaṃkhyā), which was used in Sanskrit texts.
In Tamil it is called Thurakkam, a word formed by linguistic rules S=T
Like in hundreds of English words TION=SION, here also S becomes T and thus Suvarkka became Turakka. According to Hindu scriptures, SEX is banned in Swarga. The residents are in the form of Light, but can travel faster than light. There are beautiful girls like Rambha, Urvasi, Tilottama, Menaka etc
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Swastika
Swastik refers to “An auspicious figure generally drawn on the floor near main door of a house”. Svastika (स्वस्तिक) refers to a mystical cross which is believed to bring good fortune to the wearer thereof and which resembles a Greek cross with ends turned in at right angles.
The Svastika has been observed on Harappan seals, greek pottery of antiquity, on innumerable ornaments in the catacombs of Rome, on ancient personal ornaments in Scandinavia, on ancient urns and weapons in Britain, in devices in Japan and Britain, on coffins in China and on Church bells in England..
Hitler used this symbol in his army, flags etc. Since Max Muller boasted Germans and Aryans, Hitler used this symbol and proclaimed that Aryan race is a superior race.
North Indians print this symbol even in Wedding invitations.
To be concluded ………………..
Tags- Swastika, Sukanya, Sukra, Surya , Sumeru, Sundara Kanda, HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 99; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-99 , sushruta
Sarayu most prominently refers to a sacred river in Hinduism featured in the Ramayana, flowing through Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh past the city of Ayodhya. It is also a female given name and a common reference for notable public figures. [1, 2, 3, 4]
Location: Originates in the Kumaon Himalayas (Uttarakhand) and flows into the Ghaghara or Sharda river.
Significance: Deeply tied to the epic Ramayana and the city of Ayodhya; holy baths in its waters are believed to wash away sins.
Girls are named after this river until this day.
1) Sarayū (सरयू).—A river very famous in the Purāṇas. The most important things associated with the river are given below:
(i) Seven tributaries of Gaṅgā originate from the golden peaks of the Himālayas and Sarayū is one of them. Those who bathe in the river will be absolved from sins. (Ādi Parva, Chapter 169, Verse 20)
(ii) The river exists in Varuṇa’s court worshipping him. (Ādi Parva, Chapter 8).
(iii) Śrī Kṛṣṇa, Arjuna and Bhīma, on their way to Girivraja from Indraprastha crossed this river. (Sabhā Parva, Chapter 20, Verse 28).
(iv) It was at Gotāra (or Gopratara) in this river that Śrī Rāma drowned himself to death and attained Viṣṇupāda. (Vana Parva, Chapter 84, Verse 70).
(v) This river is the source of Agni (fire). (Vana Parva, Chapter 222, Verse 22).
(vi) Vasiṣṭha once blocked the course of Gaṅgā on its way to Kailāsa at Mānasasarovara. But, Gaṅgā broke the obstruction and flowed on, and Sarayū is the stream that started from there. (Anuśāsana Parva, Chapter 155, Verse 23).
(vii) It is one of the rivers to be remembered both at dawn and dusk. (Anuśāsana Parva, Chapter 165, Verse 21).
(viii) The city of Ayodhyā is situated on the banks of Sarayū. (Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa, Bālakāṇḍa, Canto 5, Verse 5).
2) Sarayū (सरयू).—Wife of the Agni Vīra. The couple had a son called Siddhi. (Vana Parva, Chapter 219, Verse
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Sankaradeva
Srimanta Sankaradeva (1449-1568 CE), the founder of the Vaishnavite order Eka Sarana Nāma Dharmawas a multi-faceted person whose works had different dimensions
He was an important personality in the annals of Indian history. He was not only a religious preceptor, but also a social reformer, who had sanskritized the ethnic groups of the volatile North East India and assimilated them with the national main-stream. He is considered as the father of the modern Assamese race.
Srimanta Sankaradeva was a cultural maestro too. He created a classical dance form known both as Sankari dance and Satriya dance. The Sangeet Nâtak Akâdemi of India recognized it as a classical dance form in 2000 CE. Srimanta Sankaradeva also evolved a school of classical music, which is named after him. He created as many as 25 Râgas of his own. He was also the first playright in all modern Indian languages. Above all these, he was the first prose writer. He introduced dro Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva is considered by his followers as an incarnation of God because of his multi-faceted contribution to the mankind as well as his perfect life. He strides over the national life of Assam like a giant colossus even five centuries after passing away. He went on pilgrimage twice, the first time touring the entire length and breadth of the country for long twelve years. He gave up his royal power as a king in middle Assam and came down to the level of the commoners. He founded the Eka Sharana Nâma Dharma, which preached devotion to a single God, lord Krishna.. He was also a fine artist. His art works have been preserved in the Albert Museum of London.
Srimanta Sankaradeva founded a whole new school of art. He initiated a new form of painting with his epoch-making drama-festival Chihna-Yâtrâ held in 1468 CE, where he drew the imaginary pictures of heaven to be used as backdrop. authored ten plays in his life. These were Chihna Yâtrâ, Patni Prasâda, Kâliya Damana, Keli Gopâla, Rukmini Harana, Pârijât Harana, Janma Yâtrâ, Gopi Uddhava Sambâda, Kangsa Badha and Sri Râma Vijaya. The first of these, Chihna Yâtrâ had been staged in 1468 CE. The second play Patni Prasâda was written while the saint was living at Gajalasuti temporarily.
He always advised his disciples to be very cautious about where and what they ate. He said that food offered by a pious man could liberate one while the food offered by an unmeritorious person destroyed one’s merits. During pilgrimage, he guided his disciples to proper places and proper hosts only. The Eka Sharana Nâma Dharma preached by Srimanta Sankaradeva gradually received wide acceptance in the entire Brahmaputra valley. Even the administrative officials of the Ahom kingdom were gradually won over to this egalitarian religion. The Ahoms earlier had their own traditional religion, which was akin to the Shakti worship of the Hindus. Sacrifice of animals to appease their deities was a common thing in the Ahom religion.
