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WORDS BEGINNING WITH “P”
Paila- one of the four disciples of Veda Vyasa. The other three are Sumantu, Jaimini and Vaiśampāyana. Paila (पैल) was taught Ṛig Veda; Bahvṛca (Ṛig Veda). He taught it to Indrapramati and to Bāṣkala; Paila was invited for the Rājasūya of Yudhiṣṭhira.
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Panchalam – paanchaalam- Modern Punjab; Land of Five Rivers
Panchali -paanchaali- Draupadi; daughter of Drupada who ruled Punjab.
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Panchatantra – 2000 year old animal stories/ fables of India written by Vishnusarma in Sanskrit . it has five principles taught to princes for a successful rule. It was translated into Persian and then spread throughout the world. It has thousands of quotations on ethics. The five principles are
The tales highlight themes of cleverness, the consequences of actions, and various life truths, making Panchatantra a significant influence on storytelling traditions, and serving as a source for adaptations in children’s literature.
Its adaptation is known as Stories of Bidpai. Fables of Bidpai is a collection of moral tales that use animal characters to convey important lessons. These stories are part of a tradition that includes the famous work Kalila wa-Dimna, emphasizing the timeless nature of storytelling in imparting wisdom.
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Pandava – paandava –
The five sons of king Pandu of Hastinapura are called Pancha Pandavas. They are
Yudhisthira – in Tamil Dharman.
Bhima – in Tamil Veeman
Arjuna –
They were born to Kunti.
Nakula – twin brother ; born to Maadri.
Sahadeva -twin brother ; born to Maadri.
They fought with their cousins Kauravas after 13-year banishment to forest and won the kingdom. The full story is in the longest epic in the world called Mahabharata.
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Pandya – paandya – Rulers of South Tamil Nadu from third century BCE. They were the patrons of Tamil language. There were three Tamil Sangams (Tamil Academies) during their rule. Their association with Agastya Rishi is mentioned by Kalidasa, the greatest poet of India. They ruled from Madurai until 13th century CE when the Muslims invaded Madurai. After Muslim’s capture of Madurai, Vijayanagara rulers invaded Madurai and dethroned them.
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Pandu- paandu-
Father of five Pandavas. He was born to king Vichitravirya’s widow Ambalika through Vyasa. As his older brother Dhritarashtra was born blind, he ruled the kingdom from Hastinapura . He married Kunti and Madri ; once he went to the forest for hunting and saw two mating deer. He shot them with arrow; but they were not deer but Kindama rishi in deer hide; they were enjoying conjugal pleasure. Kindama rishi cursed Pandu before dying that Pandu would die if he enjoys conjugal pleasure. A few years later on an enchanting spring day he approached Madri ignoring Kindama rishi’s curse. He died immediately. Madri holding herself responsible for his death left her two children Nakula and Sahadeva to be cared by Kunti and died by entering the funeral pyre.
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Pandit/ Pundit
A pandit (or pundit) is an honorary title given to a Hindu scholar, teacher, or wise man who is highly educated in Sanskrit, philosophy, religion, or law. In everyday use, it can also refer to a Hindu priest who performs rituals, or a highly skilled master of a traditional art, such as Indian classical music.
In Kashmir Brahmins are called Pandits. Original inhabitants. Jawaharlal Nehru, First Prime Minister of India was also a Pandit.
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Panini-paanini– World’s first grammarian. He lived in 7th century BCE according to Goldstucker. He authored the Ashtadhyayi (Eight Chapters), an exhaustive text containing nearly 4,000 sutras (rules) that define the morphological and phonetic structure of classical Sanskrit. Scholars appreciate his work for his scientific approach and crispiness. Patanjali who came several hundred years after Panini, wrote a monumental commentary known as Mahabhashyam. Together with Panini and Patanjali another grammarian Katyayana Vararuchi are praised as Three Great Munis (Rishis).
Vakyakaram Vararuchim, Bhashyakaram Patanjalim
Paninim Sutrakaramcha pranatosmi Munitrayam
He lived before Buddha and other great philosophers of sixth century BCE. Though he mentioned several great grammarians before his time, we don’t know anything about them
Panini mentioned the grammarians before his time: Upavarsha, Parasarya, Karmanda, Sakatayana, Apitali and Sakalya.
Western linguists wonder how a person can write a grammar in such a scientific way at that period. Most of the world was uncivilised at that time. But India had produced wealthy literature, quantitatively and qualitatively very high. Only when there is vast literature one can write a grammar.
In Kashmir, a king passed an order that everyone must learn Ashtadhyayi and those who passed in it were awarded 1000 gold coins each!
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Parasara
Parāśara (पराशर) is the son of Śakti and grandson of Vasiṣṭha and Arundhatī, he was born to Śakti and Adṛśyantī./ Matsya/ Satyavati Their son was Vyasa.
Genealogy. Descending in order from Viṣṇu—Brahmā -Vasiṣṭha—Śakti—Parāśara.
Millions of Hindus recite Vishnu Sahsranamam everyday where the genealogy is given as follows:
This mythical (Parijata) tree rose of the milk ocean when Devas and Asuras churned it to get Amrita. Indra took it and planted it in his garden. “Its bark was gold, and it was embellished with young sprouting leaves of a copper colour, and fruit stalks bearing numerous clusters of fragrant fruits.”
Once Narada brought a flower of this tree to Dwaraka and presented it to his friend Krishna. He waited to see to which of his wives Krishna gave the flower. The flower was given to Rukmini, and Narada went straight to Satyabhama and made a show of sorrow. On her enquiring why he was not in good cheer, the sage told Satyabhama, that he had presented Krishna with a flower of the Parijata tree thinking that she was her favourite wife and he would present it to her, but was grieved to find that Krishna had given it to Rukmini.
Satyabhama’s jealousy was roused and she asked Narada what could be done to spite Rukmini. The sage advised her to ask Krishna to bring the Parijata tree itself from heaven and plant it near her house. After giving this advice, he went back to the celestial region and told Indra to guard the Parijata tree carefully as thieves were about.
When Krishna saw Satyabhama in angry mood he asked her the reason. She told him, “You pretend that I am your favourite wife, but treat me as Rukmini’s handmaid she said, and asked him what made him present the Parijata flower to Rukmini. Then Krishna asked her what he could do in expiation. She wanted possession of the tree. Krishna immediately proceeded to Amaravati, Capital City of Indra’s Empire. Krishna stole into Indra’s grove and started uprooting the tree. The king of the gods came upon the scene and caught the thief red-handed but seeing who his despoiler was, he allowed him, after some show of resentment, to take the tree to Dwaraka, Capital city of Krishna’s empire.
Botanical Information: Two different plants are known as Parijata one is Coral Jasmine (Pavala Mallikai in Tamil) and another is Baobab Tree in Uttar Pradesh.
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Parikshit
Posthumous son of Abhimanyu. He was the only descendent of the Pandavas. When he was in the womb of Uttara, he was saved from the Brahmastra fired by Ashwattama.
Once when Parikshit went to forest for hunting. When he was thirsty, he went to the hermitage of Shamika rishi and asked for water. The rishi was in deep meditation and did not respond. Thinking that the Rishi was pretending, Parikshit placed a dead snake around the neck of the seer. When Shrungi, son of Shamika came to know this, he cursed that king Parikshit would die on the seventh day at the hands of Takshaka Naga. Despite heavy security in the palace , Takshaka hid himself in a fruit basket taken into the palace and killed him.
(Actually it was a long going fight between Krishna and tribal Nagas from the days of Kaliaya Mardhan and Khandava forest burning. It was settled and a peace agreement was signed during Janamejaya’s rule who massacred tribal nagas in the name of Sarpa Yajna. Two rishis Jaratkaru and Astika facilitated the peace agreement. Brahmins recite a mantra thrice a day referring to this peace agreement in Narmadaiyai Namah ……………………….. mantra facing North).
To be continued……………………..
Tags – HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 76; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி- 76 , Parasara, Paila, Parikshit
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
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Picture – Lord Krishna in Yaga Fire
Purananuru wonders-35, Tamil Encyclopedia-75; One Thousand Interesting Facts -Part 75
Item 586 Taittriya Upanishad
Purananuru Verse two
Puranānūru 2, Poet Muranjiyur Mudinākanār sang to Cheraman Perunchōtru Uthiyan Cheralathan, Your nature is like the five elements – the earth filled with sand, the sky raised above the earth, wind that blows in the sky, fire that sweeps up the wind, and water that differs from that fire.
Earth
Wind /Air
Sky/ Vacuum
Fire
Water
Due to Tamil prosody the order is changed from the Taittriya Upanishad which is more scientific. The same verse mentioned also Brahmins’ Four Vedas, Brahmins’ Three Fires, Himalaya and Pothiyam Mountains, Mahabharata battle and so, we are sure the poet was well versed in Sanskrit scriptures. And his name is Mr Nagarajan!
Here is the Mantra from Taittriya Upanishad
Taittiriya Upanishad (Brahmananda Valli, Chapter 2, Section 1) of the Krishna Yajurveda
It outlines the creation of the universe, explaining how all elements and life emerged sequentially from the Supreme Brahman (the ultimate cosmic reality).
“From that (Supreme) Atman, space (Akasha) was born. From space, air (Vayu). From air, fire (Agni). From fire, water (Apah). From water, earth (Prithivi). From earth, herbs and plants (Oshadhayah). From plants, food (Annam). From food, the human being (Purushah).”
Space – air—fire—water—earth- -plants—food- man .
This is what scientists also tell us. Big Bang happened in Space. Then Atmosphere (air) was formed; fire subsided and oceans formed; water receded and land appeared; plants appeared and animals and men came.
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Item 587 Origin of Vahanas and Flags
Many foreign scholars dated Hindu Puranas around Gupta Dynasty which is definitely after Sangam Tamil literature. They are wrong. Because they don’t know Tamil they bluffed and Hindu scholars of British Rule period also followed them. But the Puranic stories, Epic paintings, Hindu Vahanas, Hindu Flags are in 2000 year old Tamil literature. So Puranas are older than Sangam Tamil literature.
Just a few examples:
Palmyra tree flag of Balarama ,
Garuda/ eagle flag of Vishnu ,
Piniukha vahana of Muruga/Skanda ,
Are mentioned by Nakkirar in verse 56.
We have got more references to fish flag of Manmata in Paripatal .
It is a well known fact that chera choza pandya also had flags with bow, tiger and fish pictures.
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Picture – Rama Duta Anjaneya in Yaga Fire
Item 588 Vishnudasan praised
Yaagaas , Yajnaas = Fire sacrifices
n Purananuru 166, poet Avur Mulan kizar praises one Brahmin called Vinnan Dayan.
Vinnan Daayan is the tamilized Sanskrit name Vishnu dasa. Poets surname shows that he was from the caste of agriculturists.
He got gifts, probably, after attending the Yajna . This shows that even non Brahmins attended yagas and received prizes.
The verse begins with a praise for Lord Shiva. He says Vishnu dasa was a great devotee of Lord Shiva whose mouth is always reacting Vedas .
He praised Brahmins mastered Four Vedas And Six ancillary subjects. We know that it includes grammar, astrology, etymology etc.
He also said Brahmins rejected the atheists’ argument and established One Dharma.
While praising Brahmins like this he says Vishnu dasa came in the family of who did 21 types of Yagas.(see the explanation at the bottom)
This is the one which helps us to understand RV I-164-3.
Dirgatamas, the blind poet of Rig Veda, used lots of numbers.
He says
THE SEVEN WHO ON THE SEVEN WHEELED CAR ARE MOUNTED HORSES, SEVEN IN TALE, WHO DRAW THEM ONWARD.
SEVEN SISTERS UTTER SONGS OF PRAISE TOGETHER, IN WHO THE NAMES OF THE SEVEN COWS ARE TREASURED… RV 1-164-3
Commentators interpreted the Seven as seven swaras of music, seven meters in
Prosody, seven rays of sun etc.
The three sevens may mean 3×7 Yagas. The Vedic hymn might have meant two types of cows like the Tamil poem.
Here is another mantra with Number Seven,
KNOWING THE LAW, THE SEVEN STRONG FLOODS FROM HEAVEN, FULL OF GOOD THOUGHT, DISCERNED THE DOORS OF THE RICHES.
SARAMA FOUND THE CATTLE S FIRM BUILT PRISON WHERE BY THE RACE OF MAN IS STILL SUPPORTED – RV 1-72-8.
Here also the seven floods from heaven is not explained satisfactorily.
Three Sevens are all not explained by the Vedic commentators.
So we have to review all the sevens in the verses. Sangam Tamils commentaries may help us to clear the vagueness.
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Picture- Hindu Women gathering flowers for Gods.
Item 589
27 Yagas in Purananuru
What is 3 X 7 ?
In the commentary of Puram 166,
The doyen of Tamil literature Dr U V Swaminatha Iyer listed all the 21 yagas..
They are broadly divided into three sevens and they are
Soma Yajnas 7
Havir yajnas 7
Paga Yajna 7.
(I have given all the 21 names in my Tamil article.)
What is 2 X 7 ?
And in another Tamil line of the verse two (2×7) sevens come. These are ghee made from the milk of seven domestic cows and ghee made from the milk of seven wild cows.
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Item 590
Special Dress for Yaga in Puram 166
Later the poet added that the Brahmin ladies who assisted Vishnu dasa wore special head ornaments and the gentleman wore deer skin.
Sangam Age Tamils were very familiar with the Himalayas and the Ganges river because of Kalidasa’s works. Of the 1500 images and similes of Kaliadsa, Sangam poets have used at least 200 similes. Avur Mulankizar wished the king to live a “long life like the Himalayas”.
When he praised the wife of Vishnu dasa he praised their chastity and their beauty. He added two interesting points also,
She is a woman of few words.
And she did what he said.
Here we are reminded of the saying of Greek philosopher Democritus, who said,
FEWSNESS OF WORDS IS AN ORNAMENT TO A WOMAN- Democritus.
Vishnudasa performed the Yagas, Fire Ceremonies, where
His use of Ghee (clarified butter) shamed Water
His lot of Yagas shamed the Numbers
His Spread of fame shamed the Earth
(such was his great ness, says the poet.)
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Tags- Purananuru wonders-35, Tamil Encyclopedia-75, One Thousand Interesting Facts ,Part 75, Flags, Vahanas, Yagas, Tattriya Upanishad, item 590
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
tamilandvedas.com, swamiindology.blogspot.com
xxxx
Part 73
N words continued…………………….
Nakkirar
A controversial and challenging Tamil poet of Sangam age. His clashes with Lord Shiva and others are in the stories of Tiru Vilaiyatal Purana and Tiru Murugatruppadai in Tamil . Tiru Murugu. Is a Sangam age work, that is 2000 years old. His poems are in Purananuru in praise of Hindu Gods. His controversy was documented by Appar (600 CE) in one of his poems, and so he must have lived at least 300 or 400 years before Appar.
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Nalangu
A Tamil Post Wedding Ceremony to reduce the stress and strain of a wedding ceremony. It is full of fun and frolicks.
Both the bride and bridegroom are asked to take part in various competitive games. One example: a ring is placed in a pot full of water. When they are asked to GO, both dip their hands into the water pot; whoever takes the ring first is the winner; the winner’s family and friends jump with joy making big noise.
Both of them are asked to roll a coconut, powder a few Pappads in the air with both hands; both parties tease or mock at the other group with some songs; they are like song caricatures of the bride or bride groom family.