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Sarpa
Means snake; English words serpent snake are derived from Sanskrit. Sarpa worships is found in Rig Veda, later in Indus Valley sites. Now snakes are worshipped in most of the South Indian Temples. Thousands of stone snakes are installed in temples including Kuke Subrahmanya temple in Karnataka. In Kerala there are special shrines. Hindus believe that if they kill snakes, they wont have children. Naga Panchami is a special annual festival when live snakes are worshipped, particularly in Maharashtra. In the East India Snake goddess Manasa Devi is worshipped. Lord Vishnu is shown lying on a bed of snake, usually shown in statues with five, seven, nine heads.
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Satakratu
Śatakratu (शतक्रतु).— Indra. śata a hundred, kratu sacrifice; a hundred Ashwa-Medhas or sacrifices of a horse, elevating the sacrificer to the place and title of Indra. This name is in the Rig Veda. More about him is under INDRA.
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Satarudriya
Śatarudrīya (शतरुद्रीय):—It is said that gods are satiated if Śrī Rudram is chanted . Śatarudrīya means extolling one hundred ways of glorifying Rudra.
The Rudra-Adhyaya, known also as the Satarudriya, occurring in the Yajur Veda, is a soul-stirring hymn offered to the all-pervading Almighty, designated as Rudra-Siva. He is present in auspicious, benign forms by way of sustenance of all things created, and also as terrible forms which He assumes at the time of the dissolution and destruction of the cosmos at the end of time. A very intriguing aspect of God presented in this wondrous hymn is that God is both the good and the bad, the beautiful and the ugly, the right and the wrong, the positive and the negative, the high and the low, the conceivable and the inconceivable, the mortal and the immortal, existence and non-existence—every blessed notion of God and its correlative, or we may say the counter-correlative, the opposite, which also is included in the existence of God.
More about RUDRA and RUDRA HOMAM is under Rudra.
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Sati
Sati has two primary meanings: the mythological goddess (or a virtuous wife) who immolated herself due to grief or insult, and the historical socio-religious custom where a widow burned on her husband’s funeral pyre,
Goddess Sati: The consort of Lord Shiva who cast her body into the fire because her father Daksha insulted Shiva.
Virtuous Woman: The literal Sanskrit root meaning a pure, chaste, and devoted wife who embodies supreme loyalty.
It is not mentioned in Rig Veda and Manu Smriti. It is optional and not compulsory. From Ramayana and Mahabharata we see not all queens died when their husbands died.
Evil people used this custom with bad motives to inherit the property. Later it was banned. Christian preachers who burnt millions of women including Joan of Arc branding them witches, used Sati pictures abroad to hide their criminal acts.
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Satva guna
Sattva guna is the quality of purity, harmony, and balance. It is one of the three fundamental forces of nature (the trigunas) in Indian philosophy, alongside rajas (activity) and tamas (inertia). Sattva represents mental clarity, peace, truth, and inner goodness.
Characteristics of Sattva Guna
Purity: Cleanliness of body, speech, and mind.Clarity: Calm awareness, sharp focus, and truthfulness.Peace: Emotional stability, contentment, and lack of anger. Compassion: Selfless service, empathy, and love for all beings.
In the Bhagavad Gita, Sattva Guna (the mode of goodness, purity, and harmony) is primarily detailed in Chapter 14 (verses 5–18) and further categorized by daily habits like food, faith, and action in Chapter 17. Lord Krishna explains that Sattva illuminates the mind, brings deep inner peace, and creates a thirst for wisdom.Core Slokas on Sattva Guna (Chapter 14)Verse 14.5: Introduction to the three material modes (gunas), noting how Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas bind the eternal soul to the body.Verse 14.6: Defines Sattva as pure, illuminating, and healthy, noting that it binds the soul through attachment to happiness and knowledge.Verse 14.11: Describes the physical/mental symptom of Sattva: “When the light of wisdom shines through all the gates of the body, then know that sattva is predominant.”Verse 14.14: Explains the afterlife result: dying in dominant Sattva leads to the pure, stainless realms of the wise.Verse 14.18: Summarizes the trajectory: those in Sattva rise upward into higher states of spiritual evolution. Sattvik Expressions in Daily Life (Chapter 17)Faith (Verse 17.2–3): A person’s faith reflects their inner nature; a Sāttvik mind naturally leans toward divine and harmonious truths.Food (Verse 17.8): Sāttvik food increases life duration, purity, strength, health, joy, and satisfaction. It is juicy, smooth, wholesome, and pleasing to the heart.Worship, Sacrifice, and Charity (Verses 17.11, 17.17, 17.20): Sāttvik actions are done according to scripture, with a steadfast mind, without selfish desire, and strictly as a matter of duty without expecting rewards.
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Satyam Sivam Sundaram
Truth ; truth alone triumphs is the motto of India written in the national emblem of India. It is from the VUpanishads.
The first lesson in Vedic School is Satayam Vada- Speak Truth.
No where in the world we can see this syllabus.
Truth is God is the saying in India.
Taittiriya Upanishad (2.1.1): States “Satyam jnanam anantam brahma“—meaning Brahman is Truth, Knowledge, and Infinite.
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (2.3.6): Calls Brahman “Satyasya Satyam”—the Truth of truth, meaning the absolute base behind life forces.
Mundaka Upanishad (3.1.6): Famously states “Satyam eva jayate nanritam“—Truth alone triumphs, not falsehood.
In Tamil Nadu State Government emblem “Satyam eva jayate is translated as VAAYMAIYE VELLUM.
No culture in the world has given SATYAM that much importance.
Whether it is Tamil Tirukkural or Sanskrit Niti Satakam of Bhartruhari, Truth occupies important place.
“Satyam Shivam Sundaram” is a profound philosophical Sanskrit phrase meaning “Truth, Goodness (Auspiciousness), and Beauty”. Shivam also means Lord Siva.
Satyam Shivam Sundram
which means Shiva is the truth, Shiva is
the divine joy and Shiva is beauty.
This phrase and Satyan Jnanam Anantham Brahma were popularised by Sri Sathya Sai Baba. Before that only Vedanti students knew these dictums.
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Shyamantaka
The Syamantaka Diamond handled by Lord Krishna and his relatives led to violence and several murders. The full story is in the Bhagavad Purana. My view is that Syamantaka corrupted into Diamantaka. My second view is that the murderous Syamantaka changed hundreds of hands and got the name Hope Diamond which is in an American museum now. Hope diamond became Hopeless diamond during the course of time and at last landed in America.
S=T interchangeability is seen in hundreds of English words we use everyday
Some examples :
condition, education, ambition- in hundreds of words with TION, the pronunciation is SION.
So Syamantaka + Tiamanthaka= DIAMOND is linguistically possible.
Story of Syamanataka:
Satrajit was a Yadava leader. He was a worshipper of Sun God. Sun God gave him a powerful diamond called Syamantaka (The hidden meaning is that he found it on the ground when he went to worship in the Sun Temple). It will emit red light and dazzle like sun. A lot of people eyed this diamond and conspired to get it. When Krishna asked him to give it to Ugrasena, he refused and gave it to his own brother Prasen. When Prasen went on a hunting expedition he was killed by a lion and the diamond was taken by a tribal group known as Jambhavans. They were called Bear people because they wore the bear (Jambhavan) symbol.
Everybody suspected Krishna and thought he stole the diamond from Prasen and disposed him off. Krishna wanted to clear his name and so went in search of Prasen. He found his mauled body in the forest and traced the footsteps. When he saw Jambhavan’s children playing with the diamond, he tried to get it from them, but ended in a fight. The fight with Jambhavan went for a month and at last he reached an agreement with Jambhavan, the tribal leader and got his daughter Jambhavati in marriage. As a marriage gift he got the diamond.
Krishna returned to his kingdom and gave Syamantaka back to Satrajit. Satrajit thanked Krishna wholeheartedly and gave his daughter Satyabhama in marriage to Krishna. When Krishna made an urgent visit to Hastinapura , another person by name Satadhanwa killed Satrajit and took the diamond. So far the diamond caused two murders and two marriages !! It did not stop there.
When Krishna returned to Dwaraka ,his wife told him that his father was murdered for the diamond. Krishna and Balarama went on a mission to get the diamond. They chased Satadhanwa for nearly a thousand mile and killed him near Mithila in Bihar. A dangerous diamond caused three deaths and three fights and thousand mile trip from Gujarat to Bihar!! But only after killing him, they came to know the diamond was given to Akrura for safe custody by Satadhanwa.
Akrura had already escaped with the diamond to Kasi. He ran away for a thousand mile just because of the diamond. Krishna brought him back and Akrura returned the diamond to Krishna. Knowing that it was a murderous diamond, Krishna gave it back to Akrura and asked him to stay in Dwaraka. The diamond was attributed with magical qualities like bringing lot of gold like the goose that lays golden eggs.
This is the end of the Syamantaka story in our Hindu scriptures. My research shows that it caused more fights and murders and went to USA after passing several hands in India, France and Britain.
Syamantaka went to foreign countries in the name of HOPE diamond. Knowing that it was a HOPELESS diamond, at last it was sent to a museum in the USA.
To be continued……………………
Tags- Sarayu, Sankaradeva, Sati, Satarudriya, Satyam , Syamantaka, Diamond, HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 95; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-95
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com
xxxx
Part 90
Sakuntala and Saakuntalam
Śakuntalā (शकुन्तला).—The daughter of Viśvāmitra and Menakā; was brought up in Kaṇva’s āśrama with nīvāra food; Duṣyanta who came there was entertained and was accepted as her Lord by Gāndharva vidhi. Gave birth to the future Bharata and came to the king’s palace with the child; was refused admission by the king who had forgotten her. A voice in the air urged the king to accept her and he did so;1 a queen of Duṣyanta and mother of Bharata. Bharata became a universal monarch, and gave his name to India which came to be called Bharatavarsa.
The Abhijnana Shakuntalam
The Abhijnana Shakuntalam is a renowned Sanskrit play by Kalidasa, depicting the story of Sakuntala from the Mahabharata. The play chronicles the love between King Dushyanta and Shakuntala, who faces trials due to a curse that makes the king forget her. After losing a ring that signifies their union, fate ultimately leads to their reunion and the birth of their son Bharata, an ancestor of the Kauravas and Pandavas. The play has inspired numerous translations and adaptations globally. William Jones translated the play into English and published it in 1792 under the title
Sacontalá; : or, The fatal ring: an Indian drama By
CÁLIDÁS.
Sir William Jones: Translated the play into English in 1789 as Sacontalá or The Fatal Ring and famously compared Kālidāsa to Shakespeare, calling him the “Shakespeare of India” for his deep insight into human nature.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Wrote an ecstatic epigram stating that Śākuntalā combines the early blossoms of spring and late fruits of autumn, encompassing earth and heaven in a single name. He was also inspired by its prologue for his own Faust.
Alexander von Humboldt: Praised Kālidāsa as a masterly describer of nature who combined creative fancy with delicate expressions of feeling, giving the playwright a lofty rank among global poets.
Friedrich Schlegel: Noted that despite its exotic and foreign setting, the general structure of Śākuntalā bears a striking and favorable resemblance to European romantic drama. [1]
Modern Critics: View the text through comparative frameworks like ecocriticism, analyzing how the deep bond between Śākuntalā and the natural forest world anticipates modern environmental and ecofeminist thought.
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Shalmali dwipa
Salmali Dwipa is one of the seven concentric insular continents (sapta-dwipa) described in ancient Hindu cosmology and Puranic texts. It derives its name from the large Shalmali (silk-cotton) tree that characterizes the land, and is traditionally said to be surrounded by an ocean of wine (Sura-samudra)
Australia Connection: Many modern alternative interpretations and independent researchers correlate Shalmali Dwipa with Australia, noting the presence of native silk-cotton (Shalmali) or similar kapok trees.
Eastern Europe, East Africa, or regions of Southeast Asia, because these cosmological descriptions use symbolic geography rather than literal modern borders.