An example : bride groom has Hitler moustache or pot belly; bride has a fake plait; hair is not long enough.
Nalangu is a traditional South Indian and Tamil post-wedding ceremony involving the application of sacred pastes and the playing of games to help the couple relax. As documented in ancient texts, this ritual aims to reduce stress and foster bonding between families.
In some communities it is done before the wedding. The bride and others are applied with turmeric paste. Participants also, particularly women, apply the turmeric paste on their feet and hands..
Something similar to North Indian Hindu ceremonies like Mehandi and Sangeet ceremonies.
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Naalvar – The Four
The Great Four Saivite Saints; Naalvar means The Four persons; they are Appar alias Tirunavukkarasar, Sambandar (Tiru Gnana Sambanthar), Sundarar and Manikkavasagar (maanikkavaasakar); latest research shows that the last one lived at least 100 years before Appar, a contemporary of Mahendra varman, the greatest Pallava king (600 CE).
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Namam ( naamam )
It is a symbol on the forehead of Vishnu devotees. They are three vertical lines in the shape of English letter Y or U. between the thick white lines a straight red line is drawn in the middle. Tamil Vaishnavites wear Dvaadasa Naamams on 12 places in the body that is comparable to Saivite Brahmins 12 placed Vibhuti (holy ash).
Y shaped Naamam- symbol of Tenkalai sect of Tamil Viashnavites; those who sing Tamil hymns of Alvars (Tamil Vaishnavite Saints)
U shaped Naamam- symbol of Vadakalai sect of Tamil Viashnavites; those who sing Sanskrit hymns of Vedanta Desikan.
Then= south ; Vada = north .
Even the Naamam on temple elephants will show one to which sect the temple belongs.
But when it comes to big temples like Titupati Balaji temple or Srirangam Ranganatha Temple, common devotees don’t bother about the sectorial divisions. But there are extremists in both sects who take the symbol cases up to the highest court in the country.
Vaishnavite Gurus/Acharyas called Jeeyars are very ardent followers of their respective sects and its practices.
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Nammazvaar
One of the greatest Vaishnavite saints known in Tamil as Alvars (aazvaar).
Tamil Vishnu devotees believe that he composed Vedas in Tamil; his poems are great and meaningful. He was born in Alvar Titunagari in the southern part of Tamil Nadu. Like Buddha attained wisdom under the Peepal/Bodhi tree, Nammalvar (nammaazvaar) attained wisdom under a Tamarind tree. Like Tansen’s tamarind tree, this tamarind also attained fame and worshipped until this day.
Following Thirumangai Alvar who composed 1,361 verses, Nammalvar is the second most prolific contributor, having composed exactly 1,296 verses across four works (most notably the Tiruvaymoli). They are part of Naalayira Divya Prabandham (the canonical collection of 4,000 Alvar hymns).
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Nayanmar or Nayanar (naayanmaar or Naayanaar)
Sixty three Tamil saints and mystics are called Nayanmar or Nayanars. They were ardent followers of Lord Siva. Their stories are sung by Sekkizar in Periya Puranam in Tamil. They revived and spread Bhakti movement between fifth and ninth centuries. They belong to all castes. Of them three are women.
We know the date of Sambandar, the greatest of the 63 saints. He lived around 650 CE. Kannappa Nayanar who was a hunter gave his eye to Lord Siva and attained Mukti/liberation. Woman saint Karaikkal Ammaiyar became famous and worshipped in southeast Asian countries too. Of the Four Great Saivite Saints, Manikkaavasagar is left out and not included in the list of 63. This problem has been debated until this day without a definite conclusion. But his poems are included in the Saivite Tirumurais (Scriptures or Hymns on Lord Siva). Indirect references show that he lived before 600 CE.
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Narada
A great rishi who undertook frequent trips between heaven and earth.
Narada Muni is portrayed as the quintessential traveller, a supreme devotee of Vishnu, and the “first investigative journalist” of the cosmos. He was a messenger of divine wisdom, an Inter Galactic Traveller. He delivered essential philosophical lessons and stories of devotion to many.
He visited the Pandavas a number of times specially during the period of their banishment in the forest and gave them good advice. About righteous conduct and harmonious living. He illustrated his points by appropriate anecdotes from past history/puranas. He also tried to persuade Dhritarashtra to keep his son Duryodhana in check and make peace with the Pandavas.
Nārada (नारद) was one of the twelve, who knew the dharma ordained by Hari; a celibate; an attendant of Hari; was taught the bhāgavata by the father; and he gave it in his turn to Vyāsa. Wherever he goes he will create a problem and that will bring something good; end justifies means was his policy.
He was in the company of Bharata when he recited the Nāṭyaveda, according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 35.
He was a celebrated Devarṣi (deified saint or divine sage). He is one of the ten mind-born sons of Brahmā, being supposed to have sprung from his thigh (Manusmṛti 1. 35). He is represented as a messenger from the gods to men and vice versa and as being very fond of promoting discords among gods and men; hence his epithet of Kalipriya or kalahapriya. He is said to have been the inventor of the lute or Vīṇā. He is also the author of a code of laws which goes by his name.
In Tamil literature, he was referred to in Tamil epic Silppadikaram as Naradar Veenai (Veena of Narada). He always travelled with his Veena singing the glory of Vishnu.
Many people born later also had his name. So we find many books in his name. But the original Narada is attributed with one famous book, Narada Bhakti Sutra.
Narada Bhakti Sutra has 84 aphorisms on the nature of Bhakti and the condition of Bhaktas/devotees. Swami Vivekananda has explained it in good English. (see my blogs for more details).
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Narakasura
Asura killed by Lord Krishna and that day is celebrated as Deepavali (Diwali) in Tamil Nadu.
Narakasura was the son of Goddess earth, (referred to as Dharthi), by Lord Vishnu himself during his Varaha (boar) avatar. It was foretold that he would be destroyed by a later incarnation of Vishnu. His mother, the earth, sought the boon from Vishnu that her son should have a long life, and that he should be all powerful. Vishnu readily granted these boons.
Narakasura became evil, in association with another Asura named Bana. Drunk with power, as he knew himself to be unrivalled in prowess, he brought all the kingdoms on earth under his control. Next he turned his eyes towards Swargaloka/ heaven. Even the mighty Indra could not withstand the assault of this son of Vishnu and had to flee the heavens. Now Narakasura had become the overlord of both the heavens and earth. His reign of oppression was in full swing. His capital was in modern Assam
Once granted immense power, he built a seemingly impregnable fortress, terrorized the three worlds, stole divine treasures (such as the earrings of Aditi), and imprisoned 16,000 celestial princesses
Divine Intervention: The tormented devas sought the help of Lord Krishna to defeat Narakasura.
The Battle: Accompanied by his wife Satyabhama—who was the earthly incarnation of Bhudevi—Lord Krishna rode to Pragjyotishapura to confront the demon.
The Final Blow: Because of the boon that only his mother could kill him, Satyabhama took the bow and struck the decisive blow, paving the way for Krishna to sever Narakasura’s head with his Sudarshana chakra.
Liberation: Following Narakasura’s defeat, Krishna liberated the 16,000 captive women and married them to restore their societal honour.
Festival of Lights: The triumph of good over evil that day is spiritually commemorated as Deepavali (Diwali), specifically the day of Naraka Chaturdashi
Sanskrit phrase 60,000 0r 16,000 means a lot, uncountable, innumerable. Even in English we use a million dollar question etc
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Nikhumba
Several rakshasas had this name. one of them is referred to in Ramayana .
According to Mahabharata, Nikhumba was the father of demons Sunda and Upasunda who killed each other in an intoxicated fight to get hold of apsara
Tilottama . he was a descendent of Hiranyakasipu.
According to Ramayana,
Nikumbha (निकुम्भ).—A very mighty Rākṣasa. Son of Kumbhakarṇa (Rāvaṇa’s brother) by his wife Vajramālā. He had an elder brother called Kumbha.
When Kumbha was killed in the Rāma-Rāvaṇa war Nikumbha rushed to the front line and fought fiercely, and he was killed by Hanūmān. (Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa, Yuddha Kāṇḍa, Canto 77).
Nikumbha (निकुम्भ): One of Ravana’s generals who led the rakshasas against the host of monkeys and was slain
When Indrajit, son of Ravana tried to do an all powerful Yaga to destroy Rama, timely intervention of Lakshmana spoiled it
According to Puranas
the “dreadful cave of Shatpura” is a foreboding site of deception and imprisonment famously linked to the powerful being Nikumbha.
According to ancient texts, Nikumbha—a powerful figure and lord of the Pisacas—used this cave to harbour captives. Its mythological significance centres around a few key details:
The Standoff: Nikumbha emerged from the dreadful cave wielding a thorn-covered club.
The Conflict: Upon stepping out, he was confronted in combat by Dhananjaya (Arjuna), who shot arrows from his Gandiva bow to block the thoroughfare.
Symbolism: The cave serves as an ominous backdrop for themes of entrapment and trickery during pivotal battles.
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Nimi
Son of Dattatreya. He grieved greatly at the death of his son Shrimana and then he undertook various ritual for the eternal good of his son. It is said that this constituted the beginning of thee “Shraddha” ceremonies relating to death.
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Nivatakavacha, Nivātakavacha
These innumerable Danavas/demons occupied a city which previously belonged to Devas. Not being able to defeat the Nivatakavacha danavas, Indra sought the help of Brahma who said that Indra himself in another form would be able to defeat them. Thus it was when Arjuna had come to the end of his five years stay in Swarga/heaven and was preparing to return to earth, Indra asked as a parting gift he should get rid of his enemies the Nivatkvachas. Arjuna went to the abode of the Danavas with Matali as his charioteer and using various divine weapons obtained from heaven he defeated the Nivatkvacha demons.
More details
The nivatakavachas (Sanskrit: निवातकवच, romanized: Nivātakavaca, lit. ‘the impenetrable armoured ones’) are a sect of daityas, the children of Kashyapa and Diti, classified under the race of asuras in Hindu mythology. They are best known for their battles against Ravana and Arjuna, the latter of which caused their annihilation.[1]
Thirty million nivatakavachas were born in the daitya clan. Allied with the kalakeyas, they triumphed over the devas in battle. They are described to have been skilled in magic and warfare, wielding powerful weapons to defeat their foes.
From Ramayana
The nivatakavachas are said to have terrorised the world, living deep beneath the ocean, and residing in the city of Maṇimatī after securing boons from Brahma. In the Ramayana, Ravaṇa with his sons Meghanada, Atikaya, and with his army attacked these daityas, but found himself unable to defeat the sect after centuries of battle. The two sides finally formed an alliance after Brahma intervened.
From Mahabharata
In the Mahabharata, Indra sought the destruction of the nivatakavachas from his son, Arjuna, as his dakshina (honorarium). Describing the sect as his foes, he stated that the nivatakavachas lived in a fortress under the ocean, numbered thirty million, and were alike in shape, size, and prowess. To achieve this task, Indra sent his own charioteer, Matali, to drive Arjuna to the location of his foes. The devas offered Arjuna a conch named Devadatta, and Matali offered him ornaments that resembled his own. When the two reached the city of the daityas, they closed their gates, fearing that Indra himself had appeared to slay them. When Arjuna blew his conch, the nivatakavachas attacked him, loosing tridents, spears, and arrows upon him. Arjuna released arrows from his Gandiva, slaying the daityas in the thousands. The nivatakavachas rendered themselves invisible, and showered elemental attacks on Arjuna. The prince grew disheartened when he realised that he was unable to manoeuvre their attacks due to the intensity of their barrage.
Matali urged him to employ the thunderbolt missiles he had brought with him, which devastated the daityas, and defeated them. The daitya women sought shelter in their houses as Arjuna entered Maṇimatī, thinking that it looked better than the city of the devas. The charioteer explained that the city had previously belonged to the devas, but had been captured by the daityas following a boon granted to them by Brahma. Brahma assured Indra that the latter himself, in another form, would defeat the daityas, which had just transpired. He encouraged Arjuna to also lay waste to Hiranyapura, a neighbouring city of the danavas who opposed his father as well, which the prince achieved.
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Nara Narayana
Nara-Narayana are twin sages and a twin-brother avatar of Lord Vishnu in Hinduism, representing the eternal connection between humanity (Nara) and divinity (Narayana). Together, they represent human effort and divine grace working in harmony to uphold righteousness (dharma
The Name: In Sanskrit, Nara means “human being” or “eternal spirit,” while Narayana refers to the Supreme Being (Vishnu).
Divine Origins: They were born as the sons of Dharma (the god of righteousness) and Murti (the daughter of Daksha).
Life of Penance: The twins famously traveled to the Badari hermitage (modern-day Badrinath) in the Himalayas. They engaged in severe austerities and deep meditation to defeat evil and preserve world order.
Mahabharata Connection: Hindus believe Nara and Narayana reincarnated as the heroes Arjuna (human) and Krishna (divine guide) during the events of the Mahabharata.
Iconography: In traditional art, Nara is usually depicted with two hands and wearing deer skin, while Narayana is portrayed with four hands, holding a mace, discus, conch, and lotus.
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Narasimha
Narasimha is the fourth, half-man and half-lion avatar of Lord Vishnu, manifesting in the Satya Yuga to protect the devotee Prahlada by destroying the demon king Hiranyakashipu. By overcoming Hiranyakashipu’s invincibility boon at twilight on a threshold, this form symbolizes divine intervention that transcends conventional limitations to uphold dharma.
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Nalanda
Nalanda was an acclaimed university, a large Buddhist monastery in the ancient kingdom of Magadha (modern-day Bihar) in India. The site is located about 95 kilometres southeast of Patna near the town of Bihar Sharif, and was a centre of learning from the fifth century CE to1200 CE. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The highly formalized methods of Vedic learning helped inspire the establishment of large teaching institutions such as Taxila, Nalanda, and Vikramashila which are often characterised as India’s early universities. Nalanda flourished under the patronage of the Gupta Empire in the 5th and 6th centuries and later under Harsha, the emperor of Kannauj.The liberal cultural traditions inherited from the Gupta age resulted in a period of growth and prosperity until the ninth century.
Muslims burnt the library
Historical consensus and primary records attribute the final destruction and burning of the Nalanda Mahavihara to a Turko-Afghan military general Bakhtiyar Khilji of the Delhi Sultanate in the late 12th century.
The Sacking (c. 1200 CE): During his conquests in northern and eastern India, Khilji famously led a marauding army that attacked and plundered several major Buddhist centers, including Nalanda, Vikramashila, and Odantapuri.
The Library Burning: Nalanda boasted a colossal collection of manuscripts housed in multi-story libraries known as Ratnasagara, Ratnadadhi, and Ratnaranjaka. The attackers set fire to the institution, with historical accounts stating the massive fires burned for three months.
While Khilji is widely cited for the fatal sacking and mass slaughter of the monks, historians and researchers point out that the destruction was not a one-time total evaporation:
Eyewitness Accounts: Tibetan monk Dharmasvamin visited the site in 1234 CE, nearly 40 years after Khilji’s campaign. He found the institution heavily ruined but still functioning, with a small fraction of about 70 monks being taught by a 90-year-old abbot.
Continuous Raids: Surviving monks and local patrons attempted to revive the university, but persistent raids by subsequent groups of Turkish soldiers over the following decades ultimately forced the permanent abandonment of the site
Tags- Nakkirar, Nalangu, Namam, Nalanda, Narasimha, Nivatakavacha, Narakasura, HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 73; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி- 73
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Yaudheyas who ruled Northwest part of India had issued Skanda- Kartikeya -Murugan Coins 2000 years ago. They ruled Sapta Sindhu area (Punjab, Haryana regions) from 200 BCE to 300 CE. They issued various types of Skanda coins. The surprising thing is that they were the one who issued Skanda (Murugan in Tamil) coins with his Six Heads and his vehicle peacock. Later Gupta rulers issued such coins. Six Headed Skanda is called Shanmukha in Sanskrit and Aarumukham in Tamil. Adi Sankara who formed six groups of worship called Skanda worship Kaumaram because Kalidas made that name (Kumaara) popular 2200 years ago.
Sangam Tamil literature has one whole work written by a Brahmin poet named Nakkirar on Skanda and it is called Tiru Murugatruppadai. Anti God Dravidians dubbed it as a later interpolation, but Yaudheya coins explode such arguments. Added to this Patanjali’s Mahabhashya reference to Skanda, a commentary on world’s first grammar book by Panini known as Ashtadhyayi. In the 2200-year-old Mahabhasya, Patanjali gives us information about selling Murtis/figures of Skanda -Vishaka. This also gives credence to Sangam book Tiru Murugatruppadai.
Through this we come to know that the Skanda worship was popular from Himalayas to Kanyakumari 2000 years ago.
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Who are Yaudheyas?
Panini refers to them specifically as an Ayudhajivin Sangha—a community of warriors who lived by the profession of arms. He explains that the suffix “-ya” was used in Sanskrit to signify martial and warrior tribes, a linguistic detail that fits the Yaudheyas’ historical reputation as a formidable military force
The tribal republics or Janapadas like Audumbara, Kuninda and Yaudheya issued their coins in the name of their presiding deities-Mahadeva. Chitresvara and Brahmanya. The early tribal republics of the 2nd century B.C.E, refer to their names and places in Brahmi script. Some republics issued coins with their names and title Raja or Maharaja. Copper was used as the prime metal for such issues. A few tribes issued coins in silver too.
Monarchies like Surasena and Panchala that sprang up during this period were located in the Ganga-Yamuna plain. The kingdom of Panchala issued copper coins bearing the names of no less than 35 kings.
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Gupta Coins on Skanda
The golden age of Indian history was the rule of Guptas. They were great worshippers of Vishnu and they called themselves Parama Bhagavatas. But the world famous poet Kalidasa changed them into Saivites. Kalidasa lived in the first or second century BCE. His work Kumarasambhava on the birth of Kumara/ Skanda made Guptas to name their children Skanda Gupta, Kumara Gupta etc. They issued coins with Skanda with peacock.
Even Asvagosha , author of Buddha Carita in Sanskrit, compared Skanda with Buddha! According to Hindu literature in Tamil and Sanskrit, Skanda was a war god. He was the commander in chief of the Divine army. He married Indra’s daughter Devasena. In spite of his association with war, red colour and planet Mars, Asvagosha compared him to Buddha because of Kalidasa. In Raghuvamsa, Kalidasa compared three kings to Skanda. Tamils of Sangam age also followed Kalidasa and compared the kings with Muruga. Such was the influence of Kumarasambhava Kavya. Not only this, Tamil Sangam poets used the first ten slokas on Himalayas in Kumarasambhava, in their poems.
The greatest Art Historian of India Mr Sivaramanurti (Curator of Madras Museum) was a Sanskrit scholar. He argued Literature comes first Sculptures follow it like the Tamil saying Literature comes first Grammar follows it. He placed Kalidasa in Pre Gupta period,because Gupta coins show whatever Kalidasa said in his seven works.
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Other coins on Muruga/Skanda/Kartikeya
Huvishka,successor of Kanishka, issued coins on all Hindu gods including Kartikeya around first century CE. Earlier rulers used pictures of Siva only. Huvishka used names in Mahabhashya such as Masena/ Mahasena , Skandakumaro Vizaka . His coins show that Skanda holding Trisula/trident like Shiva.
They spelt the names in strange ways
Shiva – oeso, uma – ommo
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Yaudheya coins showed Skanda holding a spear; Vel in Tamil.
Kumara Gupta 415-450 CE issued beautiful Skanda coins in gold. The legend on his coin was Mahendrakumarah.
Gold coin issued by Chalukya Vikramaditya of Badami/Vatapi 655-681 CE has the figure of Kartileya. Peacock feather and snake are also seen.
Though kanda Murugan is called Tamil God, we don’t have any ancient coin with Muruga!
As late as seventeenth century, king Ragunatha Nayak of Thanjavur displayed standing figure of Kartikeya in his coin.
Later Kanthirava Narasaraja Wodeyar (1638-56) of Mysore issued coins with Kartikeya seated on a peacock.
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Maurya dynasty was named after Peacock (Mayura) growers. Asoka was very fond of peacock meat. Even after spreading Buddhism, he never stopped killing peacocks for food, but he ordered to kill lesser number of the birds. Their coins show peacock with its feather. Since India made peacock its national bird, we can even say that India’s national God is Lord Skanda, Mahasenatipati, Commander in Chief!
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The dress and ornaments used by the women in Kalidas’s time were unrivalled in their simplicity, elegance and effectiveness. He used the rings to give surprises and twists in his dramas. He used the following ornaments,
Nupura- anklet; nuupura
Mekala or Kanchi or Rasna -girdle; waistband; mekalaa, kaanchi, rasnaa .
Valaya – bracelet;
Kankana – bracelet;
Keyura or Angadha – armlet;
Karnapura or Kundala Thadanga – ear ornaments; ear stud or earring; karnapoora, kundela, thaadanga;
Cudamani- ornament for the middle of the head; cuudaamani;
Mudrika- rings ; Aṅgulīyaka अङ्गुलीयक A finger-ring
Pictures of Gem stones found in Excavations in Sri Lanka
Following are some references where Kalidasa used ornaments –
There is no reference to nose ring; but brahmins and tribes in the hills are wearing it until this day.
Details of the jewels
In the plot of Sakuntala drama, the ring figures very conspicuously. So also, in Malavikagnimitra , the sarpamudrika, the serpent shaped ring, plays an important part .
Some of the above mentioned ornaments were worn both by men and women. Ancient statues of Gods and Goddesses, men and women show jewels worn on every part of the body. 2000 year old Sangam Tamil literature also confirms it.
Sanskrit words like Kinkini, Nupura, Mani, Kanchi, Mekhala are used in 2000-year-old Tamil Sangam Literature
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Amarakosha, the oldest dictionary of synonyms in the world, give details of Hindu ornaments:
The Amarakosha, the ancient Sanskrit thesaurus by Amarasimha, catalogues a wide variety of traditional ornaments (ābharaṇa/alaṅkāra). It classifies these jewels comprehensively by the body part they adorn, providing the foundational vocabulary for Indian jewellery.
Specific ornaments mentioned in the Amarakosha include:
1. Head and Ear Ornaments (śīrṣa-ābharaṇa)
• Mukuṭa: A crown or diadem.
• Cūḍāmaṇi: A jewel worn on the crest of the head or hair.
• Kundala: Earrings.
2. Neck and Chest Ornaments (kaṇṭha-ābharaṇa)
• Hāra: A prominent chain or necklace made of pearls.
• Niṣka: A necklace made of gold coins.
• Graiveyaka: A torque or collar necklace worn close to the neck (also known traditionally as kanthi).
• Tarala: A central pendant on a necklace.
3. Arm and Hand Ornaments (hasta-ābharaṇa)
• Keyūra and Aṅgada: Armlets worn on the upper arm.
• Valaya: Bracelets or bangles.
• Kaṭaka: Rings or bracelets often having a round crest shape. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
4. Waist and Hip Ornaments (kaṭi-ābharaṇa)
The Amarakosha distinguishes several types of ornamented waist belts: [1]
• Mekhalā: The primary term for a jeweled girdle.
• Kāñcī: A specific type of waist girdle.
• Raśanā: A multi-stringed or multi-beaded waist ornament.
• Sārasana: Another variant of a decorated waist belt. [1, 2, 3]
5. Ankle Ornaments
• Nūpura: Ankle ornaments or anklets.
Head & Hair Ornaments
• Chūḍāmaṇi: A prominent crest jewel or diadem worn on the top of the head, often used as a key plot point or status symbol.
• Ratnajāla / Muktajāla: Nets or networks of pearls and gems used to adorn and veil the hair. [1, 2, 3]
Ear Ornaments
• Kuṇḍalas: Large earrings often crafted in specific designs, such as the Makara-kuṇḍala (shaped like a mythical sea creature) or the Ratna-kuṇḍala (gem-encrusted). [1]
Neck & Chest Ornaments
• Kaṇṭhīkā / Kaṇṭhīhāra: Traditional, tightly fitting chokers and necklaces.
• Ekāvalī: A single-string pearl necklace.
• Muktāvalī: A classic, multi-strand pearl necklace. [1, 2]
Arm & Wrist Ornaments
• Aṅguliya / Ratna-aṅgulīyam: Gem-studded rings, most famously the signet ring given by King Dushyanta to Shakuntala.
• Kankaṇa: Bangles and bracelets worn on the wrists. [1, 2]
Waist & Hip Ornaments
• Mekhalā: Elaborate beaded or multi-stranded hip belts and girdles.
• Raśanā: A multi-stringed (often 16-strand) beaded waist chain.
• Kāñcī: A single-strand hip girdle. [1]
Ankle Ornaments
• Nūpura / Mañjīra: Ornate, often heavy anklets.
• Kiṅkiṇī: Tinkling anklets adorned with small bells, typically worn by dancers.
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My old articles on this topic are also attached herewith:
Three wivws of most celebrated Madurai Nayak King Tirumalai Nayak.
Four Gold Rings in Ramayana and Kalidasa’s Works
Research paper written by London Swaminathan
Research article No.1520; Dated 26th December 2014.
Gold Rings play an important part in Valmiki Ramayana and three of Kalidasa’s works in addition to Vishaka Datta’s Mudra Rakshasa.
Valmiki, the great Adi Kavi, inspired Kalidasa and Vishaka datta. All these are Sanskrit works. In Sangam Tamil literature we have one reference to a gold ring with shark picture on it. Such rings are found in Rome and Greece. Apart from their literary merits, there are lot of things for researchers.
1.Gold rings were used as seals. They were like government seals and emblems.
2.Gold rings have personal names inscribed on it. Rama’s name was there on his ring. Dushyanata’s name was inscribed on it.
3.Sita was able to recognise the letters RAMA and Shakuntala was able to read the letters. So women were literates and highly educated. Kalidasa tells us how many letters were in Dushyanta’s name and asked Shakuntala to count them so that she would know many days she had to wait.
Tiberius ring
4.Tamil had rings with shark picture on them. They might have been imported from Rome. Roman gold coins are found in nook corner of Tamil Nadu and the vaults of Ananta Padmanabha Swami Temple of Tiruvanathapuram, Kerala.
5.Kalidasa gives information about gem studded rings (Ratna Angukiyam) in Raghu Vamsa (6-18, 12-62, 12-65). In the Sakuntalam, he mentioned about giving engagement rings. Now it has become a big custom and big business in Western countries. Actually Hindus taught the world about giving Engagement Rings. Giving flowers is in Tamil literature.
6.Kalidasa also gives information about ring with a snake picture on it in his drama Malavika Agnimitram.
7.In Kalidasa’s Abinjana Sakuntalam and in Vishaka Datta’s Mudra Rakshasa, the ring plays an important part. Sanskrit scholar Chandra Rajan compared it with Shakespeare’s Othello (hand kerchief instead of ring in Othello).
Snake ring
8. Tamil Poet Maruthan Ilanakan used (Kali- 84) the ring in his Kalitokai verse. It is a gold ring given by a prostitute to the hero. It shows that prostitutes were very rich and they may even give rings to their customers if they fall in love with them. In other parts of the world, it is other way round; they only received, never donated.
9.Since Tamil ring has a Makara/shark, Romans might have brought them. Sailors used to visit prostitutes the counties they visit and the VD or STD are called Sailor’s diseases. But the heroine actually said that it was Manmatha’s flag emblem, meaning that the prostitute wanted to rule over his heart for ever. Manamatha is God of Love.
10.in Mudra Rakshasa, it is the signet ring of a minister. So, all the top government officials used their rings as signatures. Each one must have a different picture or personal name on it.
11.It is unfortunate that we have such rings only in the vaults of Maharajas now, which slowly find their way to auction houses in London and New York.
12.When I visited Stockholm I was able to see all the jewellery in the museums. In my city London, people queue to see the Royal jewellery including India’s Kohinoor diamond. I paid to enter Metropolitan Museum in New York. India can mint money by displaying her treasures properly. Government should set up a panel for this purpose with historians and archaeologists.
13.Indian government must ban legal or illegal “export” of all Indian jewellery to foreign auction houses. They must also make arrangements to display all the jewellery of temples such as Tirupati, Tiruvananthapuram and palaces of Maharajas. There are many more hidden gems lying in the dark rooms of India. I have written about our treasures in Tehran museum.
(Please Read my articles on “India needs an Indian Jones” and the Diamond studded Rs 1000 crore Globe in Tehran Museum)
Gold Ring in Valmiki Ramayana (Sundara Kanda, Canto 36)
Sangam Tamil book Purananuru says that the monkeys did not know how to wear Sita’s jewellery! Sita threw them down from Ravana’s air plane. Hanuman took Sita’s jewellery back to Rama . Hanuman won Sita’s confidence when he gave her Rama’s ring. When she saw the ring with Rama’s name on it she believed that Hanuman was a real messenger from Lord Rama.
Here is the verse from Sundara Kanda
“O, Fortunate One, I am a monkey, the messenger of the sagacious Rama; behold this precious ring on which his name is engraved! O, Goddess, it was given to me by that magnanimous hero so that thou shouldst have faith in me”
“Janaki taking the jewel that had adorned her lord, was overcome with joy, as if he himself were present her gentle countenance with its large eyes sparkle with delight resembling the moon released from Rahu’s hold. Blushing with pleasure on receiving this token from her lord, that youthful woman, in her satisfaction, began to look on that great monkey as on a friend and paid tribute to him”.
From The Ramayana of Valmiki, Volume II, Translated by Hari Prasad Shastri
Here is the Gold Ring from Abhinjana sakuntalam:-
King : Then putting the ring on her finger, I said to her;
Madhavya: What did you say?
King: Count off each day one letter of my name
On the Ring; and when you come to the last,
An escort will present himself, my love,
To lead you to my Royal Apartments.
But in blank confusion I acted cruelly.
Mitrakesi: A charming arrangement, no doubt; only fate slipped in and broke it
Madhavya: How on earth did the ring enter the (fish) carp’s mouth as if it were a hook?
King: It slipped off your friend’s finger when she was worshipping the waters at Sasi’s pool (Soma Tirtha).
Act 6 of Sakuntalam (Chandra Rajan’s Translation in “Kalidasa-The Loom of Time”).
Chandra Rajan compared it with Othello of Shakespeare:
“In Othello, proof of the heroine’s chastity and love is demanded. Desdemona’s chastity hangs on a hand kerchief; Sakuntala’s on a ring. Both heroines are blissfully unaware of the importance of the token. To them love is its own proof and a witness to their charity”
Snake ring in Malavikagnimitram
Act 4 of Malavikagnimitram says that the queen parted with her signet ring bearing a serpent seal, as it was required by the poison-doctor to effect a magical cure. He thus procures the freedom of Malavika.