My opinion
No two clocks agree; no two identifications agree. It is sheer waste of time to identify them with modern geographical locations. I still wonder why did they say it. Identifying such dwipas in America and Australia is also not wise. They were described as Patala loka. So, all the seven Dwipas must be within Asia, and may be coastal East Africa .
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Salatura
Known historically as the birthplace of Pāṇini, the famous ancient linguist and grammarian who formalized Sanskrit. Documented by the 7th-century Chinese traveler Xuanzang, who noted a local memorial statue dedicated to Pāṇini.
Location: Near modern-day Lahore in Pakistan.
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Sama Veda
Samaveda is one of the four Vedas . It is known for its focus on melodies, chants, and musical aspects. Most of the hymns are from the Rigveda. This Veda plays a significant role in rituals and worship, with its hymns sung for ceremonial purposes. It is also associated with the development of Indian music. It must be as old as Rig Veda, that is 4000 BCE to 2000 BCE.
Rigvedic origin: 1,474 to 1,771 verses are sourced from the Rigveda (primarily books 8 and 9).
Original compositions: Only about 75 to 99 verses are uniquely native to the Samaveda itself
Ritual Timing: Performed during major sacrificial ceremonies, particularly when the juice of the Soma plant was mixed and offered as a drink to the gods.
Regional Schools (Sakhas): Preserved through oral traditions across different parts of India, notably the Kauthuma tradition in Gujarat, Ranayaniya in Maharashtra, and Jaiminiya in Southern India.
English word Committee is derived from Rig Vedic word Samiti. English pronunciation is wrong; C=S. Committee should be pronounced SAMITI.
Samiti (समिति) denotes an ‘assembly’ of the Vedic tribe. It is already mentioned in the Rigveda, and sometimes in connexion with Sabhā. Ludwig considers that the Samiti included all the people, primarily the viśaḥ, ‘subjects’, but also the Maghavans and Brahmins if they desired, though the Sabhā was their special assembly
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Samudrika lakshana
Samudrika Lakshana is an ancient Indian science of body features. It interprets physical marks, shapes, and structures to understand a person’s character, fortune, and life path.
Samudrika Lakshanam (Agathiyar): Authored by the sage Agathiyar, this historic text focuses heavily on South Indian traditions, life histories, and the categorization of physical features.
Rati Rahasya by Kokkoka: A medieval Sanskrit text that classifies bodily and psycho-physical traits, particularly detailing the physical classifications of women (such as Padmini, Chitrini, Shankini, and Hastini).
Samudrikam / Samudrika Shastra Chapters: Found within broader ancient manuscripts, these texts systematically record face shapes, cranial structure, hair patterns, palm lines, and moles to interpret character and destiny.
Hindus have divided arts under 64 branches. An expert is expected to master all those subjects. A popular Tamil hymn is praising Goddess Saraswati as the one who bestows everyone with these 64 “arts”. One of them is the art of knowing the character of a man by studying his features. This is called Samudrika Lakshna.
Throughout Sanskrit scriptures like Ramayana and Sangam Tamil poems we come across Aajaanu Baahu, eyes like lotus petal etc. So the science of body features must have existed even before the epics.
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Sandana/ Sandal wood
The sandana tree—more commonly known as the sandalwood tree (specifically Santalum album)—is a sacred evergreen tree famed for its heavy, yellow, highly aromatic wood and essential oils.
Sandal paste is used to decorate idols and statues of Gods and Goddesses in Indian Temples.
It is used by male and female for coolness.
It is considered an auspicious symbol and offered at the gates of Wedding Halls to the guests.
The pasted applied on Gods is valued very much. In Temples like Guruvayur they offer it on green leaves.
It is used in Ayurvedic medicines and treatment.
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Santhaana Lakshmi
One of the Eight Lakshmi forms; bestower of good children.
Santānalakṣmī (सन्तानलक्ष्मी, “Progeny Lakṣmī”):—One of the eight primary forms of Lakṣmī (aṣṭalakṣmī) represented as the bestower of offspring. She has six arms, carries two kalashas (water pitcher with mango leaves and a coconut on it), sword, shield, a child on her lap, a hand in abhaya-mudra and th eo ther holding the child. The child holds a lotus.
Adi Lakshmi: The first form, giving spiritual wealth and inner peace.
Dhana Lakshmi: The giver of money, gold, and material riches.
Dhanya Lakshmi: The goddess of food, crops, and farming.
Gaja Lakshmi: The giver of animal wealth, power, and royal status.
Santana Lakshmi: The protector of family, children, and future generations.
Dhairya Lakshmi (Veera Lakshmi): The source of great courage, strength, and bravery.
Vijaya Lakshmi: The bringer of success and victory in all tasks.
Vidya Lakshmi: The provider of education, intellect, and arts knowledge.
To be continued…………………
Tags- santhana Lakshmi, sakuntala, part 90, Hindu Dictionary, Ashta Lakshmi.
Ruled for 16 years; donated a lot to poet Perumkundrur Kizar.
He established Chatukka Bhutam; we hear many stories about Chatukka Bhutam in Tamil epic Silappadikaram.
Chatukkam is City Square.
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Item 683 Committed Suicide
Kanaikkal Irumporai; Chozan Ko Chenganan (Red Eyed Choza) defeated this king and put him in Jail; when he asked for water the prison warders deliberately delayed it to insult him; he starved himself to death.
A great king who upheld self -respect.
All Tamil poems encourage death instead of losing one’s self-respect.
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Item 684
Anthuvan Cheral Irumporai; father of Selvak Kadunko Vazi Adan – selvak kadunko vaazi aadan.
He ruled from Karur (also called Vanji);
His enemy was Choza king Mudithalai Kopperu Narkilli.
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Item 685
Palai Padiya Perunkadunko—paalai paadiya –
Composed many poems under Palai genre.
Poetess Miss Peymakal Ilaveyini praised him.
He donated Golden Lotus to poets.
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Item 686
Marutham Padiya Ilam kadunko—marutham paadiya –
He composed many poems under Marutham genre
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Item 687 Chera Kings in Inscriptions!