Mudra Rakshasa
The meaning of the drama is “The Signet Ring of Rakshasa”, the Chief Minister of last Nanda King. Chanakya, installed Chandragupta Maurya as king, and dethroned the last Nanda king. Nanda king’s chief minister Rakshasa was made to switch sides through the clever plans of Chanakya.
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GEM STONES IN KALIDASA & TAMIL LITERATURE
From my blogs dated 13-2-2012
(This is the third part of my thesis to prove that the age of Kalidasa is around 1st century B.C. Please read other two parts as well-S .Swaminathan)
A country’s wealth is reflected in its literature. If the poets always sing about poverty and begging bowl we know that the general public suffered and starved. If the poets sing about gold and gems and enormous wealth and donation it means that the country was wealthy. Kalidasa,the greatest of the Indian secular poets, sings about gold and gems though out his seven books. As a matter of fact he himself was considered one of the Nine Gems (Nava Ratnas) in the court of Vikramaditya who started his own era in 56 BC.
Kalidasa’s praise of Himalayan gems is sung by Sangam poets as well. Sangam poets who lived hundred or two hundred years after Kalidasa might have got the information from his works. If this is the only similarity then we can ignore it as coincidence. But I have identified 225 similes between Kalidasa and Tamil Sangam literature which proves that Kalidasa lived around 1st century BC or before the Sangam period.
Tamil kings were very rich. Tamil literature refers to thrones and cots made up of ivory and gold. The chariots were decorated with gold. Even the elephants had big gold plated coverings to its face. Roman ships poured gold in to Tamil Nadu (South India) and took spices in exchange. This was corroborated by Roman writers of first few centuries and discovery of thousands of Roman gold coins though out South India.
Kalidasa uses 16 names for the Himalayas including Kailash and Kubera saila. He is all praise for the Himalayas. He is so excited whenever he describes the mountains.
“There is in the northern quarter, the deity souled Lord of Mountains, by name Himalaya,who stands, like the measuring rod of the earth, spanning the Eatern and Western oceans”. 1-1:Kumarasambhava
“Snow could not be a destroyer of beauty in the case of him who is the source of countless jewels.” 1-3
“Who bears on his peaks, a richness of metals, appearing like an untimely twilight, with its colours reflected upon patches of clouds, and the cause of amorous decking of the heavenly nymphs.” 1-4
In Kumara I-3 and Ragu. II 29, IV 79 he describes the gems available in the Himalayas.
Tamil poets echo it in Puram 218 (Kannakanar) 377 (Ulochanar )Pattina. 190-198 sung by a Brahmin poet Kadiyalur Rudran Kannanar:
“Brought by the cart, gems and gold from the Northern Mountain
Sandal and eagle wood from the hills of Coorg
Pearls from the southern sea, coral from the east
Ganga’s wealth and Kaveri’s produce
Eza’s provisions and Kazhaga’s plenty “(Pattinapalai 193-197)
In addition to these there are hundreds of mention of all types of gem stones and precious metals.
Nagaratna/Cobra Jewel
(Please read my article :How did Shakespeare know Cobra Jewel-the Indian Nagaratna, where in I have explained what is Nagaratna)
We find the following references about the cobra jewel in Tamil and Sanskrit.
Kakaipatini Nachellaiyar ,a poetess of Sangam period says that the the snakes with cobra jewels are dancing in the holy Himalayas like the women possessed by divine spirits in Pathitru Pathu (6-lines 10 to 1)
Hindus believed that the snakes carried luminescent gem stones on their heads. They used them to find their prey. The general theme is that snakes use the light of Nagaratnam (cobra jewel) and if they lose it, snakes become very upset.
This is not an exhaustive list. We find such references in innumerable places.
Pearl in the Oyster
If the rain falls on Swati star day the oysters open their mouth to drink the rain drops and the rain drops become pearls-This was the belief of ancient Indians including Tamils.
Malavi.1-6: Kalidasa says , ‘the skill of a teacher imparted to a worthy pupil attains greater excellence, as the water of a cloud is turned in to a pearl in a sea shell.In Puram 380 ,Karuvur Kathapillay says the same about the origin of pearls. Bhartruhari makes it more specific by saying the rain on Swati Nakshatra days become pearls. Biologits also confirm on full moon days lot of sea animals like corals release their eggs or spores. So far as India is concerned it might have happened in that particular (Swati star with Moon) season.
Kalidasa gives more similes about pearls. He describes the river that is running circling a mountain as a garland of pearls( Ragu.13-48 and Mega.-49)
Other references from Kalidasa: sweat drops as pearl:Rtu.6-7; tears as pearls: Mega 46, Ragu VI 28,,Vikra V 15; smile-KumarI-44, water drops on lotus leaf:Kumara VII 89
In Tamil the teeth are compared to the pearls: Ainkur. 185, Akam 27
Since Gulf of Mannar is the main source of pearls in India ,thre are innumerable references to pearls in Tamil literature. Even Kautilya refers to the pearls from Pandya country. Korkai was the harbour city where the pearl fishing was flourishing. Aink 185,188, Akam 27,130 and Natri 23mention pearls from Korkai.
Ivory
The pearl recovered from elephant ivory is referred by Kalidasa and other poets:Kumar I-6,Ragu 9-65.This is referred to by several Sangam Tamil poets:Murugu 304, Malaipadu 517, Kali 40-4, Puram 170 (V M Damodaran),Pathitru.32 (K Kappiyanar), Natri. 202 (P P Katunko), Kurinji 36 (Kapilar), Akam 282 (Thol Kapilar).
Pearl from bamboo trees is also sung by a Tamil poet in Akam 173 (Mulliyur Puthiyar).
Pictures are taken from various sources; they are representational only; thanks.
contact; swami_48@yahoo.com
Recorded by The Rev. J E Padfield B.D. year 1908 in his book The Hindu at Home.
It is an old world notion that magic properties are attached to certain gems, and this idea has been systematized by the Hindus. It is called “The Test of Precious Stones” (Ratna Pareeksha). But the testing is largely confined, to the luckiness or otherwise of the particular gem and has nothing to do with its intrinsic value, nine kinds of precious stones are enumerated and mention is made of the deity, or planet with which each is connected.
It is stated that the wearer of a particular gem receives the blessing of the patron deity. Thus rubies are the favoured gems of the sun; diamonds of Venus; pearls the moon; emeralds of Budha, the son of the moon. sapphires of Saturn; cat’s eye of the dragon’s tail, or descending node of the moon (Rahu); topaz of Jupiter; coral of the ascending node of the moon (Ketu) and the agate of Mars.
Faulty Gems!
Six kinds of rubies with flaws are enumerated, each of which is said to bring misfortune to the wearer. A ruby, with milky layers enveloping it, is said to bring poverty to the wearer; one with a broken ray in it will cause quarrels and disputes; one chipped will make enmity between relatives; one full of cracks will plunge the wearer into sorrows for ever; one with many flaws will endanger the life of the wearer one rough and dark in colour will be sure to cause evils. It is advisable to avoid either of these six kinds. It is also said that rubies containing two or three round spots are not lucky. It is not advisable to cast one’s eyes upon such a stone on awaking in the morning. It is most lucky to wear good and pure rubies; the sun, their patron, will bless the wearer with wealth and prosperity castes.
diamond
Diamonds are divided into four classes or castes. Those that are pure white are said to be of Brahmin caste, and bestow great benefits upon of wearer. Those that are red, are of the Kshatriya caste, and bestow upon the wearer the power. Those that are yellow are of the Banya caste, and bestow prosperity generally. Those that are black, are of the Sudra caste, and mean ruin to the wearer.
When a diamond contains shining streaks, resembling the feet of a crow, it will cause death of the wearer. If a pure diamond is worn, Venus, its patron, will bless the wearer with the comforts of life.
There are said to be nine places in which pearls are found. In the clouds; this kind said to be oval in shape, and to be worn by the gods. In the of a serpent; these are said to be like small seed, and to have the quality of relieving the wearers from all troubles. In the hollow of a bamboo; these are said to be black in colour, and give the wearer certain attractions. In a fish; these are white in colour, and protect the wearer from danger by fire. In the head of an elephant ; these are yellowish green and should be worn by king. In a sugarcane, this kind is of reddish colour and is said to have the power of causing all , even and queens, to be subjected to be subjected to the will of the wearer. In a conch shell; these are said to be like a dove’s egg, but they cannot be obtained by ordinary men. it requires a knowledge of mantrams, or of magic, to get them. In the tusk of a wild boar; this kind is red in colour, and is in size like the regu fruit (ziziphus jujuba); it will bring fame to the wearer.
pearl
In the pearl oyster; of these there are said to be three kinds, of a reddish, a golden, or a white colour. The moon, the patron of pearls, will bless a wearer of pure pearls with fame and the pleasures of life.
emerald
Emeralds are said to be of eight classes according to their colour. Poisons have no power over those persons who wear a good emerald. It gives protection against the power of the evil eye and develops the mental faculties. Emeralds also have the power of protecting the wearer of one from the designs foes, from sorrows, madness, internal pains, swoon and various diseases of the liver. A sure access to heaven is promised to that one who freely gives emerald to a Brahmin.
sapphire
Sapphires are divided into three classes according to the depth of their colour. There are also six kinds (with flaws) that are said to bring evil to the wearer; such evils as quarrels with relatives, loss of children, hazard to life, certain death within a year. A sapphire is purest when, if placed in milk it gives to the milk a bluish tinge. It is then a true sapphire. A sapphire is said to be electric, when a blade of grass will adhere to it though blown upon. Such a stone is said to bring lustre to the wearer. The Saturn, the patron of sapphires, will bless the wear of a true sapphire with prosperity and immunity from death.
The topaz is described as having a colour like a drop of dew on a flower, and its patron deity, Jupiter will bless the wearer with immense wealth.
Four kinds of coral (with flaws) are enumerated that will cause evil to the wearer, troubles, grief, disease, and death. There are six kinds of good coral mentioned, according to the colour, and the wearer of such is promised the pleasures of life and the accomplishment of his designs.
agate
The blessing of Mars is promised to the wearer of an agate, which blessing ensures wealth and prosperity.
The details given in this chapter, have, I think, served to show how strong the passion for jewels amongst the Hindus.
(My comments: Being a Christian preacher, Rev. Padfield had criticized the Hindus for their beliefs at the end of each chapter; that is why he gave more information about flawed (bad) gems than good gems. I have already written about the good gems mentioned by Kalidasa and Varahamihira (Brhat Samhita). Manu also advise that gems should be worn by the kings (7-218)
–Subham—
Tags- Ornaments in Kalidasa Works, Ancient Hindu Jewellery, You can get Ph.D., part 3
Ornaments of Lord Siva who appeared as hunter; Madurai Meenakshi Temple.
Written by London Swaminathan
Post No. 15,867
Date uploaded in London –13 June 2026
Contact – swami_48@yahoo.com
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
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Hindus are the only people in the world who wear ornaments from head to foot. Greeks have no ornaments on their statues in the ancient time. Egyptians had some jewellery ut only kings and queens wore it around their necks. Where as all Hindus have been wearing it whether it is a king or a servant; our ancient statues and literature prove it. Until this day wedding pictures of brides also show this. We have copious references to these ornaments in the Rig Veda, the oldest book in the world. After Rig Veda, we see it in the necks of Mother Goddess in Harappan Civilization. Statues of Yakshis, Yakshas and devotees dated around second century BCE reveal all types of jewelleries.
***
Apart from Hindus, Mayans and Aztecs in South America wore almost similar ornaments like the Hindus. We know that Mayans migrated to South America after a big conflict with Lord Krishna and Arujana. Both wanted to cultivate in new areas and construct new houses. So, they declared that they are going to burn Khandava Vana (Gond Wana Land). Naga tribes in the forest objected to it. But Krishna went ahead igniting a long fight between Nagas and Rulers for a few centuries. They killed all Nagas when Parikshit was assassinated. Then Astika Rishi and Jaratkaru initiated a peace agreement. Brahmins recite this historical peace agreement in a mantra three times a day. They face towards north and recite Narmadaayai Namah mantra with full details. ( In my research article written a decade ago, I have given over sixty similarities between Mayan Civilization and Hindu Civilization).
***
You can get a doctorate if you do research in Hindu jewellery. Rig Veda, Harappan Civilization, Sangam Tamil literature gives us encyclopaedic information.
Here is the list of ornaments in the Rig Veda (2000 BCE according to Prof. Wilson who thrashed Max Muller and made him to withdraw his 1200 BCE dating)
List of Ornaments in the Rig Veda
Karna sosbhanaa- 8-78-3; ear stud; ear ring;
Khaadi-1-168-3, 5-54-11;brooch, ring, bracelet or anklet;
This list in not comprehensive; silver is mentioned in a lot of places with the word candra in the Rig Veda.
(Mani, Pinda were used even in 2000-year-old Sangam Tamil literature).
After Rig Veda, we get more information from Atharvana Veda, Yajur Veda, Upanishads, Sangam Tamil literature, and historical Tamil and Sanskrit inscriptions. The full jewellery list of Padhmanabha swamy Temple in Thiruvanathapuram (Kerala), Jagannath temple at Puri (Orissa) are not made public yet; Tirupati Balaji temple jewellery is uncountable. India is the richest country in the world even today. Each item in the temple will get millions of dollars if it is auctioned today. Palaces of old kings have hidden treasures. They keep it a secret until this day.
To be continued………………..
Tags- Ancient Hindu Jewellery, you can get Ph.D., part 1, list of ornaments, Rig Veda, Mayan, Aztec, Greek, Egyptian, ornaments,
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Brahmins lived not only in India but also in Sri Lanka and all over Southeast Asia. The Tamil and Sanskrit inscriptions and books like Mahavamsa confirm it. Agastya and Kaundinya, two Brahmins, occupy an important place in the literature, Historical inscriptions and folklore of Southeast Asian Countries. Sanskrit inscriptions of Mulavaman, Purnavarman (Fourth Century CE) and others were discovered inside the deep virgin forest of Borneo (Indonesia). Yupas (Yaga Pillars) were also found there. That shows Brahmins did big Yagas as well.
The suffix Varman has been continued with the name of Kings from Mahabharata days to the modern period.
Sangam Tamil poets proudly include their Gotra names. Dr R Nagaswamy, famous historian and archaeologist, N.Subramanian, Tamil scholar gave us a list of the gotras found in Tamil Nadu in their books.
Here is a list given by N.Subramanian in his book The Brahmin in the Tamil country, Madurai, 1989 :
The following Brahminical Gotra names are heard of in early and medieval Tamil inscriptions:
1.MAUTKALYAYANA
2.SRIVATSA
3.KAUNDINYA (GNANA SAMBANDAR’S GOTRA)
4.KASYAPA
5.BHARADVAJA (NACHCHINARKINIYAR GOTRA)
6.JATUKARNA
7.VADULA
8.AGNIVESHYA
9.ATREYA
10.VISHNU VRIDHDHA
11.LOHITA
12.VASISTHA
13.GAUTAMA
14.PARASARA
15.HARITA
16.MUTKALA
17.KAUSIKA
18.SANDILYA
19.TARAYANA
20.AUSITHA
21.SAVARNI
22.SANKRIYAYANA
23.MASHALA
24.GARKA
25.RATHITARA
26.KANEKA
27.SALAVATA
28.KUTSA
29.VARAKYA
30.KAPI
31.TUMRAYANA
32.PAURUKUTSA
33.SAMKRASHTI
34.MATTARA
35.JANATKARNA
36.MADALA
37.KAPPA (KAVYA?
38.UDAMEGHA
39.LAKSHANYA
40.KANVAYANA
41.VISVAMITRA
42.ASHMATYA
****
The following Sutra names are also found in inscriptions:
Chaturvi- one who mastered four Vedas; oldest Tamil book was approved by Chaturvedi Acharya of Tiruvithankodu in Kerala.
Trivedi- one who mastered three Vedas.
Dvivedi – one who mastered two Vedas.
Tamil Brahmins were great scholars; throughout Sangam Tamil literature we hear only Chaturvedi (in Tamil Naan Marai)
Sanghvi is Shat Andga Vit= one who is an expert in Six Angas/parts of Vedas.
In Tamil we call it Sadangu.
***
The following sacrifices are also mentioned:
Vajapeyam (Indian Prime minister Atal Behari Vajpeyi was from the family of Vajapeya Yaga experts)
Agnishtomam;
Asvamedham (horse sacrifice)
Rajasuyam is mentioned in Purananuru (Sangam Tamil Literature)
Kalidasa mentions that Pandyas are always with wet clothes because eof bathing called Avabrudha Snanam (in Raghuvamsa; it may be about Pal yaaga salai Mudu Kudumi Peruvazuthi)
Pal yaaga saalaa= one who constructs many Yaga Kundas at the same time)
The following Sakais (shakaa= branch) or Charanams are mentioned:
Brahmin poets of Sangam age identified themselves by thier Gotras. This gives valuable information to us. Even when Asoka sent his emissaries to Sri Lanka, they were welcomed by Brahmin priests. Mahavamsam says Brahmins were living in Sri Lanka even before Vijayan’s arrival there. It shows Brahmins were there at least from sixth Century BCE.
But most famous Brahmin poets Kapilar, Paranar, Mamulanar (Maamuulanaar) ,Kadiyalūr Uruthirankannanār etc. never mentioned their castes. Only other poets praised Kapilar as the most celebrated Brahmin because he was pure and self-controlled.
From other sources we know Chandilya, Bharadvaja Gotras. Most famous commentator Nachchinarkiniyar , and Nedum Bharatayanar, Teacher of a Chera king, belong to Bharadwaja Gotra.
Post Sangam epic Silappadikrama gives more information. Dr Nagaswamy, famous historian and archaeologist, lists 32 Gotras that lived in Tamil Nadu, from post Sangam period inscriptions.
List of Brahmin poets and their contribution in Sangam/ Cankam literature:
List of Famous Brahmin Poets:
Agasthyar ,who received Tamil language from Shiva
Tolkappiyar (Thruna dumagni), who wrote grammar after Agaththiyam became obsolete.
Amur Gowthaman Sathevanar (Sahadevan)
Kadiyalur uruththiran Kannanar ( Rudra Aksha)
Kodimangalam Vathula (Gothra) Narsenthan
Sellur Kosikan (Kausika Gothra) kannanar
Madurai Teacher Nalanthuvan
Madurai Ilam kausikanar
Madurai Kanakkayanar
Nakkiran,son of Madurai Kanakkayanar
Madurai gownian (Kaundinya Gothra) daththnar
Mamulanar
Uraiyur enicheri mudamosi
Perunkundrur Perungkausikan
Kumattur kannan
Gowthaman
Valmiki
Vadamavannakkan damodaran
Vembathur kumaran
Paranar
Kapilar-Paranar
*****
Books written by Brahmin poets
Tolkappiyam (Pre Cankam period); His name was Truna Dhumagni, according to most famous commentator Nachchinarkiniyar. Tolkappiyar beloned to Kavya Gotra ( Kappiyak Kuti in Tamil) Lord Krishna in Bagavad Gita praised this clan. Usanas was the greatest Kavi= Kavya= Kappiya.
Kurinji pattu (lines 261)
Thiru murugatruppadai (lines 317)
Pattinap palai (Lines 301)
Perumpanatrup padai (Lines 500)
Malaipadukadam (lines 583)
Nedunal vadai (lines 188)
Six out of Ten Idylls sung by Brahmins
Pathitrup pathu (all except one)
Ainkurunuru (Kapilar’s 100)
Brahmin’s contribution adds up to 10,000 lines, nearly one third of the Sangam/ Cankam literature.
14 Jan 2012 — Without Brahmins Tamil would have died or at least become poorer two thousand years ago. The reason being Brahmins were the teachers of that language
Also more details are given in my article No Brahmins, No Tamil.
–Subham—
Tags- Brahmins, Gotras, Yagas, Tamil inscriptions, Brahmin poets, Sutras, Tolkappiar
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NAMES OF ARYAN HUSBANDS???? AND DRAVIDIAN!!!! WIVES (White men Interpretation)
Rig Vedic seer Deergatamas- Married Dasa caste woman Mamata;
Rishi Kavacha Ailusar – married Dasa caste woman;
Sudasa is a famous king in Rig Veda supported by Rishis;
Satyakama kama Jabala- son of servant maid Jabala.
Rama’s son Kusa- married Naga Princess Kumudavati;
Rama’s son Lava – Naga Princess Kanjajana;
Brahmin Ravana – married Asura kula Mandodari;
Shantanu- Fisher woman Matsyagandha; Son- Veda Vyasa
Matsyagandha means Fish Smell; She was called Yojanagandha, so smelly, her bad smell will go up to one Yojana= eight miles!
Bhima – married Demoness Hidimba; their son- Kadothkajan;
Arjuna- married Naga woman Ulupi; Pandyan Girl Alli (Chitrangatha)- their Son Aravan of Mahabharat;
Lord Muruga- Huntress Valli;
King Yayati- Brahmin Devayani;
Krishna’s son Pradyumna- married Asura Kula Prabhvati;
Vidharpa Desa Princess Maya – married Narakasura; their son Bagatdatta supported Kauravas)
Asura Guru – Brahmin Sukra!
Deva Guru- Brihaspati (These Gurus are in Sangam Tamil Literature)!
Brahmin Asura Vrtrasura was killed by Indra in Rig Veda ;
Brahmin Asura Trisiras was killed by Indra in Rig Veda;
Brahmin Asura Namuchi was killed by Indra in Rig Veda;
(In Bhutan and Nepal Namuchi is used as names of people even today)
Varuna is praised as ASURA in Rig Veda;
Rig Vedic Indra and Varuna are praised as Gods of Tamil Lands by the oldest Tamil book Tolkappiam;
Siva is praised as ARYAN by great Saivite saints who lived around 600 CE or before
No DRAVIDIAN is found anywhere in ancient Tamil literature
All ASURAS prayed to Lord Shiva and Brahma and received boons. Asuras also were practising Hindus.
The above facts explode the myth of foreign writers who said Demons, Asuras, Black skinned men are Dravidians.
Even the Asura names are in Sanskrit!
***
Toda woman in Nilgris
Cousin Marriage
Cousin marriage is followed in Tamil Nadu until this day and it is in all Tamil films as well. But it is also followed in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Orissa. Arjuna married cousin Subhadra, Krishna’s son married cousin Rukmavati. Ther also Northern Aryan custom, Sothern Dravidian custom is exploded.
Whatever foreigners wrote about “Dravidian” and “Aryan” are proved false and mischievous.
***
According to British rulers of India and Christian preachers in India, Dravidians were black and Aryans were white; according to them Dravidians were driven to south by invading Aryans; according to them Dravidians were described as Asuras, Rakshasas and low caste by the Aryans. Look at the list above which explodes this view.
A gang of foreigners led by Max Muller, John Marshall Mortimer Wheeler, John Mackay misled the world by giving racial connotations to two words Aryan and Dravidian. Neither 2000 year old Sangam Tamil literature nor 5000 year old Vedic literature has no evidence for it.
Arya is found in Rig Veda and the later Tamil Sangam literature. In Sanskrit it meant Cultured, educated, disciplined etc. In Tamil Sangam literature it meant Rishis in the Himalayas, People living in the North. No where Arya meant a race of people.
DRAVIDIAN IS NOT AT ALL FOUND IN TAMIL LITERATURE. Later when it is found in Jain literature it meant South. A reference about Dravida Sangam established by a Jain Muni is oft quoted without any detail. It is understood that there is nothing about Tamil or Tamil Nadu. This is the condition in fifth century CE. Three hundred years after this, Kumarila Bhatta mentioned Dravida Bhasa and refereed to Tamil word Soru (cooked rice). That is the only reference to connect this word DRAVIDA with Tamil. There also he meant a language spoken in the SOUTH. Because the ancient division of India as 56 Countries show Dravidian Desa out side Tamil Nadu. Chera Chola, Pandya desas have nothing to do with it.
Desa= country
One more reference from First Century BCE comes from the most famous Jain King Kharavela. He talks about breaking the Dramila Sanghatan which is 130 year old. Here is a controversy, only interesting to linguists. One group argued the very word TAMIL came from DRAVIDA:
Dravida=Dramila= Tamil.
Another group put it in reverse gear and argued:
Tamil=Dramila= Dravida.
It is true that M becomes V.
Most famous Saivite Saint Manikka vasagar changed Mirugam= Virugam (animal-Mrga)
Mandodari= Vandodari (Ravana’s wife and daughter of Demon Mayan, who married Brahmin Ravana)
Tamil Villagers use Muzi= Vizi (pupil in the eye).
Leaving this to linguists, if we move on to Indus Valley (Harappan or Sarasvati River Civilization), there is no Dravidian skeleton; all the skeletons discovered were of Aryan stature. The mischievous gang led by Jonhn Marshall, Mortimer Wheeler and John Mackay used the word Dravidian with racial tone and misled the world. Because of this misleading, until this day the script remains undeciphered.
Max Muller after getting severe beatings and bricks from scholars like Goldstucker, changed his tone and said I used it without any racial connotation. When he started writing about Vedas he declared I am a German and so I am an Aryan. Germans are Aryans. Hitler used it in his auto biography and killed millions.
***
What did Hindus say about classification of People?
Before foreign Christian preachers and foreign rulers misused and abused the word DRAVIDIANS, Hindus knew nothing about the word.
They divided the mankind into 18 groups of people. It is in Tamil commentaries on Sangam literature. It is also in Sanskrit literature.
One important point is man kind moved from one place to another place in the past 5000 years. But the big question is whether they moved from West to East or East to West. Tamil literature never know there is a river called Indus/Sindhu! But they sang about the Himalayas and Ganges. Since Vedic God Indra was assigned direct East and Rig Vedic rivers list started from Ganga Hindus believe that Hindus originated in this land. Nowhere in Sangam Tamil literature or in Vedic literature there is evidence. Only linguists said look at Matha=Mother, Bratha= Brother, Hora=Hour; this shows you came fromoutside India. But Hindus argue millions of words spoken by Indians are not found outside India, so there is no connection linguistically. They also pointed out thousands of ancient customs of Hindus are not found anywhere in the world. What the Christian foreigners showed so far is HORSE. Even that argument was exploded because Rig Veda mentioned the number of Ribs which is not same in the European horses.
Th Hindus believed in mixed marriages; all the famous Hindus had black skin which exploded the Aryan White Skin and Dravidian Black Skin.
Veda Vyasa= utter black= born to fisherwoman.
Krishna = utter black= Yadava caste; now a backward caste claiming benefits from Government!
Draupadi/ Krishnaaa= Black Woman
Rig Vedic Rishis Dirgatamas (Long Darkness), Kavacha Ailusha, Satyakama Jabala and many others were from Dasa caste!
So called low caste people like meat vendor Dharmavyadha, cart driver Raivak taught Vedic wisdom to great kings according to Upanishads.
The list of Mixed marriages is given in the beginning is only a short list, mostly from ancient literature. If we look into history we get hundreds of examples.
***
Naga Mystery
Over 20 Sangam poets are Naga poets; even Gupta inscriptions have names like Ganapati Nagan. Tamil epic Manimekalai described Sri Lanka as naga island. It said those Naga women used to entice sailors and devour them according to Mahavamsa. Only Buddha civilised them according to Sri Lankan chronicles.
My conclusion is that there were no Dravidians according to Tamil and Sanskrit literature, but black skinned and white skinned people lived together. Asuras followed certain customs like eating human flesh which others detested Even according to Eight Types of marriages in Tolkappiam and Manu Smriti, Asura marriage is violent abduction of brides. It shows Asuras believed in uncontrolled violence. Bhagavad Gita and other scripture also described the qualities of good and bad people. People with balanced mind wont quote one or two slokas from scriptures, but look at the whole picture and judge.
–subham—
Tags- Aryan, Dravidian, Asura, Demon, Devas, marriage, white skin, Black skin, Naga mystery, mixed marriage, Cousin Marriage
Pictures are taken from various sources for spreading knowledge.
this is a non- commercial blog. Thanks for your great pictures.
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N Words
Nabhaga / naabhaaga
Many characters in the Puranas have this name; a bit confusing!
Nabhaga (नभग):—
One of the ten sons of Śrāddhadeva and Śraddhā. This name is not to be confused with Nābhāga (another son of Manu whose name is sometimes replaced with Kavi). (see Bhāgavata Purāṇa 9.1.11-12)
Nābhāga (नाभाग).—Naabhaaga-
A brother of Ikṣvāku. The famous Ambarīṣa was Nābhāga’s son. After conquering all the worlds, he ruled the kingdom strictly along the path of truth and righteousness. (Vana Parva, Chapter 25, Verse 12). In the evening of his life Nābhāga gifted away the whole land to Brahmins. Since she could not leave Nābhāga, Bhūmidevī herself assumed physical form and went to him on the occasion. This emperor never consumed meat. He lives in Brahmaloka according to Chapter 115, Anuśāsana Parva. (Śānti Parva, Chapter 96, Verse 124).
Another story
Nābhāga (नाभाग).—A son of Vaivasvata Manu and father of Ambarīṣa.*
The last son of Nabhaga and a bachelor; saw his father’s property divided among his other brothers and himself left with nothing; on his father’s advice he went to the sacrifice of Angīra’s descendants and explained the sixth day rituals relating to Viśvedevas. When the sacrificers went to Heaven their unspent wealth was presented to him. At this time appeared a person of dark complexion who was Rudra and who claimed all the property as his own; when Nabhaga was consulted he said that on a certain occasion, all the remainder in a sacrificial hall was left to Rudra. So Nābhāga apologised and gave away all that wealth. With this Rudra was pleased and initiated him into the knowledge of the Brahman. After making a present of all that wealth to the prince, he disappeared.
A mysterious name in Indian History and Tamil Sangam Literature; over twenty Tamil poets have this name. Naga lokam is located in the middle of rivers or seas. Arjuna married Naga Kanya Ulupi. Manimekalai, Tamil epic, described Nagaloka. It says Sri Lanka was full of Naga Kanyas.All the river side beauties and sea side beauties are described as Naga Kanyas (snake nymphs). The very word SNAKE is derived from Sanskrit S+naka!
In Sangam Tamil literature Naaka lokam is heaven/Swarga.
Gupta inscriptions talk about Ganapati Naga etc.
Wisdomlib.org gives more on Nagas:
1) Nāga (नाग).—An asura (demon). (See under Nāgāstra).