Though we have lots of names of kings in the Sangam literature we need archaeological proof to confirm the details.
For the first time, we have three kings mentioned in Pukalur Inscriptions.
Following kings were mentioned in it:
Ko Adan Sellirumporai;
Perum Kadungko;
Ilam Kadungko.
From the Pathitruppattau book, scholars concluded that we have two sets of Chera Kings ruling simultaneously; they were Cheras and Irumporais.
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Item 688
The above information from Sangam book Pathitruppathu is valuable historical information. From no other Sangam book we have such orderly information. The ruling years of each king shows that someone had collected and documented such information. The only problem is two kings ruling at the same time in two different places in Chera kingdom. If scholars sit together the problem can be solved. Already Sesha Iyer and others have written books on Chera history. But a co ordinated attempt using coins, inscriptions and Sanskrit Books is needed.
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Item 689
Among the Pandyas we have reliable information from Velvikkudi copper plates and Purananuru. We have precise information of Kaddungkon (590-620 CE) who drove out the Kalbhras, a mysterious gang. So far we can only guess who they were.
Later we have
Maravarman Avani sulamani- 620-645 CE
Senthan- 645-670
Arikesari Maravarman 670-700
Kochadaiyan Ranadheeran 700-70
Maravarman Rajasimhan – 730-765
Parantaka Nedunchadaiyan 756-815
Srimara Srivallabhan- 815-862
Varagunan II- 862-885
Parantaka Veeranarayanan- 862-905
Maravarman Rajasimhan- 905-920 CE
Chera Kings and Pandya Kings had an average 30 years ruling period which is above the average of other areas.
We did not have this much information from Sangam books about the Early Pandyas.
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Item 690
Sangam Age Pandyas
My research shows Kalidasa knew Mudukudumi Peruvazuthi who performed innumerable Yagas and erected Yupa pillars according o Purananuru. Kalidasa in his Raghuvamsam linked the Agastya and Pandyas for the first time in literature; this Mudukudumi Peruvazuthi must have lived in the first century BCE or a little earlier. Kalidasa helps us to identify him.
Tiruvilayadal Puranam gives a complete list of Pandyas up to Tiru Gnana Sambandar 630 CE and no attempt has been made to correlate that information with other literature.
It is strange that neither Kalidasa nor Kharavela (130 BCE) mentioned Chozas or Cheras. My guess is that just after or just before Karikal Choza, Pandyas had an upper hand. Sri Lanka’s Mahavamsam also said that Vijaya got princesses from Pandya country for himself and other ministers.
–Subham–
Tags- Zoological Facts from Sangam Book, Purananuru wonders-45, Tamil Encyclopedia-85, One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 85, Mountain goats, Nilgris Tahr, item 690
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Words beginning with letter “S”
Sabha – assembly ; used in Rig Veda and Sangam Tamil literature.In Tamil it becomes Avai, because Tamil Grammar said no word should begin with SA. But nowadays used verywhere. Indian parliament has two chambers
Lok Sabha
Rajya Sabha
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Sachi- Wife of Indra; another name Indrani; she is in the oldest book Rig Veda.
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Sadhyas – saadhyaas
A class or gana of inferior deities. They are the personified rites and prayers of he Vedas who dwell with the gods or in the intermediate region between heaven and earth.Their number is 12 according one authority and 17 according to another. Puranas make them sons of Dharma and Sadhya (saadhyaas) , daughter of Daksha.
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Sagara
Sea is called Saagara in Sanskrit because they were dug by the Sagaras.
Sagara was a king of Ayodhya and son of King Bahu, who was driven out of the country by the Haihayas. Bahu took refuge in the forest with his two wives. One of them was pregnant. Rival wife gave her a drug to prevent her delivery and hence the birth of the baby was delayed. In the meantime, Bahu died and she wanted to die with him in the pyre. But sage Aurva prevented her and told her that she would get a baby soon who will be a great king. And the baby was named Sagara. When he grew up, he vowed to eliminate the Haihayas and regain the lost kingdom. He defeated Yavanas and other foreign tribes and made them to shave off their hair fully or partly. Sagara married two wives Sumati and Kesini. Asamanja was born to Kesini and Sumati gave birth to 60,000 sons (In Sanskrit 60,000 is a phrase which mean s a lot). When Sagara did Ashvamedha Yaga, the horse disappeared; Sagara’s sons dug earth and found the horse in the Patala Loka (under earth) and meditating sage Kapila was near the horse. Thinking that he stole the horse the sons of Sagara threatened him. When Kapila opened his eyes, the sons were burnt to ashes. Asamanja’s son Anumat came to Kapila and begged him to send the dead ones to heaven. Then Kapila said that it will be done when The Ganges River flowed over the ashes. Anumat’s son was Dilipa and his son was Bhagiratha who brought Ganges from heaven to earth. The Holy River washed away the ashes of Sagaras. The water filled the Bay of Bengal and other seas. Then sea was called Saagara and the Ganga River was called Bhagirathi to honour Bhagiratha.
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Sahadeva
One of the Five Pandava brothers; born to Madri with his twin Nakula. Both are considered sons of Vedic Twins Aswin brothers. Sahadeva, the youngest of the five was an expert in Astronomy.
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Sairindhri- Sairindhri is Draupadi, the wife of the Pandavas, for whose sake the Kicakas have been slain, and she is disguised in Virata’s court.
During the thirteenth year of forest life, that is incognito period, Draupadi assumed this name and worked in Vrata’s court.
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Saka dwipa
One of the seven islands of Puranic cosmology
The Maga Brahmins who came from Iran are associated with Saka Dwipa.
The identification is confusing ; some link them to Saka Tree area and others associate them to Saka Tribe.( Scythian) tribes of Central Asia.
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Saka era
The Saka era is a historical calendar year-counting system starting in 78 CE, widely used across India and Southeast Asia and adopted as the Indian National Calendar in 1957
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Sakalya and Saktayana
Ancient Grammarians ; Both lived before Panini and Yaska, the etymologist.
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Sakas
Foreign tribes identified with Yavanas or Scythians. King Sagara conquered them.