2) Nāga (नाग).—A class of serpents. It is stated in Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa, Araṇya Kāṇḍa, Sarga 14, that of the ten daughters of Kaśyapa, from Surasā, the nāgas and from Kadrū, the Uragas (both are serpents) came into the world.
Nāga (नाग) refers to a group of inhabitants of ancient Kaśmīra (Kashmir valley) according to the Nīlamatapurāṇa.—The Nāga deities of the Nīlamata have power over rain, storm and snow, and dwell generally in lakes, pools and springs.
Creatures born with human forms above the naval and of snakes below; born of Kaśyapa and Kadru; their capital was Bhogavatī; their chief was Ananta;1 came to Dvārakā with the gods;2 attacked the chariot of the Lord;3 residents of the Naiṣadha Hill, of all talams and especially Pātalam; capital Māhiṣmatī, renowned for Karkoṭaka sabhā; worship Pitṛs;4 Vāsuki, as their overlord;5 when milking the cow-earth Takṣaka was the calf;6 celebrated the marriage of Śiva and Umā;7 to be worshipped in Palace buildings.
Nāga (नाग) is a name mentioned in the Mahābhārata (cf. I.34, I.35, I.31.6, I.35, I.60.66) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places.
From Kashmir Ananta nag to Kanyakumari Nagerkoil ,we have hundreds of names with Naga
***
Nagara
In Sangam Tamil literature Nagar means Temple (in Madurai).
Nāgara (नागर, “townsmen”):—The Sanskrit name for a group of Prāsādas (‘town buildings’), according to the 11th-century Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra (chapter 63). This work, authored by Bhojadeva, is an encyclopedia dealing with various topics from the Vāstuśāstra.āsāda
Nāgara (नागर) refers to one of the six types of Temples, according to chapter 4 of the Puruṣottamasaṃhitā
Nagara (नगर) refers to a “city” (suitable for the householder to settle down as a citizen), according to chapter 1.4 of Vātsyāyana’s Kāmasūtra:
***
Nachiketa
Son of Rishi Uddalaka Aruni.
The story of Nachiketas appeared first in the Rig Veda. Later Taitriya Brahmana and Katha Upanishad dealt with it. Vajra sravasva or Uddalaka Aruni, father of Nachiketa, desirous of attaining heaven, performed great sacrifices and was profuse in his gifts to the Brahmins. Nachiketa, as a boy, noted that his father had given only old and barren cows to them.
Nachiketa told his father that he had not given all and asked him ‘To whom I shall be given?’ On repeating the question three times, father angrily replied, ‘To Death’ (Mrtyu).
Thereupon he fell down as though dead and found himself in the presence of Yama, abode of Death. After staying there for three nights, Yama was forced to offer him a boon. He prayed to see his father again and he reconciled. This boon was granted and another one was offered. All kinds of blessings were proposed but the boy refused to be contented with anything but a true knowledge of the soul. Yama then proceeded to instruct him.
In Mahabharata , it is told that Nachiketa expressed a desire to see some great persons there. Yama then arranged Nachiketa to see some of the great persons who had given away cows to Brahmanas. Bhishma related this episode to Yudhisthira to stress the importance of gifting cows to Brahmana.
***
Nahusha
An ancestor of Kuru Dynasty; son of Ayu and father of Yayati. Once in the temporary absence of Indra, he became the king of Swarga/heaven. There he became intoxicated with power and began to behave like a tyrant. He even entertained a desire that Indrani (Sachi) wife of Indra, should submit to him. Indrani had to seek the help of Brahma and together they devised a plan to topple him
Sachidevi (Indrani) went to Nahusha’s palace. There, she said, “O mighty king of the gods! Before I become your wife, I have a request to make. I wish you to come majestically to my house in a grander style than the Lord Vishnu or Shiva. Let the seven rishis bear your palanquin.” Nahusha, already riding high in his pride, instantly fell into the trap.
Seven revered rishis carried him in a palanquin on the dreadful day of Nahusha’s supposed meeting. Engulfed in lust, Nahusha was impatient to reach Sachidevi soon. Agastya, shortest of the Rishis, also joined the seven Rishis. Because he was too short the palanquin had wobbled. So Nahusa began goading the rishis to go faster and, out of mad wickedness, kicked the pious sage Agastya, saying “sarpa, sarpa.” Sanskrit has two meanings of ‘sarpa’- one is ‘‘to move’, and the other is ‘serpent’. Agastya cried out loud in anger, “O wicked Nahusha, you out of pride had made us the rishis bearer of your palanquin. On top of it, you are also goading us and saying sarpa, sarpa constantly. I curse you now and here that thou shall fall from heaven and become a sarpa on earth.”
Immediately, Nahusha fell headlong from heaven and became a python in the jungle. There, he had to wait for long period for deliverance. His progeny, Yudhisthira, came to rescue him in Dwapara Yuga.
When Nahusha got his deliverance from the curse, he told Yudhisthira:
सुप्रज्ञमपि चेच्छूरमृद्धिर्मोहयते नरम् ।
वर्तमानः सुखे सर्वो मुह्यतीति मतिर्मम ।।
suprajñamapi cecchūramṛddhir mohayate naram
vartamānaḥ sukhe sarvo muhyatīti matir mama
“O righteous king Yudhisthira! The wealth and opulence fascinate even the most intelligent and brave man. I believe that everyone immersed in pleasure is disillusioned by it and subjected to the great fall as I did.”
Goswami Tulasidas ji also said in Ramcharitmanas:
नहिं कोउ अस जनमा जग माहीं,
प्रभुता पाई जाहि मद नाहीं ।
nahim kou asa janama jaga māhī,
prabhutā pā’ī jāhi mada nāhī
“Never has a creature born in this world who doesn’t get intoxicated with pride when exalted with power and opulence.”
The story of Nahusha proves that excessive fame and power lead to pride, and pride leads to the ultimate downfall. So, one must always be conscious of one’s surroundings and not allow pride to take over.
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Nakula
Youngest of the five Pandava brothers, he was the son of Madri and twin brother of Sahadeva. He was an extremely handsome youth renowned for his mastery in sword fighting. As he was an expert rider, he had no difficulty in obtaining a post as the keeper of royal stable of King Virata of Matsya Desa during the thirteenth year of banishment. Under the name of Granthika, he spent one year without anyone recognising him. At the end, just before revealing his identity, he fought along with the Matsya forces against the invading army of Susharma of Trigarta desa and earned the respect of King Virata.
Mythologically he was the son of Aswins, also known as Nasatya in the Vedas. He had a son named Niramitra by his wife Karenu-mati, a princess of Chedi desa.
In Indonesia, Nakula is a highly prominent name in Bali. It is a major street in the upscale resort town of Seminyak (Jalan Nakula) and the namesake of Nakula, a leading Bali-based hospitality and private villa management company
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Nala and Damayanthi
This interesting love story of Nala and Damayanthi is in the third chapter, Vana Parva, of Mahabharata. The story was adapted into Tamil by two poets Pukazenthi and Athi Veera Rama Pandyan. Other poets of Tamil epic Silappadikaram and Thevaram made passing references to it. Because the story is so moving, a lot of other important things in the story are missed by many.
Following subjects are dealt within the story:-
1.Extra Terrestrials
Art of Disguise
Eight Paranormal Powers
4.Bird Migration and Training Birds for communication
5.Art of Cookery
6.Art of Charioting
7.Magic Numbers
8.Art of Gambling and Manipulation
9.invisible Cloaking
10.Toxicology
11.Moral Teaching and Psychology
12.Letter Writing by Kings
13.Truth alone Triumphs
14.Necessity of cleanliness
15.Role of Poetry
16.Brahmin Ambassadors/ Role of Ambassadors
17.Travellers’ Tale & Business Travel & Robbers
18.Geography
19.History
20.Role of Saints/Psychologists
21.Child care
22.Unusual Freedom of Indian Women
23.Body marks
24.Science of Horses
25.Tree Science
NALA DAMAYANTI story was translated into Latin by Bopp and into English verse by Dean Milman.
DAMAYANTHI was the only daughter of King Bhima of Vidarbha (Nagpur region in Maharashtra). She was very beautiful and clever. Nala, King of Nishada, was a brave and handsome person. He was learned in Vedas and virtuous. He had great skills in arms, management of horses and cooking. His only weakness was addiction to gambling (which we see later in Yudhishthira of Mahabharata as well). Nala and Damayanti loved each other, though they have never met. Nala sent a message using swans.
(This shows the use of animals for human communication; it is in Sangam literature Purananuru verse as well.)
Bhima determined that his daughter should hold a swayamvara. The warrior class Hindu women of India had the highest freedom in the world. They chose the bravest and the cleverest prince or a king as their husband. This explodes the theory of Aryan immigration and Aryan-Dravidian division. Since it was not practised anywhere in the world except Hindus
Bhima sent letters to all the kings inviting them to Swayamvara (princess choosing her own partner).
Kings flocked to Damayanti’s Swayamvara and among them was Nala. Having heard the beauty of Damayanti through the Inter Galactic traveller Narada, even the Vedic Gods Indra, Varuna, Agni and Yama came to it. Nala who met them on the way, without knowing their intention, promised them to help. Even when they asked his help in marrying Damayanti, he did not go back on his words.
Nala reluctantly performed the promised task, but his presence perfected his conquest, and the maiden announced her resolve to pay due homage to Four Vedic Gods, but choose him for her lord. Nala entered the harem of Damayanti by becoming invisible with the power given by the Vedic gods. Now we read in science magazines about ‘Invisible cloaks’. We had such facilities thousands of years ago!
During the Swayamvara (princess freely choosing her own lord), all the four gods looked like Nala (art of disguise), but Damayanti was able to see the features of Extra Terrestrials in the Four heavenly Gods. Their feet never touched the ground (floating), they never winked (no beating of brows) and their garlands never withered.
When Damayanti chose Nala as her husband, they got married formally and lived happily for some time. Kali, the symbol of bad age- Iron Age- also came for the Swayamvara, but very late. When he heard that everything was over, he decided that he would separate the couple in future. One day when Nala did not wash his hands and feet before worshipping God, Kali entered him and made him an addict to gambling. Hindus always quote this event to emphasize cleanliness
At Kali’s instigation Pushkara, younger brother of Nala challenged him to come for a game of dice. Nala lost everything and his brother Pushkara became king. Both Nala and Damayanthi were forced to leave the country
As he lost even his clothes, he shared the cloth of Damayanti and decided at one stage that he should leave her alone. While she was sleeping, he slipped out leaving her in great distress. When she came to forest she wisely sent her two children Indrasena and Indrasenaa (long vowel is used for females in Sanskrit; Krishna is lord; Krishnaa is Draupadi).
This shows the importance of child care. A woman worries more about the safety and welfare of her children than her life.
Damayanti joined the caravan that was passing through the forest. We find such caravans going through forest in Tamil literature as well. The caravan of merchants was attacked by an elephant, and the chaotic scene is described vividly in the Mahabharata. Even Brahmins joined the group of tradesmen passing through the forest.
When the queen mother of Chedi Kingdom saw a beautiful woman with all the features of a queen, walking with the traders, she called her and gave her refuge.
Nala was bitten by the king of serpents Karkotaka in the forest, who was under a curse from which Nala was to deliver him. The serpent bit Nala and the poison should work upon him till the evil spirit (Kali) was gone out of him, and then he should restore his original handsome form. The serpent’s poison made him ugly and deformed. Here we learn about toxicology.
Later, Nala entered the service of King Rituparna of Ayodhya, as a trainer of horses and an accomplished cook, under the name of Bahuka.
Damayanti was sent to her father’s kingdom of Vidarbha where he found her children. Then she devised a clever plan to bring back Nala. She announced a second swayamvara.
In those days Brahmins were used as ambassadors, and Damayanti also employed a Brahmin to find Nala with all the available information. One Brahmin identified and informed Damayanti about his whereabouts.
In the meantime, Rituparna, having heard the second swayamwara of Damayanti, decided to attend it. Since he knew that Nala was a great driver of chariots, he employed the service of him to travel 800 miles in 24 hours (100 yojanas in the original).
On their way Rituparna taught Nala the science of numbers and the rule of chances and learnt from Nala, the science of horses. This shows the Exchange of Knowledge and Sharing Information. As soon as Nala acquired this knowledge, the evil spirit (Kali which means Dark) went out of him.
Damayanti convinced that it was her husband Nala by the flavour of a dish he cooked. Here comes the art of cooking.
Afterwards Nala and Damayanti met and Nala resumed his form. Now that he knew the science of numbers, he challenged Pushkara for a game of dice and won the game. Rituparna’s teaching helped him. Nala got back his kingdom and lived happily with his wife.
—Subham—
Tags-HINDU DICTIONARY IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL 71; இந்து மத கலைச்சொல் அகராதி-71 (Post No.15,846), Nahusa, Nala, Nachiketa, Naga
ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசத்தின் தென்கிழக்குப் பகுதியில் உள்ள சித்தூர் மாவட்டத்தில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு வைணவ தலம்.. இத்தலம் வைஷ்ணவர்களின் 108 திவ்விய தேசங்கள் என்றழைக்கப்படும் கோவில்களில் திருவரங்கத்திற்கு அடுத்தபடியாக இரண்டாம் இடத்தில் வைத்துக் கொண்டாடப்படுகிறது.
1) முதல்பிரிவு – கீழ்த்திருப்பதி, கோவிந்தராஜப் பெருமாள், கோவில்
மூலவர் – கோவிந்தராஜப் பெருமாள், புஜங்கசயனம், கிழக்கே திருமுக மண்டலம்.
தாயார் – புண்டரீகவல்லி.
விசேஷங்கள் – இங்கு, ஆண்டாள், உடையவர், முதலியவர்களின் ஸந்நிதிகள் உள்ளன.
2) இரண்டாம் பிரிவு – திருமலை.
மூலவர் – திருவேங்கடமுடையான், ஸ்ரீ நிவாஸன், வெங்கடாசலபதி, பாலாஜி, நின்ற திருக்கோலம், கிழக்கே திருமுக மண்டலம்.
ஆதீவராஹர் ஸந்நிதி – ஸ்வாமி புஷ்கரிணியின் வடமேற்கு மூலையில் கோவில் கொண்டுள்ள இப்பெருமாளக்கு தளிகை ஸமர்ப்பித்த பிறகே, அது ஸ்ரீநிவாஸனுக்கும் ஸமர்ப்பிக்கப்படுகிறது. ஏழு பர்வதங்கள் வெங்கடாத்ரி, சேஷாசலம், வேதாசலம், கருடாசலம், வ்ருஷபாத்ரி, அஞ்சனாத்ரி, ஆனந்தாத்ரி என்ற பெயர்களுடன் இருக்கின்றன. இதன் மத்தியில் கோயில் அமைந்துள்ளது. ஸ்ரீ நீவாஸன் எழுந்தருளுவதற்கு முன் ஆதிவராஹன் இத்தலத்தில் ஸேவை ஸாதித்ததனால் ஆதிவராஹரைஸேவித்த பிறகுதான் ஸ்ரீநிவாஸனை ஸேவிக்கவேண்டும்.
3) மூன்றாம் பிரிவு – திருச்சானூர் (அலர்மேல் மங்காபுரம்)
மூலவர் தாயார் – அலர்மேல்மங்கை (பத்மாவதி) , கிழக்கே திருமுக மண்டலம்.
தீர்த்தம் – பத்மஸரோவரம்.
விசேஷங்கள் – இக்கோவிலில் ஸ்ரீ க்ருஷ்ணனுக்கும் ஸெனந்தரராஜனுக்கும் ஸந்நிதிகள் உள்ளன. இந்தக்கோயிலை ஸ்ரீநிவாஸன் நியமனப்படி, தொண்டைமான் என்ற அரசர் கட்டி பகவான் மிக்க ஆனந்தத்துடன் எழுந்தருளியதால் ஆனந்த விமானம் என்று பெயர் உண்டானதாக ஸ்தலவரலாறு.
திருமலைமேல் கல்யாண உத்ஸவம், ப்ருஹ்மோத்ஸவம் முடியளிப்பது ஏராளமான பிரார்த்தனைகள் செலுத்தப்படகின்றன. காணிக்கைகளின் காரணமாக உலகத்திலேயே பணக்காரக் கோவில் இதுதான்.
சென்னை – பம்பாய் ரயில்பாதையிலுள்ள ரேணிகுண்டாவிலிருந்து சுமார் 7 மைல் தூரத்திலுள்ள ரயில்வேஸ்டேஷன் திருப்பதி.. திருப்பதி, திருமலை, திருச்சானூர் என்ற மூன்று முக்ய பிரிவுகளிலும், தேவஸ்தான சத்திரங்களும் ஹோட்டல்களும் மற்ற எல்லா வசதிகளும் உள்ளன.
சென்னையிலிருந்து 108 கி.மீ. ரயில், விமானம், சாலை வழியாகச் செல்லலாம் சாலை வழியாகச் சென்றால் கோவிலுக்கு மிக அருகில் போகலாம். இயற்கை வனப்புமிக்க 7 மலைகளையும் காணலாம்..பத்தொன்பது கி.மீ தூரம். சுமார் நாற்பது நிமிடங்கள் பிடிக்கும்.
மலை அடிவாரத்திலிருந்து, மலை உச்சியிலுள்ள வெங்கடாசலபதி கோவிலுக்கு நடந்து போனால் 11 கிமீ. மூன்று மணி முதல் ஆறு மணி நேரம் பிடிக்கும். எல்லோரும் போகும்பாதை அலிபிரி பாதை எனப்படும்; 3500 படிகளுக்கு மேல் உள்ளது.
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திருப்பதி அதிசயங்கள்
திருப்பதி சென்று திருமலையில் ஏறினால் அதிசய வெங்கடாசலபதி நமக்கு தரிசனம் தருவார். இந்த மலையப்ப சுவாமி, ஏழு மலை வாசன் பற்றி புஸ்தகம் புஸ்தகமாக எழுதலாம். அவ்வளவு அற்புதங்களை பகதர்கள் வாழ்வில் செய்துள்ளார். ஆயினும் எல்லா விஷயங்களையும் புல்லட் பாயிண்டில் பார்ப்போம்.
உலகின் பணக்கார வழிபாட்டுத்தலங்களில் திருப்பதி, முன்னிலையில் நிற்கிறது தினமும் 4 முதல் 6 கோடி ரூபாய் வரை உண்டியலில் விழுகிறது!
பாலாஜி என்றும் வெங்கடேஸ்வரன் என்றும் அழைக்கப்படும் பெருமாள் உலகில் அதிகமான பக்தர்களைக் கவர்ந்து இழுக்கிறார்.
பெருமாளே ஒரு அதிசயம்தான். வைஷ்ணவ, சைவ சின்னங்களுடன் காட்சிதருகிறார். இதனால் அருணகிரிநாதர் 500 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்னால் எழுதிய திருப்புகழில் இவர் முருகப் பெருமானே என்று பாடிவிட்டார்.
மக்கள் நாட் கணக்கில் நின்று தரிசிக்கும் ஒரே கடவுள் இவர்தான்.
இந்தியாவில் அதிகமான கல்வெட்டுகள் உள்ள கோவிலும் இதுதான்.
பக்தர்களால் அதிகம் பாடப்பட்ட துதிக்கப்பட்ட கடவுளும் இவர்தான் அன்னமாசார்யா மட்டுமே ஆயிரக்கணக்கில் கிருதிகளை செய்துவிட்டார்.
சுமார் 2000 ஆண்டு வரலாறு உடைய கோவில் இது.
தமிழின் மிகப்பழைய நூலான தொல்காப்பியமே வட வேங்கடத்தைக் குறிக்கிறது.
இன்றுவரை பாலாஜி, வெங்கடேஸ்வரன், வெங்கடாசலபதி, சீனிவாசன், வெங்கட் என்ற பெயர்களை இந்துக்கள் குழந்தைகளுக்குச் சூட்டி வருகிறார்கள்.
தமிழ் இலக்கியம் குறிப்பிடும் பழைய கோவிலும் இதுதான்.
இது 108 வைஷ்ணவ தலங்களில் ஒன்று.
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திருப்பதி லட்டு
இங்கு பிரசாதமாக வழங்கப்படும் லட்டு உலகப் புகழ் பெற்றது. இந்த பிரசாதமானது திருப்பதி திருமலை தேவஸ்தானத்தினரைத் தவிர வேறெவரும் தயாரித்து விற்கமுடியாது ; 1931 ஆம் ஆண்டு திருப்பதியில் லட்டுப் பிரசாதத்தை முதன் முதலாக அறிமுகப்படுத்தியவர் கல்யாணம் ஐயங்கார் எனும் பெரியவர்.
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நான் 24 AUGUST 2019-ல் எழுதிய கட்டுரையிலிருந்து முக்கியத் தகவல்கள்
திருப்பதியில் அதிசயம்- உலகிலேயே அதிகமான கல்வெட்டுகள் (Post No.6925)
திருப்பதி என்றவுடன் வெங்கடாசலபதியும் அவருடைய உண்டியலும், லட்டு-ம் தான் நம் கண்ணுக்கு முன்னே வரும். அங்கு மிகப்பெரிய வரலாற்றுப் புதையல் , தமிழ் வரலாற்றுப் புதையல்- இருப்பது பலருக்கும் தெரியாது. அதுவும் தமிழ் வரலாற்றுப் புதையல்.
2000 ஆண்டுக்கும் மேலாக வேங்கட மலை உச்சியில் நின்றுகொண்டு, போகும் வருவோரின் பணத்தை எல்லாம் வாங்கிக் கொண்டு, உலக அரசியல்வாதிகளைத் தன் கோவிலுக்கு வரவழைக்கும், காலடியில் விழ வைக்கும் வேங்கட நாயகனுக்கு பல சிறப்புகள் உண்டு. அருணகிரிநாதர் அவரை முருகா என்று பாடுகிறார்; பேயாழ்வரோ அவரை சிவனே என்று பாடுகிறார்; குல சேகர ஆழ்வாரோ உனது மலையில் எனக்குப்
பறவையாகவோ, புதராகவோ, சுனையாகவோ இருக்க அருள் புரி; அதுவும் முடியாவிட்டால், Please, At least ப்ளீஸ், அட் லீஸ்ட் என்னை வெற்றிலை எச்சில் துப்பும் தட்டாகவாது செய்து விடு என்று இறைஞ்சுகிறார்.
சிலப்பதிகார இளங்கோவோ பாடிப்பரவுகிறார். புரந்தரதாசரோ 600 ஆண்டுக்கு முன்னரே அவரை கிண்டல் செய்கிறார்; நீ ஒரு சரியான செட்டிப்பயல்; காசிலே கறாரான கெட்டிப் பயல் என்று கன்னடத்தில் பாடி சந்தோஷப்படுகிறார்.
kAsu tappidare paTTi baTTi kAsu biDade kaNDu kaTTi
இதில் எல்லாம் மயங்கிப் போன நமக்கு அங்குள்ள தமிழ்க் கல்வெட்டுகள் பற்றி அதிகம் தெரிவதில்லை. எனக்கும் தெரியாது . நேற்று லண்டனில் பிரிட்டிஷ் லைப்ரரிக்குச் சென்று ஆறு தடித் தடிப் புஸ்தகங்களைத் தூக்கி வந்து படித்தபோது நிறைய அதிசயச் செய்திகள் கிடைத்தன. சில செய்திகளைக் காண்போம்.
பல்லவர் காலம் முதல் அண்மைக்காலம் வரை கல்வெட்டு மூலமே 800 ஆண்டு வரலாறு கிடைக்கிறது இவ்வளவு நீண்ட வரலாறு ஒரு கோவிலில் உலகில் வேறு எங்கும் கிடைக்காது!
திருப்பதி கோவிலிலும் புனித மலை வளாகத்திலும் 1150 கல்வெட்டுகள் உள்ளன. இது 1930ம் ஆண்டு கணக்கு! அவைகள் பெரும்பாலும் தமிழ் மொழியில்தான் இருக்கின்றன. ஏன் தெரியுமா?
சிவன் உடுக்கை அடித்தபோது ஒரு புறம் தமிழ் ஒலியும் மறுபுறம் ஸம்ஸ்க்ருதமும் வந்ததாம். இதற்குச் சான்று தமிழ் இலக்கியத்தில் உள்ளது பரஞ்சோதி முனிவர் பாடிய திருவிளையாடல் புராணம் அகஸ்தியரும், பாணினியும் எப்படி இரண்டு மொழிகளை சிவ பெருமானிடமிருந்து பெற்றனர் என்று பாடி இருக்கிறார்.
ஆயிரத்துக்கும் அதிகமான கல்வெட்டுகளோடு கவிஞர்கள் பாடிய பாடல்கள் அடங்கிய 3000 தாமிர சாசனங்கள் இருக்கின்றன. இதில் அன்னமாச்சார்யா பாடிய கீர்த்தனைகளை அறியாத சங்கீத வித்துவான் கிடையாது.
ஆக உலகிலேயே அதிக கல்வெட்டுகள் நிறைந்த ஒரு வழிபாட்டுத் தலம், உலகிலேயே கல்வெட்டு மூலமே 800 ஆண்டு வரலாற்றைச் சொல்லும் ஒரு இடம், உலகிலேயே அதிகமான தமிழ்க் கல்வெட்டுகள் உள்ள இடம், உலகிலேயே அதிகமான தாமிர சாசனங்கள் உள்ள இடம், உலகிலேயே அதிகமான பக்தர்கள் வரும் இடம், உலகிலேயே அதிகமான வசூல் செய்யும் சாமி என்று எல்லா வகையிலும் வேங்கட +அசல+ பதி சாதனைப் புத்தகத்தில் நுழைந்து விடுகிறார்.
1150 கல்வெட்டுகளையும் படியெடுத்து வெளியிட்ட பெருமை சாது சுப்ரமண்ய சாஸ்திரியைச் சாரும். அவர், சிறப்புக் கல்வெட்டு பயிற்சி பெற்ற திருப்பதி கோவில் தொல்பொருட் துறை அறிஞர்; அவரை முன்னின்று நடத்திய பெருமை தேவஸ்தான விசாரண கர்த்தா சுவாமி மஹந்த் பிரயாகதாஸ்ஜியைச் சாரும். 1930ம் ஆண்டிலேயே இவைகளை வெளியிட்ட பெருமை கோவிலைச் சாரும். இவைகளை சேர்த்துவைத்து இலவசமாகப் படிக்க அனுமதிக்கும் பெருமை லண்டன் பிரிட்டிஷ் லைப்ரரியைச் சாரும்.
1150 கல்வெட்டு பற்றியும் ஒவ்வொரு கட்டுரை எழுதலாம். இவைகளை ஆராய்ந்து பத்து டாக்டர் பட்டம் பெறலாம் ; அவ்வளவு விஷயம்.
பல்லவன் தந்திவர்மன் அவனது 51ஆவது ஆட்சியாண்டில் ஒரு கல்வெட்டு வழங்கியுள்ளான்.
51 ஆண்டுக்காலம் ஆண்ட மன்னன் தந்திவர்மன்!
ராஜ ராஜ சோழன், ராஜேந்திர சோழன், குலோத்துங்க சோழன் முதலியோர் கல்வெட்டுகளும் உள.
பழங்கால பல்லவ, பாண்டிய, சோழ , விஜய நகர மன்னர்களின் 236 கல்வெட்டுகள் ஆங்கில மொழிபெயர்ப்புடன் முதல் தொகுதியில் உளது.
ஏனைய 5 தொகுதிகளில் உள்ள கல்வெட்டுகள் :-
சாளுவ நரசிம்மன் -169 கல்வெட்டுகள்,
கிருஷ்ணதேவராயர்- 229 கல்வெட்டுகள்,
அச்யுதராயர்- 251 கல்வெட்டுகள்
சதாசிவராயர்-147 கல்வெட்டுகள்
ஆரவீடு வம்சாவளி- 135 கல்வெட்டுகள்
இவர்களில் வண்னமிகு மன்னன் – மாமன்னன், சக்ரவர்த்தி– கிருஷ்ண தேவராயர் ஆவார்; 35 முறை வெங்கடாசலாதி கோவிலுக்கு வந்து தரிசனம் செய்தவர். ஆமுக்த மால்யதா எழுதி ஆண்டாள் புகழ்
பாடியவர் அவருக்கு நான்கு மனைவிகள். இது போன்ற ஏராளமான வரலாற்றுத் தகவல்கள், கலெட்டுகளுக்குப் பின்னணியாக தரப்பட்டுள்ளன.
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திருப்பதி மலைமேல் முருகன் !
(எனது பழைய அக்கட்டுரையில் ஒரு பகுதி)
திருப்புகழ் ஆராய்ச்சிக் கட்டுரை– 9
அருணகிரிநாதரால் பாடப்பட்டு நமக்குக் கிடைத்துள்ள அற்புதமான 1300+ திருப்புகழ் பாடல்களில் பல அழகான சொல்லாக்கமும், சொல்லாட்சியும், சொற்சிலம்பமும் இருப்பதை கண்டோம். அவர் போடும் பல புதிர்களுக்கு விடை கிடைக்காமல் அறிஞர்கள் திண்டாடுகிறார்கள் ஒரு மூன்று புதிர்களை மட்டும் இங்கே காண்போம்.
1. திருவேங்கட மலையில் முருகன் கோவில் இருப்பதாகப் பாடுகிறார். நமக்குத் தெரிந்து வேங்கடாசலபதி (பாலாஜி ) கோவில் இருக்கிறது. அப்படியானால் முருகன் கோவில் ஒன்று இருந்து அழிந்துவிட்டதா? அல்லது இப்போதைய பாலாஜி கோவில் ஒருகாலத்தில் முருகன் கோவிலாக இருந்ததா? இது அவர் போடும் புதிர்.
திருப்பதி (திருவேங்கடம்) பற்றி அருணகிரி நாதர் பாடியது இதுதான்:
வேந்த குமார குகசேந்த மயூர வட
வேங்கட மாமலையில் உறைவோனே
வேண்டிய போது அடியர் வேண்டிய போகம் அது
வேண்டவெறாது உதவு பெருமாளே
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திருவேங்கடத்தில் பாடிய இன்னும் ஒரு திருப்புகழில்
ராவணார் முடி பொடியாகச்
சிலை வாங்கிய நாரணார் மரு
மகனாம் குகனே பொழில் சூழ்தரு
திருவேங்கடமாமலை மேவிய பெருமாளே
என்று பாடுகிறார்.