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Sakha-saakhaa- branch. Vedic recensions are called Sakhas . RSS gatherings are also called Sakhas/ branches.
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Sakra – another name of Indra.
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Sakti- Goddess; general meaning Power. Called by many names such as Gnana Sakti, Para Sakti, Kriya Sakti etc; also name of Vaishtha’s son.
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Sakuni
Brother of Quuen Gandhari; he was an expert in gambling; he knew the cheating techniques in the game and defeated the Pandavas. They were driven out of the country and they spent 13 years in the forest.
To be continued………….
Tags- Sakuni, Sabha, HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 88; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-88
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xxxx
61
यस्मात्परं नापरमस्ति किंचिद्यस्मान्नणीयो न ज्यायोऽस्ति कश्चित्। वृक्ष इव स्तब्धो दिवि तिष्ठत्येकस्तेनेदं पूर्णं पुरुषेण सर्वम्॥
yasmātparaṁ nāparamasti kiṁcidyasmānnaṇīyo na jyāyo’sti kaścit | vṛkṣa iva stabdho divi tiṣṭhatyekastenedaṁ pūrṇaṁ puruṣeṇa sarvam ||श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषद्
There is naught higher than or different from Him; naught greater or more minute than Him. Rooted in His own glory He stands like a tree, one without a second and immovable. By that Being the whole universe is filled. श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषद्
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62
Verse 2.4.5:
स होवाच: न वा अरे पत्युः कामाय पतिः प्रियो भवति, आत्मनस्तु कामाय पतिः प्रियो भवति । न वा अरे जायायै कामाय जाया प्रिया भवति, आत्मनस्तु कामाय जाया प्रिया भवति । न वा अरे पूत्राणां कामाय पुत्राः प्रिया भवन्ति, आत्मनस्तु कामाय पुत्राः प्रिया भवन्ति । न वा अरे वित्तस्य कामाय वित्तं प्रियं भवति, आत्मनस्तु कामाय वित्तं प्रियं भवति । न वा अरे ब्रह्मणः कामाय ब्रह्म प्रियं भवति, आत्मनस्तु कामाय ब्रह्म प्रियं भवति । न वा अरे क्षत्रस्य कामाय क्षत्रं प्रियं भवति, आत्मनस्तु कामाय क्षत्रं प्रियं भवति । न वा अरे लोकानां कामाय लोकाः प्रिया भवन्ति, आत्मनस्तु कामाय लोकाः प्रिया भवन्ति । न वा अरे देवानां कामाय देवाः प्रिया भवन्ति, आत्मनस्तु कामाय देवाः प्रिया भवन्ति । न वा अरे भूतानां कामाय भूतानि प्रियाणि भवन्ति, आत्मनस्तु कामाय भूतानि प्रियाणि भवन्ति । न वा अरे सर्वस्य कामाय सर्वं प्रियं भवति, आत्मनस्तु कामाय सर्वं प्रियं भवति । आत्मा वा अरे द्रष्टव्यः श्रोतव्यो मन्तव्यो निदिध्यासितव्यो मैत्रेयि, आत्मनो वा अरे दर्शनेन श्रवणेन मत्या विज्ञानेनेदं सर्वं विदितम् ॥ ५ ॥
sa hovāca: na vā are patyuḥ kāmāya patiḥ priyo bhavati, ātmanastu kāmāya patiḥ priyo bhavati | na vā are jāyāyai kāmāya jāyā priyā bhavati, ātmanastu kāmāya jāyā priyā bhavati | na vā are pūtrāṇāṃ kāmāya putrāḥ priyā bhavanti, ātmanastu kāmāya putrāḥ priyā bhavanti | na vā are vittasya kāmāya vittaṃ priyaṃ bhavati, ātmanastu kāmāya vittaṃ priyaṃ bhavati | na vā are brahmaṇaḥ kāmāya brahma priyaṃ bhavati, ātmanastu kāmāya brahma priyaṃ bhavati | na vā are kṣatrasya kāmāya kṣatraṃ priyaṃ bhavati, ātmanastu kāmāya kṣatraṃ priyaṃ bhavati | na vā are lokānāṃ kāmāya lokāḥ priyā bhavanti, ātmanastu kāmāya lokāḥ priyā bhavanti | na vā are devānāṃ kāmāya devāḥ priyā bhavanti, ātmanastu kāmāya devāḥ priyā bhavanti | na vā are bhūtānāṃ kāmāya bhūtāni priyāṇi bhavanti, ātmanastu kāmāya bhūtāni priyāṇi bhavanti | na vā are sarvasya kāmāya sarvaṃ priyaṃ bhavati, ātmanastu kāmāya sarvaṃ priyaṃ bhavati | ātmā vā are draṣṭavyaḥ śrotavyo mantavyo nididhyāsitavyo maitreyi, ātmano vā are darśanena śravaṇena matyā vijñānenedaṃ sarvaṃ viditam || 5 |
The Maitreyi-Yajnavalkya conversation is a profound ancient dialogue from the The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad – Chapter II where Sage Yajnavalkya teaches his wife Maitreyi about wealth, love, the nature of the true Self (Atman), and how to attain immortality.
5. He said: It is not for the sake of the husband, my dear, that he is loved, but for one’s own sake that he is loved. It is not for the sake of the wife, my dear, that she is loved, but for one’s own sake that she is loved. It is not for the sake of the sons, my dear, that they are loved, but for one’s own sake that they are loved. It is not for the sake of wealth, my dear, that it is loved, but for one’s own sake that it is loved. It is not for the sake of the Brāhmaṇa, my dear, that he is loved, but for one’s own sake that he is loved. It is not for the sake of the Kṣatriya, my dear, that he is loved, but for one’s own sake that he is loved. It is not for the sake of the worlds, my dear, that they are loved, but for one’s own sake that they are loved. It is not for the sake of the gods, my dear, that they are loved, but for one’s own sake that they are loved. It is not for the sake of the beings, my -dear, that they are loved, but for one’s own sake that they are loved. It is not for the sake of all, my dear, that all is loved, but for one’s own sake that it is loved. The Self, my dear Maitreyī, should be realised—should be heard of, reflected on and meditated upon. By the realisation of the Self, my dear, through hearing, reflection and meditation, all this is known.
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (2.4.5)
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63
नान्त: प्रजम् न बहि:प्रजम् नभोयत:प्रजम्, न प्रजानघनम्, न प्रजम् नाप्रजम् !
शन्तम् शिव-मद्वैदम् चतुरथम् मन्यन्ते स आत्मा स विजेय !!- Mundakopanishad
nāntaḥprajñaṁ na bahiṣprajñaṁ nobhayataḥprajñaṁ na prajñānaghanaṁ na prajñaṁ nāprajñam| adṛṣṭamavyavahāryamagrāhyamalakṣaṇamacintyamavyapadeśyamekātmapratyayasāraṁ prapañcopaśamaṁ śāntaṁ śivamadvaitaṁ caturthaṁ manyante sa ātmā sa vijñeyaḥ ||
He who is neither inward wise, nor outward wise, nor both inward and outward wise, nor wisdom self gathered, nor possessed of wisdom, nor unpossessed of wisdom, He Who is unseen and incommunicable, unseizable, featureless, unthinkable, and unnameable,Whose essentiality is awareness of the Self in its single existence, in Whom all phenomena dissolve, Who is Calm, Who is Good, Who is the One than Whom there is no other, Him they deem the fourth; He is the Self, He is the object of Knowledge.
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Rik Veda or Rig Veda
The oldest anthology in the world; the first Veda of the four Vedas in Hinduism (the other three are Yajur, Sama and Atharva). Modern Indologists in western countries dated it between 1200 BCE and 6000 BCE. And archaeological proof for the Rig Vedic hymn is available from 1380 BCE from Bogazkoy inscription in Turkey. Freedom fighter and great scholar B G Tilak and German scholar Herman Jacobi have independently arrived at a date of 4000 BCE for the Vedas.. Hindus consider them eternal and not composed by humans. They only hear it (see it) and so the Vedic Rishis seers are called Mantra Drshtas. There are approximately 450 poets ; of them 25 are women.
It has 40, 000 lines
It is divided into TEN mandalas (books/divisions); of these six Mandalas are family Mandalas.
Another division is Eight Chapters
It has 1028 Hymns (suktas)
In those 1028 hymns we have 10,600 verses (mantras)
The number of syllables in the Rig Veda is 432,000. (The total number of years in Kali Yuga is 432,000 years. Other Yugas have the multiple of this number).
Sayana’s commentary is followed by the scholars.
The words in the RV – 1,53,826
Mandala 2: Attributed to the Grtsamada family (43 hymns)
Mandala 3: Attributed to the Vishvamitra family (62 hymns)
Mandala 4: Attributed to the Vamadeva family (58 hymns)
Mandala 5: Attributed to the Atri family (87 hymns)
Mandala 6: Attributed to the Bharadvaja family (75 hymns)
Mandala 7: Attributed to the Vasistha family (104 hymns
Mandalas one and ten contain Hymns from many Rishis.
Mandala 8 primarily contains 103 hymns dedicated to various deities, notably Indra, Agni, and the Ashvins, predominantly composed by the Kanva and Angira poet families. Mandala 9 is entirely dedicated to Soma Pavamana, containing 114 hymns exclusively focused on the purification and ritual pressing of the sacred Soma plant.
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Rishikesh
Rishikesh on the banks of holy river Ganga is at the foothills of the holy Himalayas. It is in the state of Uttarkhand. A tiny place was made known to the world by great Tamil saint Swami Sivananda who established Divini Life Society. Now it is fully commercialised and the natural beauty has disappeared. Beatles made it more popular. Now hundreds of Ashrams are doing good business in the name of Yoga.
Rishikesh is accessible by air, train, and road. The nearest airport is Jolly Grant Airport in Dehradun (21 km away), the primary major railhead is Haridwar (25 km away), and direct motorable roads connect it via National Highway 58.(Author London Swaminathan had been to Rishikesh twice from 1977)
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Rishyasrnga
Sage born with a horn. His father was Rishi Vibhandak. He was raised by his father in the forest. He had never seen any women in his life until Romapada, King of Anga Desa sent some courtesans to attract him and bring him to his country. In the ancient days, Rishis visit different places and their presence brought rain and prosperity. When Angadesa was under severe drought Rishya sringa’s presence saved the country. Romapada offered his daughter Shnata to the sage. Both retired to the forest and led family life. Dasaratha brought him to his country Kosala to do Putra Kameshti Yaga.
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Romaharshana
Romaharshana was an intelligent Suta or storyteller known for his engagement with sages, reflecting the tradition of oral storytelling of mythological narratives. He was the disciple of Krishna Dvaipayana Vyasa. “Ugrasrava, the son of L/Romaharshana, surnamed Sauti, was the one who narrated Mahabharata.
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Rtu
Ṛtu (ऋतु) refers to the “seasons”, according to the Puranas. They are six in number. A season, a period of two months. The Hindu year is divided into six Rtus/seasons. The six seasons are
1. Vasanta, or spring (Phālguna to Vaiśākha—mid March to mid May);
2. Grīṣma, or summer (Vaiśākha to Āṣāḍha—mid May to mid July);
3. Varṣa, or rainy season (Āṣāḍha to Bhādrapadā—mid July to mid September );
4. Śarad, or autumn (Bhādrapadā to Kārtika—mid September to mid November);
5. Hemanta, winter, before the frost (Kārtika to Pauṣa—mid November to mid January);
6. Śirśa, or winter (Pauṣa to Phālguna—mid January to mid March).
Kalidasa’s Rtu Samhara was the first book in the world describing seasons. Tamils also followed the Puranic six rtus.
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Rudraksha
Rudraksha (botanically Elaeocarpus ganitrus) are the dried seeds of a large evergreen tree native to the Himalayan region and Southeast Asia. Deeply revered in Hinduism and Buddhism, the name translates to “Eyes of Shiva” in Sanskrit, symbolizing spirituality, meditation, and energetic protection.