திருப்பதி கடவுள் பற்றி நிறைய புதிர்கள் உள்ளன. வேறு எந்த வைணவ தலங்களிலும் இல்லாத உருவ அமைப்பும், பல நடைமுறைகளும் பூஜைகளும் திருவேங்கடநாதருக்கு இருக்கின்றன. ஆனால் சிலப்பதிகார காலம் முதல் ஆழ்வார்கள் காலம் வரை அங்குள்ள விஷ்ணுவையும் பாடி இருக்கிறார்கள் அப்படியானால் முருகன் கோவில் எங்கே? இதுவரை ஏழு மலைகளில் முருகன் கோவில் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்படவில்லை.
வேங்கடேசன் என்று சிவனைப் போல ‘ஈஸ்வரன்’ என்று பெயர் வைக்கிறோம். பொதுவாக ‘ஈசன், ஈஸ்வரன்’ என்பது சிவனையே குறிக்கும். எதற்காக ஈசன் பெயரைச் சேர்க்கிறார்கள்? ‘வேங்கட சுப்ரமணி’யனென்றும் பெயர் வைக்கிறோம். வேங்கடத்தில் (திருப்பதி-திருமலை) சுப்பிரமணியன் எங்கே இருக்கிறார்? குன்று தோராடும் குமரன் தமிழக வட எல்லையான வேங்கடத்தில் கட்டாயம் கோவில் கொண்டிருப்பாரே? அது எங்கே? சிலர் விஷ்ணு கோவில் (பாலாஜி), முதலில் முருகன் கோவிலாக இருந்திருக்க வேண்டும் என்றும் சொல்லுகிறார்கள். அதற்கும் ஆணித்தரமான ஆதாரங்கள் இல்லை.
இருதரப்பு வாதங்களையும் படித்த பின்னர் எனக்கு என்ன தோன்றுகிறது என்றால் ஒருவேளை இரண்டு கோவில்களும் இருந்து ஒன்று மறைந்திருக்கலாம். தமிழ் நாட்டில் கூட சிதம்பரம் போன்ற இடங்களில் சிவனும் விஷ்ணுவும் அடுத்தடுத்து இருப்பதைப் பார்க்கிறோம். “அரியும் சிவனும் ஒன்னு அறியாதவன் வாயில் மண்ணு” என்ற பொன்மொழியை அறிந்தவர்களுக்கு இது வியப்பு தராது. காலப் போக்கில் ஒன்று மறைந்திருக்க வாய்ப்பு உண்டு. தமிழ்நாட்டில் பலகோவில்களில் பலராமன் வழிபாடும் இருந்தது. ஆனால் இன்று அறவே இல்லை. புறநானூற்றிலும் சிலப்பதிகாரத்திலும் பலராமன் வழிபாடு உள்ளது. பழமுதிர்ச்சோலை காணாமற்போகவே நமது காலத்தில் நாமாக புதிய பழமுதிர்ச்சோலையை உருவாக்கினோம்.
நமது ரெகுலர் வாசகரும் பேரரறிஞருமான காலஞ்சென்ற நஞ்சப்பா அவர்கள் தரும் தகவல்
R.Nanjappa
/ August 24, 2019
Tirupathi- the abode of Balaji,the most famous and wealthy of our Hindu temples- is it a wonder or mystery?
If we follow the ancient Tamil tradition of the five-fold division of the land with a Deity for each, then the hilly region of Tirumala-Tirupati qualifies as Kurinji land, of which the presiding Deity is Subrahmanya, the eternal Kumara ie Balaji! So claims are made that this was originally a Subrahmanya temple.
On the other hand, ancient Tamil literature gives the extant of the land of the Tamil speaking people as “lying between Venkatam in the North and Kumari in the South”. The interesting inference here is that as Kumari is the famous seat of Devi, which is the southern border, the northern border could as well have been a seat of Devi!. In fact we see the image of lion on the four corners of the Gopuram in Tirupati, and lion is the va-hana of Devi!
When Swami Brahmananda [ Rakhal Maharaj] the spiritual son and direct disciple of Sri Ramakrishna and the first President of the RK Math and Mission visited Tirupati around 1911/12, he had a mystic experience there. He felt the presence of Devi there. He asked the priests there about the Deity. And the priests confirmed that it had been a De-vi temple. This is clearly stated in the book ‘Swami Brahmananda As We Knew Him’, published by RK Math, Chennai.
So there is enough mystery surrounding this temple. Wish someone will unravel it with-out bigotry and prejudice.
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திருப்பதி கோவில் அறிவிப்பு
திருமலையில் பிறந்தார் அனுமன்!
’திருமலை திருப்பதி திருக்கோவில் அமைந்துள்ள, சேஷாசல மலைத்தொடரில் உள்ள அஞ்சனாத்ரி என்ற மலை தான், அனுமனின் பிறப்பிடம்’ என, திருப்பதி தேவஸ்தானம் அதிகாரப்பூர்வமான ஆதாரங்களுடன் அறிவித்தது.
ராம பக்தரான அனுமன் பிறந்த இடம் குறித்து, புராணங்களிலும், இதிகாசங்களிலும் பல்வேறு குறிப்புகள் உள்ளன. வெங்கடாசல மகாத்மியம் உள்ளிட்ட சில புராணங்களில் அனுமன் பிறந்த இடம், திருமலையில் அமைந்துள்ள அஞ்சனாத்ரி மலை என கூறப்பட்டுள்ளது.
இதுகுறித்து ஆய்வு செய்ய, தேசிய சமஸ்கிருத பல்கலைக்கழக துணை வேந்தர் பேராசிரியர் முரளி தர சர்மா தலைமையில், பல்வேறு துறை சார்ந்த வல்லுனர்கள் அடங்கிய குழுவை, திருமலை திருப்பதி தேவஸ்தானம் சமீபத்தில் நியமித்தது. இக்குழுவினர், நான்கு மாதங்களாக ஆய்வு நடத்தி, தங்கள் அறிக்கையை நேற்று வெளியிட்டனர். அதில், ‘திருமலை திருப்பதி திருக்கோவில் அமைந்துள்ள சோஷாசல மலைத் தொடரில் ஒன்றான, அஞ்சனாத்ரி மலையில் தான், அனுமன் பிறந்தார்’ என, குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளது.
இது தொடர்பான விளக்க உரை மற்றும் ஆதாரங்கள் அடங்கிய, 20 பக்க கையேடும் வெளியிடப்பட்டது.
இந்தப் பணிக்காக ஆய்வு செய்யப்பட்ட, 12 புராணங்களிலும் அனுமன் திருமலையில் பிறந்ததற்கான ஆதாரங்கள் உள்ளதாகவும், 12 மற்றும் 13ம் நுாற்றாண்டுகளில் எழுதப்பட்ட பல புராணங்களில் அஞ்சனாத்ரி பற்றிய குறிப்புகள் உள்ளதாகவும் அந்த அறிக்கையில் தெரிவிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
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QUIZ திருப்பதி பத்து QUIZ (Post No.12,291)
Post No. 12,291
Date uploaded in London – 18 July , 2023
1.திருப்பதியில் இருப்பது முருகனே என்று பாடியவர் யார் ?
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2.திருப்பதியில் எத்தனை கல்வெட்டுகள் இருக்கின்றன ?
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3.திருமலையில் உள்ள புதராகவோ பறவையாகவோ , சுனையாகவோ பிறந்தாலும் போதும் என்று பாடியவர் யார்?
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4.திருமலையில் உள்ள பெருமாள் மீது அதிக துதிகளை இயற்றியவர் யார்?
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5.வெங்கடேச சுப்ரபாதத்தை இயற்றியவர் யார் ? ஸுப்ரபாதத்தின் முதல் வரி எங்கிருந்து எடுக்கப்பட்டது ?
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6.திருப்பதி மலையை தமிழ் பாட்டுக்கள் எப்படிக் குறிப்பிடுகின்றன?
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7.திருப்பதியில் உள்ள அருவியின் பெயர் என்ன?
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8.ஏழு மலையான் என்று ஏன் பெருமாளை அழைக்கின்றனர்?
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9.பெருமாள் எப்படி உலகிலேயே பணக்கார கடவுள் ஆனார்?
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10.வெங்கடாசலபதியைத் தரிசிக்கும் பக்தர்கள் உடனே வழிபடும் திருமலைக்குக் கீழேயுள்ள கோவில் எது ?
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விடைகள்
1.முருகனே என்று பாடியவர் அருணகிரி நாதர் (திருப்புகழில் ); சிவனே என்று பாடியவர் பேயாழ்வார்.
திருப்பதி (திருவேங்கடம்) பற்றி அருணகிரி நாதர் பாடியது இதுதான்:
வேந்த குமார குகசேந்த மயூர வட
வேங்கட மாமலையில் உறைவோனே
வேண்டிய போது அடியர் வேண்டிய போகம் அது
வேண்டவெறாது உதவு பெருமாளே
திருவேங்கடத்தில் பாடிய இன்னும் ஒரு திருப்புகழில்
ராவணார் முடி பொடியாகச்
சிலை வாங்கிய நாரணார் மரு
மகனாம் குகனே பொழில் சூழ்தரு
திருவேங்கடமாமலை மேவிய பெருமாளே
என்று பாடுகிறார்.
கச்சியப்ப சிவாசாரியார் திருவேங்கடத்தில் முருகன் இருந்தான் என்பதற்கு ஒரு வரலாற்றைச் சொல்கிறார்………. … தாமரைமலர் போன்ற வடிவுடைய சிவந்த திருக்கத்தில் வேலாயுதத்தை ஏந்திய குமரக் கடவுளே குகையின் வழியாக வந்து வெளிவந்த மலையாகிய சிகரத்தையுடைய திருவேங்கடமலை மீது எழுந்தருளியுள்ள பெருமாளே…என்கிறார்
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2.திருமலை-திருமலை கோவிலிலும் அதன் கீழ் வரும் பகுதியிலும் 1150-க்கு மேலான கல்வெட்டுகள் உள்ளன. உலகிலேயே அதிக கல்வெட்டுகள் உள்ள வழி பாட்டுத் தலம் இதுதான். பல்லவர் காலம் முதல் 800 ஆண்டு வரலாற்றைக் கல்வெட்டுகள் மூலம் அறியலாம் .
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3. குலசேகர ஆழ்வார்
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4.திருப்பதி பெருமாள் குறித்து அதிகமான பாடல்களை இயற்றியவர் அன்னமாச்சார்யா
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5.பிரதிவாதி பயங்கரம் அண்ணங்காச்சாரியாரால் ஸம்ஸ்க்ருத மொழியில் இயற்றப்பட்டது.
இதன் முதல் வரி கெளசல்யா ஸுப்ரஜா சந்த்யா பிரவர்த்ததே — என்பது வால்மீகி ராமாயணத்தில் உள்ள வரி .
திருமலையில் உள்ள புண்ணிய தீர்த்தங்களில் ஒன்று ஆகாச கங்கை. இங்கிருந்து தான் தினமும் திருமலை ஏழுமலையானுக்கு அபிஷேகம் செய்ய நீர் கொண்டுவரப்படுகிறது. இந்த நீரில் பக்தர்களும் பொது மக்களும் குளித்து மகிழ அனுமதி உண்டு. இந்த இடம் ஸ்ரீ வாரி திருக்கோயிலில் இருந்து 4 கிலோமீட்டர் தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ளது.
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8.திருமலை வெங்கடாசலபதி, ஏழு குன்றுகள் இடையே காட்சி தருகிறார். அவையாவன:
Vrushabhadri – விருஷபாத்ரி
Anjanadri – அஞ்சனாத்ரி (ஹனுமான் பிறந்த இடம்)
Neeladri – நீலாத்ரி
Garudadri or Garudachalam – கருடாத்ரி
Seshadri or Seshachalam – சேஷாத்ரி
Naraynadri–நாரதாத்ரி அல்லது நாராயணாத்ரி
Venkatadri – வேங்கடாத்ரி
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9.திருப்பதி பாலாஜி தன் திருமணத்துக்காக குபேரனிடம் கடன் வாங்கியதாகவும், கடனை அடைப்பதற்காக பக்தர்களிடம் காணிக்கை வாங்குகிறார் என்றும் பக்தர்கள் நம்புகிறார்கள். 600 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்னர் கீர்த்தனை பாடிய புரந்தரதாசரோ நீ சரியான செட்டிப்பயல் என்று பெருமாளை கிண்டல் செய்கிறார்.
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10.திருப்பதியிலி ருந்து 5 கி.மீ. தூரத்தில் உள்ள திருச்சானூர் என்றும் அலமேல் மங்காபுரம் என்றும் அழைக்கப்படும் புனிதத் தலத்தில் பத்மாவதி தாயாரின் அழகிய திருக்கோவில் உள்ளது.
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தொல்காப்பியர் காலத்தில் திருப்பதி
தொல்காப்பியத்துக்கு பாயிரம் (முன்னுரை) எழுதிய பனம்பாரனார் பாடுகிறார்:-
வடவேங்கடம் தென்குமரி
ஆயிடைத்
தமிழ் கூறு நல்லுலகத்து
வழக்கும் செய்யுளும் ஆ இரு முதலின்
எழுத்தும் சொல்லும் பொருளும் நாடிச்
செந்தமிழ் இயற்கைச் சிவணிய நிலத்தொடு
முந்துநூல் கண்டு……………………………
பொருள்:-
வடக்கே வேங்கட மலையும் தெற்கே குமரி முனையும் ஆகிய இந்நிலத்திற்கு இடைப்பட்ட செந்தமிழ் பேசும் தமிழகத்தில் உலக வழக்கு, செய்யுள் வழக்கு என்ற இரு வழக்குகளில் உள்ள எழுத்து, சொற்கள், பொருள்களை நன்கு ஆராய்ந்து (தொல்காப்பியர் நூல் இயற்றினார்).
புராணங்களில் வரும் 56 தேசங்களில் திராவிட தேசத்துக்கும் தெற்கில்தான் பாண்டிய சோழ தேசங்கள் குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன. ஆக திராவிட என்ற சொல்லையும் தமிழ்நாட்டுக்குப் பயன்படுத்த வில்லை.
கம்பன் என்ன சொல்கிறான் என்று பார்ப்போம்;
வடசொற்கும் தென்சொற்கும் வரம்பு ஆகி
நான் மறையும் மற்றை நூலும்
இடைசொற்ற பொருட்கு எல்லாம் எல்லை ஆய்
நல் அறிவுக்கு ஈறு ஆய் வேறு
புடை சுற்றும் துணை இன்றிப் புகழ் பொதிந்த
மெய்யேபோல் பூத்துநின்ற
அடைசுற்றும் தண்சாரல் ஓங்கிய
வேங்கடத்தில் சென்று அடைதீர் மாதோ
பொருள்:-
வடமொழிக்கும் தென்மொழியாகிய தமிழ் மொழிக்கும் எல்லையாகியும், நான்கு வேதங்களுக்கும், ஆறு அங்கங்களுக்கும் மற்றுமுள்ள நூல்களுக்கும் முடிவான பொருளைக் காட்டுவதாகவும் நல்லறங்களின் மேன்மையாகவும், ஈடு இணை இல்லாததும் புகழ்மிக்கதும், எல்லோரும் வணங்கக்கூடியதுமான, குளிர்ந்த மலைப்பகுதியான வேங்கட மலையில் போய்த் தேடுங்கள்.–கிட்கிந்தா காண்டம், நாடவிட்ட படலம்- கம்ப ராமாயணம்.
சீதையைத் தேடச் செல்லும் வானரப் படைகளுக்கு கட்டளையிட்டபோது இச்செய்யுள் கூற்று வருகிறது.
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