The surface of the seed features natural vertical lines or grooves known as mukhis. Rudraksha beads can have anywhere from 1 to 21 faces, with the 5-faced (Panchamukhi) seed being the most common.
Devi Bhagavatam, Siva Purana and other scriptures explain the benefits of wearing Rudraksha Mala/garland. Saivite saints wear Rudraksha malas in large number.
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Rudra
Lord Siva is worshipped as Rudra in one form. In the Rig Veda we see Siva as Rudra. In Sangam Tamil literature and later devotional literature, Rudra and Siva are one and the same. But hale baked foreigners are saying they are different. Rudra is clad in animal skins and armed with bow and arrow according to Rig Veda and Tamil literature. Rudra married Rudrani. Both Rudra and Rudrani are in 2700 year old Grammar book of Panini. Rudra’s abode is in the mountains; Till this day Mt Kailash in the Himalaya is worshipped by the Hindus. Svetasvatara Upanishad praises Rudra-Siva.
God is called Doctor and Medicine in the Rig Veda. Though mantras dealing with all Vedic Gods associate them with medicine and cure, Rudra commands the highest position in the field of Medicine. He was called Bhisak/ Doctor and Bhesajam/Medicine. Later we come across Dhanvantri, the Father of Medicine. We should call him the ‘father of MODERN medicine’. He is considered Vishnu or his Avatar.
References to Rudra in the Vedas
Yajur Veda (YV) has a part called Rudram-Chamakam. That is recited by all orthodox Saivite Hindus every day. The priests use it during Abishek of idols in all Siva Temples. Most sacred mantra OM NAMA SIVAYA and Trayambaka Mantra occur in it. God is praised as Bhesajam and Bhisak in it. But RV is older than YV.
Let us look at some of the mantras where physician and medicine occur in RV:-
1-43-2- Rudra’s medicines
1-43-4-Rudra, the possessor of healing remedies. Prayer for health and wealth.
*
Yajur Veda -Vajasaneyi Samhita 16-48; Taittriya samhita5-10-1
Prayer to Rudra for men and beasts to be prosperous and free from disease.
Prayer to obtain what health and wealth father Manu acquired
Rudra carries in his hands the best remedies.
Prayer not to kill the old men, boys, fathers, mothers, adults, foetus, and our bodies.
Prayer not to kill our sons, grandsons, and men, cows and horses.
2-33-1
Prayer for 100 years of life by Rudra’s blissful medicines. Put away far from us sickness in all directions.
One YV mantra mentioned Rudra has 1000 remedies.
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Rudram
It is a hymn on Lord Shiva found in Yajur Veda. It is recited along with Camakam. Since Rudram is also known as Namakam, both are called Namakam -Chamakam.
In the Rudra section, Lord Shiva is praised as a great person doing various jobs. It means he controls everything in the universe. We come across the Five Lettered Mantra – panchaksharam – OM NAMASIVAYA in Rudram. So Saivites consider it most important Mantra. Orthodox Hindus recite it every day. In temples, when the Abishekam is done to the idol, Rudram is repeated.
Ati Rudram Rudra Ekadasi: When Rudram is recited 121 times (11 priests recite it 11 times) it is Rudra Ekadasi. When Rudram is recited 1331 times (11X11X11) it is Maha Rudram When Rudram is recited 14641 times (11X 11X11X11) it is Ati Rudram Sri Sathya Sai Baba performed Ati Rudram in Chennai and Puttaparthi. It was the biggest.
To be continued………………………
Tags-HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 86; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-86 , Rudra, Rudram, Rig Veda, Rtu, Rishyasrnga, Rishikesh
“Just as pure water poured into pure water becomes the very same, so too, O Gautama [Nachiketa], does the Self of the wise sage who knows this become identical with the Supreme Self.
Vedanta-vijnana-sunishcitarthah: Those who have thoroughly and undoubtedly understood the profound wisdom (Vijnana) of Vedanta.
Sannyasa-yogad: Those who have embraced renunciation and spiritual discipline.
Yatayah suddha-sattvah: Seekers of purified minds who continuously exert themselves on the path of truth.
Parantakale: At the time of the great end (at the time of death, when physical constraints are destroyed).
Paramrtah parimucyanti sarve: They become truly immortal (Paramrta) and are entirely liberated (Parimucyanti) in the realm of Brahman.
This verse describes the ultimate spiritual goal of a Jnani (a realized being). It emphasizes that true liberation is not merely an external journey, but an inward realization of one’s immortal nature.
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59.
न चक्षुषा गृह्यते नापि वाचा नान्यैर्देवैस्तपसा कर्मण वा । ज्ञानप्रसादेन विशुद्धसत्त्वस्ततस्तु तं पश्यते निष्कलं ध्यायमानः ॥ ८ ॥
8. He is not grasped by the eye; nor by speech; nor by other senses; nor by tapas; nor by karma; when one’s mind is purified by the clearness of knowledge, then alone he sees the indivisible (Brahman) by contemplation. Mundaka Upanishad 3.1.8
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60
Atmanam rathinam viddhi shareeram rathameva tu,
Buddhim tu sarathim viddhi manaha pragrahameva tu.
इन्द्रियाणि (Indriyāṇi): The senses (eyes, ears, etc.).हयान् (Hayān): Horses.आहुः (Āhuḥ): [They] call / say.विषयान् (Viṣayān): The sense-objects.तेषु (Teṣu): On them.गोचरान् (Gocarān): Roads / paths of movement.आत्मेन्द्रियमनोयुक्तम् (Ātmendriyamanoyuktaṃ): The Atman (Self) combined with the senses and the mind.भोक्ता (Bhoktā): The enjoyer.इति (Iti): Thus.मनीषिणः (Manīṣiṇaḥ): The wise ones.
The wise declare that the sense organs (the eyes, ears, etc.) are the horses, and the objects of those senses are the paths they travel. When the Supreme Self (Atman) is connected with the body, the senses, and the mind, the wise call It the “enjoyer” or experiencer of the world.
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